Knowledge Package - 10 - SSC CHSL MCQ

The signatory of the one rupee currency note of India is the Finance Secretary.
Explanation:
The one rupee currency note in India is a legal tender issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The signatory on the note represents the authority responsible for its issuance. In the case of the one rupee note, it is the Finance Secretary who signs it. Here is a detailed explanation:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central banking institution responsible for issuing currency notes in India.
- The Finance Secretary is a senior government official who heads the Department of Economic Affairs, under the Ministry of Finance.
- The Finance Secretary is responsible for managing the financial affairs of the country, including budgeting, taxation, and economic policy.
- The Finance Secretary's signature on the one rupee currency note signifies the government's backing and authority behind the issuance of the note.
- The signature of the Finance Secretary adds authenticity and credibility to the currency note.
In summary, the Finance Secretary signs the one rupee currency note of India, representing the authority and responsibility for its issuance.

Answer:
Karl Marx wrote the extensive treatise on political economy called 'Das Capital'. Here is a detailed explanation:
Karl Marx:
- Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and socialist revolutionary.
- He is best known for his work in economics, particularly for his critique of capitalism and his theories on class struggle.
- Marx's most famous work is 'Das Capital', also known as 'Capital: Critique of Political Economy'.
- Published in three volumes between 1867 and 1894, 'Das Capital' is a foundational text in Marxist theory.
- The book analyzes the capitalist mode of production, exploring the dynamics of exploitation, the role of labor, and the accumulation of capital.
- Marx's work in 'Das Capital' laid the groundwork for his concept of historical materialism and his critique of the capitalist system.
Friedrich Engels:
- Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, social scientist, and co-founder of Marxist theory.
- Engels collaborated closely with Marx, and they together wrote 'The Communist Manifesto'.
- While Engels contributed significantly to Marxist theory, 'Das Capital' is solely attributed to Marx.
Leo Tolstoy:
- Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer and philosopher.
- While Tolstoy was influential in literature and advocated for social reform, he did not write 'Das Capital'.
Maxim Gorky:
- Maxim Gorky was a Russian and Soviet writer and political activist.
- Gorky wrote extensively about social and political issues, but he did not write 'Das Capital'.
In conclusion, the correct answer is Karl Marx, who wrote 'Das Capital', an extensive treatise on political economy.

First Law Minister of Independent India:
The first law minister of independent India was B.R. Ambedkar.
Explanation:
- B.R. Ambedkar served as the first law minister of independent India from 1947 to 1951.
- He played a crucial role in the framing of the Indian Constitution and is considered one of the principal architects of the Indian Constitution.
- Ambedkar was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and fought for the rights of the oppressed and marginalized sections of society.
- As the law minister, Ambedkar was responsible for drafting and implementing various laws and legal reforms in the newly independent India.
- He played a pivotal role in the abolition of untouchability and the promotion of social equality and justice.
- Ambedkar also worked towards the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India and the formation of the Hindu Code Bill, which aimed to reform and codify Hindu personal laws.
- His contributions to the legal and social sphere of India continue to be highly significant and he is considered an iconic figure in the country's history.
In conclusion, B.R. Ambedkar was the first law minister of independent India and his contributions to the legal and social framework of the country have had a lasting impact.

Answer:

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are varieties of Coffee.

Explanation:

Coffee is a popular beverage consumed worldwide, and it is derived from the seeds of Coffea plants. Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are three commonly known species of Coffea plants, each with its own unique characteristics. Here's a detailed explanation of each variety:

• Arabica: Arabica coffee is the most widely consumed and highly regarded coffee variety. It is known for its aromatic and smooth flavor, with a slightly sweet and acidic taste. Arabica beans are generally grown at higher altitudes, resulting in a slower growth process and a more complex flavor profile.


• Robusta: Robusta coffee is known for its strong and bold flavor. It has a higher caffeine content compared to Arabica and is often used in espresso blends to provide a rich crema and a strong, bitter taste. Robusta plants are more resistant to diseases and can be grown in lower altitudes.


• Liberica: Liberica coffee is a less common variety, primarily grown in the Philippines and Malaysia. It has a distinct and unique flavor, often described as smoky and woody, with a floral aroma. Liberica beans are larger in size compared to Arabica and Robusta.

In conclusion, Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are different varieties of coffee, each offering its own taste and characteristics to the popular beverage.

Answer:
The correct answer is D: Kuchipudi.
Kuchipudi is an Indian classical dance form that originated in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It was developed by Siddhendra Yogi, who was a poet and scholar, from the traditional dance drama called Bhamakalapam.
Here are some key points about Kuchipudi:
- Origin: Kuchipudi takes its name from the village of Kuchipudi in Andhra Pradesh, where it originated.
- Dance Drama: Kuchipudi is known for its unique combination of dance and drama. It incorporates elements of storytelling, music, and dance to bring mythological and historical stories to life.
- Music and Costumes: Kuchipudi is accompanied by classical Carnatic music. The dancers wear vibrant costumes, elaborate jewelry, and use expressive facial expressions and hand gestures to portray characters and emotions.
- Technique: Kuchipudi is characterized by intricate footwork, graceful movements, and quicksilver leaps. It requires a high level of flexibility, agility, and control.
- Solo and Group Performances: Kuchipudi can be performed solo or in a group. Solo performances often showcase the dancer's technical skills and storytelling abilities, while group performances involve coordinated movements and formations.
- Popular Themes: Kuchipudi repertoire includes a wide range of themes, including mythological stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as tales from Indian history and folklore.
Kuchipudi has gained recognition and popularity both in India and internationally. It is known for its blend of grace, precision, and expressive storytelling, making it a unique and captivating classical dance form.

The headquarters of the National Institute of Oceanography is located in Dona Paula, Goa. Here is a detailed solution explaining why this is the correct answer:
Background Information:
The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is one of the premier oceanographic research institutes in India. It was established in 1966 and is an autonomous organization under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). NIO conducts research on various aspects of ocean science, including marine biology, geology, chemistry, and physical oceanography.
Explanation:
The correct answer is option A: Dona Paula (Goa). Here's why:
- Dona Paula is a coastal village located in the state of Goa, India. It is known for its scenic beauty and is a popular tourist destination.
- The National Institute of Oceanography has its headquarters in Dona Paula, Goa. This is where the main administrative offices and research facilities of the institute are located.
- The choice of Dona Paula as the headquarters is strategic because Goa has a long coastline and is surrounded by the Arabian Sea. This makes it an ideal location for conducting oceanographic research.
- Being located in Dona Paula allows the researchers at NIO to have easy access to the marine environment for fieldwork and data collection.
- The proximity to the Arabian Sea also provides opportunities for studying various marine ecosystems and understanding the impact of human activities on the ocean.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the headquarters of the National Institute of Oceanography is located in Dona Paula, Goa. This location provides the institute with access to the marine environment and facilitates its research on various aspects of ocean science.

Answer:
The European country known as the 'Land of a thousand lakes' is Finland.
Explanation:
Finland is a country located in Northern Europe and is known for its numerous lakes, earning it the title of the 'Land of a thousand lakes.' Here are some key points to support this answer:
- Finland is home to approximately 188,000 lakes, making it the country with the highest number of lakes in the world.
- The lakes in Finland are a result of glacial activity during the Ice Age, and they cover a significant portion of the country's land area.
- The largest lake in Finland is Lake Saimaa, which is also the fourth-largest lake in Europe. It is located in the southeastern part of the country.
- The Finnish landscape is characterized by a vast network of lakes, interconnected by rivers and canals, providing numerous opportunities for water-based activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming.
- The lakes in Finland are not only a source of natural beauty but also play an important role in the country's ecosystem, supporting diverse flora and fauna.
In conclusion, Finland is rightfully known as the 'Land of a thousand lakes' due to its abundance of lakes and the central role they play in the country's geography and culture.

Nearest Star to the Sun: Proxima Centauri

The nearest star to the Sun is Proxima Centauri.

Explanation:

• The Sun is a star located at the center of the solar system.


• Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun and is part of the Alpha Centauri system.


• Alpha Centauri is a triple star system consisting of three stars: Alpha Centauri A, Alpha Centauri B, and Proxima Centauri.


• Proxima Centauri is the smallest and faintest star in the system.


• It is located approximately 4.24 light-years away from the Sun, making it the nearest known star.


• Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, much smaller and cooler than the Sun.


• Its distance from the Sun and its relatively small size make it difficult to observe with the naked eye.


• However, it is an important star for scientific study, especially in the search for exoplanets and potential habitable zones.

Therefore, the correct answer is A: Proxima Centauri.

The gas commonly known as 'Laughing Gas' is Nitrous Oxide (N2O).
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a colorless and odorless gas that is commonly used as an anesthetic in medical and dental procedures. It earned the nickname 'Laughing Gas' due to its euphoric and analgesic effects when inhaled.
Here are some key points about Nitrous Oxide:
1. Chemical formula: N2O
2. Properties: It is a stable gas at room temperature, slightly soluble in water, and non-flammable.
3. Medical use: Nitrous Oxide is used as an anesthetic agent to induce sedation, reduce pain, and provide relaxation during medical and dental procedures.
4. Euphoric effects: When inhaled in controlled amounts, Nitrous Oxide can cause a sense of euphoria, relaxation, and sometimes laughter, hence the nickname 'Laughing Gas'.
5. Safety precautions: Although Nitrous Oxide is generally considered safe when administered by medical professionals, it should be used with caution to prevent misuse or overexposure.
6. Recreational use: Nitrous Oxide has also been used recreationally for its euphoric effects. However, recreational use can be dangerous and potentially lead to oxygen deprivation if misused.
Overall, Nitrous Oxide, commonly known as 'Laughing Gas', is a gas with medical and anesthetic properties that provides pain relief and relaxation during procedures.

Continent through which all three main latitude lines pass:

The only continent through which all three main latitude lines - Equator, Tropic of Cancer, and Tropic of Capricorn - pass is Africa.

Explanation:

Latitude lines are imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel to the equator and are used to measure distances north or south of the equator. The three main latitude lines are:

• Equator: The equator is the line of latitude that divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It is located at 0 degrees latitude.


• Tropic of Cancer: The Tropic of Cancer is the line of latitude that is located at approximately 23.5 degrees north of the equator.


• Tropic of Capricorn: The Tropic of Capricorn is the line of latitude that is located at approximately 23.5 degrees south of the equator.

Africa is the only continent through which all three of these latitude lines pass. Here's how:

• The equator passes through the middle of Africa, dividing it into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.


• The Tropic of Cancer passes through the northern part of Africa, including countries like Algeria, Libya, Egypt, and Sudan.


• The Tropic of Capricorn passes through the southern part of Africa, including countries like Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Mozambique.

Therefore, the correct answer is Africa.

The answer is A: Lakshadweep.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why Kavaratti is the capital of Lakshadweep:
Lakshadweep:
- Lakshadweep is an Indian union territory located off the southwestern coast of India in the Arabian Sea.
- It is a group of islands consisting of 36 islands, out of which only 10 are inhabited.
- Lakshadweep is known for its beautiful coral reefs, sandy beaches, and crystal-clear blue waters.
Kavaratti:
- Kavaratti is one of the islands in Lakshadweep and serves as its capital.
- It is the most developed and populous island in Lakshadweep.
- Kavaratti is located about 404 km off the coast of Kerala, India.
- It is known for its white sandy beaches, lagoons, and water sports activities.
Importance of Kavaratti:
- Kavaratti serves as the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep.
- It houses important government offices, including the Lakshadweep Secretariat and the High Court of Lakshadweep.
- The island has a well-developed infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, and transportation facilities.
Tourism in Kavaratti:
- Kavaratti is a popular tourist destination in Lakshadweep.
- The island offers various activities such as scuba diving, snorkeling, and kayaking, allowing visitors to explore the rich marine life and coral reefs.
- Tourists can also visit the Ujra Mosque, which is one of the oldest mosques in the region, and the Marine Aquarium, which showcases the diverse marine species found in the area.
In conclusion, Kavaratti is the capital of Lakshadweep, an Indian union territory known for its beautiful islands and marine biodiversity. It is an important administrative and tourist hub in Lakshadweep, offering various attractions and activities for visitors.

Garba Dance: Native of Gujarat
Garba dance is a traditional folk dance that originated in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is a popular form of dance performed during the festival of Navratri, which is a nine-night celebration dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga.
The dance is characterized by rhythmic clapping, swirling movements, and colorful traditional attire. It is usually performed in a circular formation, with dancers moving in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions.
Here are some key points about Garba dance and its association with Gujarat:
1. Cultural significance: Garba dance holds immense cultural significance in Gujarat. It is not only a form of entertainment but also a way to pay homage to the goddess Durga and seek her blessings.
2. Navratri festival: Garba dance is performed during the Navratri festival, which typically falls in September or October. The festival celebrates the triumph of good over evil and is dedicated to different forms of the goddess Durga.
3. Traditional attire: During Garba dance, participants wear traditional attire such as chaniya choli (a colorful, embroidered blouse and skirt) for women and kediyu (a short, embroidered jacket) and dhoti for men. The vibrant costumes add to the visual appeal of the dance.
4. Musical instruments: The dance is accompanied by traditional musical instruments like dhol (a double-headed drum), tasha (a large drum), and the melodious tunes of the flute. The music sets the rhythm and tempo for the dancers.
5. Regional variations: While Garba dance is native to Gujarat, there are also regional variations of the dance within the state. Some popular variations include Dandiya Raas, where dancers use sticks called dandiyas, and Garbi, which is a solo dance form.
6. Global popularity: Garba dance has gained popularity not only within India but also internationally. It is often performed at cultural events and festivals around the world, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Gujarat.
In conclusion, Garba dance is native to the Indian state of Gujarat and is an integral part of the Navratri festival. It holds cultural significance and is known for its vibrant costumes, rhythmic movements, and traditional music.

The largest hot desert in the world is the Sahara.
Explanation:
The Sahara desert is located in northern Africa and covers an area of approximately 9.2 million square kilometers. Here is a detailed explanation of why the Sahara is the largest hot desert:
1. Geographical Features:
- The Sahara desert stretches across 11 countries, including Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara.
- It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea to the east, and the Sahel region to the south.

2. Size and Area:
- The Sahara desert occupies about 31% of the total land area of Africa.
- It is larger than the contiguous United States and covers an area similar to that of China or the whole of Europe.

3. Climate:
- The Sahara is known for its extreme heat and aridity.
- It experiences very low annual rainfall, with some regions receiving less than 25 millimeters per year.
- Temperatures can reach scorching highs during the day and drop significantly at night.

4. Vegetation and Wildlife:
- Due to its harsh climate, the Sahara has limited vegetation.
- It is mostly characterized by vast stretches of sand dunes, rocky plateaus, and gravel plains.
- However, some plant and animal species, such as drought-resistant shrubs and desert-adapted mammals, have adapted to survive in this environment.

5. Human Presence:
- Despite its inhospitable conditions, the Sahara has been inhabited by various indigenous populations for thousands of years.
- Nomadic tribes, such as the Tuareg and Berber people, have traditionally roamed the desert's vast expanse.
- Additionally, some settlements and oases can be found in the desert, providing a source of water and sustenance.

In conclusion, the Sahara desert is the largest hot desert in the world, covering a vast area in northern Africa and characterized by extreme heat, aridity, and limited vegetation.

Sadakat Ashram Memorial in Patna

The Sadakat Ashram memorial in Patna is dedicated to the former President of India, Rajendra Prasad.

Here are some key points about Rajendra Prasad and his connection to the Sadakat Ashram memorial:

• Rajendra Prasad: He was the first President of India, serving from 1950 to 1962. He was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and played a crucial role in the drafting of the Indian Constitution.


• Sadakat Ashram: Sadakat Ashram is located in Patna, Bihar. It was the residence of Rajendra Prasad during his early political career. The ashram holds historical significance as it witnessed key political activities during the freedom struggle.


• Memorial: The Sadakat Ashram has been converted into a memorial to honor Rajendra Prasad's contributions to the nation. It serves as a reminder of his role in shaping India's political landscape.

In conclusion, the Sadakat Ashram memorial in Patna is dedicated to the former President of India, Rajendra Prasad, who played a significant role in the country's freedom struggle and served as the first President of independent India.

The Discovery of Penicillin

1. Alexander Fleming: Alexander Fleming is credited with the discovery of penicillin.

Explanation:
Alexander Fleming, a Scottish bacteriologist, discovered penicillin in 1928. Here's a detailed explanation of the discovery:

• Background: In 1928, Fleming was conducting research on Staphylococcus bacteria at St. Mary's Hospital in London.


• The Accidental Discovery: Fleming noticed that one of his petri dishes containing Staphylococcus bacteria had been contaminated with mold, which inhibited the growth of the bacteria.


• Identification of Penicillin: Upon closer examination, Fleming identified the mold as Penicillium notatum and observed that it produced a substance that killed the bacteria.


• Characteristics of Penicillin: Fleming named the substance "penicillin" and found that it was effective against a wide range of bacteria, including some that caused serious infections.


• Importance of the Discovery: Fleming's discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine and paved the way for the development of antibiotics, which have saved countless lives by treating bacterial infections.

So, the correct answer is C: Alexander Fleming.

The code name of the security forces commando action against terrorists in the Mumbai terror attacks on 26 Nov. 2008 was Operation Black Tornado.
Explanation:
The Mumbai terror attacks, also known as 26/11 attacks, were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that took place in Mumbai, India, from 26th to 29th November 2008. The attacks were carried out by 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based Islamist extremist group. Several locations in Mumbai, including iconic landmarks like the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Oberoi Trident Hotel, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and Nariman House, were targeted.
To counter the terrorists and neutralize the threat, the Indian security forces launched Operation Black Tornado. This operation involved commando units from various elite forces, including the National Security Guard (NSG), Marine Commandos (MARCOS), and local police units. The primary objective of Operation Black Tornado was to secure the targeted locations, eliminate the terrorists, and rescue hostages, if any.
Here are some key details about Operation Black Tornado:
- The operation was launched shortly after the terrorists began their attacks on various locations in Mumbai.
- The commandos deployed in the operation showcased exceptional bravery and professionalism in engaging the heavily armed terrorists.
- The operation lasted for several days, as the security forces had to carefully clear each location and ensure the complete elimination of the terrorists.
- The commandos faced numerous challenges during the operation, including booby traps, hostage situations, and intense firefights.
- The successful completion of Operation Black Tornado resulted in the neutralization of all the terrorists involved in the attacks.
Key Points:
- Mumbai terror attacks took place from 26th to 29th November 2008.
- The attacks were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba.
- Operation Black Tornado was the code name for the security forces commando action.
- National Security Guard (NSG), Marine Commandos (MARCOS), and local police units were involved in the operation.
- The operation aimed to secure locations, eliminate terrorists, and rescue hostages.
- Operation Black Tornado lasted for several days.
- The commandos faced various challenges but successfully neutralized the terrorists.

To find the temperature at which the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales will show the same reading, we can use the conversion formula between the two scales:
°C = (°F - 32) * 5/9
We need to find a temperature at which both the Celsius and Fahrenheit values are equal. Let's assume the temperature is x.
So, x = (x - 32) * 5/9
Simplifying the equation, we get:
9x = 5x - 160
4x = -160
x = -40
Therefore, the temperature at which the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales will show the same reading is -40 degrees.
Answer: D. - Minus 40 degrees.

Asia's Oldest Extant Daily Newspaper

Mumbai Samachar is Asia's oldest extant daily newspaper. It was launched on 1st July 1822.

Here's a detailed explanation:

• Background: The newspaper industry in India has a long history, with several newspapers dating back to the early 19th century. Mumbai Samachar, also known as Bombay Samachar, is one such newspaper that holds the distinction of being the oldest extant daily newspaper in Asia.


• Establishment: Mumbai Samachar was established on 1st July 1822 by Fardunjee Marzban, a Parsi scholar and priest. It was initially published as a weekly newspaper in Gujarati language.


• Language and Readership: Mumbai Samachar primarily caters to the Gujarati-speaking community in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Over the years, it has gained a loyal readership and has become an integral part of the city's cultural fabric.


• Continuity: Despite the passage of time and numerous challenges faced by the newspaper industry, Mumbai Samachar has managed to survive and thrive. It has adapted to changing technologies and has continued its publication uninterrupted for nearly two centuries.


• Significance: The longevity of Mumbai Samachar makes it a significant institution in the media landscape of India. It has witnessed and reported on numerous historical events, social changes, and political developments over the years.

In conclusion, Mumbai Samachar holds the distinction of being Asia's oldest extant daily newspaper. Its establishment in 1822 and its continued publication make it an important part of India's journalistic heritage.

The first Indian woman to graduate from the Harvard Business School is Naina Lal Kidwai.
- Naina Lal Kidwai is a prominent businesswoman and banker from India.
- She graduated from the Harvard Business School in 1982 with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree.
- Kidwai is known for her illustrious career in the banking sector, where she has held various leadership positions.
- She was the first woman to head the operations of a foreign bank in India when she became the CEO and Country Head of HSBC India.
- Kidwai has also served as the President of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).
- She has received numerous awards and accolades for her contributions to the business and banking sectors.
- As the first Indian woman to graduate from the Harvard Business School, Naina Lal Kidwai has been an inspiration for aspiring women entrepreneurs and leaders in India.

The foul-smelling chemical added to domestic LPG cylinders as a warning agent in case of gas leakage is:
- Ethyl Mercaptan: This is the correct answer.
- Ethyl mercaptan is a foul-smelling chemical that is added to LPG cylinders as a safety measure.
- It has a distinct odor similar to rotten eggs, making it easily detectable in case of a gas leak.
- The strong smell helps to quickly identify any leaks and take necessary precautions to prevent accidents or explosions.
- Ethyl mercaptan is added in small quantities to the LPG gas, ensuring that even a small leak can be easily detected.
- Pyridine:
- Pyridine is a chemical compound used in various industrial and laboratory processes, but it is not typically added to LPG cylinders as a warning agent.
- Isocyanide:
- Isocyanide is a highly toxic compound and is not used as a warning agent in LPG cylinders.
- Cadaverine:
- Cadaverine is a foul-smelling compound found in decaying animal tissue, but it is not added to LPG cylinders as a warning agent.
In summary, the correct answer is Ethyl Mercaptan, which is added to domestic LPG cylinders to act as a warning agent in case of gas leakage.

To determine the number of coins used in the tabletop game Carrom, we need to consider the standard rules and setup of the game. Carrom is typically played with a square wooden board, and the objective is to pocket the coins using a striker.
The standard setup of Carrom includes the following coins:
1. Black Coins: There are nine black coins used in Carrom.
2. White Coins: There are nine white coins used in Carrom.
3. Queen: There is one red-colored coin known as the Queen in Carrom.
Therefore, the total number of coins used in Carrom is:
9 black coins + 9 white coins + 1 Queen = 19 coins.
Hence, the correct answer is option C: 19.

Time taken by sunlight to reach the Earth:
- The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792 kilometers per second.
- The distance from the Sun to the Earth is about 149.6 million kilometers.
- To calculate the time taken by sunlight to reach the Earth, we divide the distance by the speed of light.
Calculation:
- Distance from the Sun to the Earth: 149.6 million kilometers
- Speed of light: 299,792 kilometers per second
- Time taken = Distance / Speed

- Time taken = 149,600,000 km / 299,792 km/s
- Time taken = 498.65 seconds
Converting seconds to minutes:
- 1 minute = 60 seconds
- Time taken = 498.65 seconds / 60 seconds/minute
- Time taken ≈ 8.31 minutes
Therefore, sunlight takes approximately 8 minutes to reach the Earth.

Answer:
Introduction:
The Greek alphabet is the writing system used in the Greek language. It consists of 24 letters, with Alpha being the first letter. To determine the last letter of the Greek alphabet, we need to examine the options provided.

To find the last letter of the Greek alphabet, we need to evaluate each option:
A: Beta
- Beta is the second letter of the Greek alphabet, so it is not the last letter.
B: Gamma
- Gamma is the third letter of the Greek alphabet, so it is not the last letter.
C: Sigma
- Sigma is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, so it is not the last letter.
D: Omega
- Omega is the last letter of the Greek alphabet, making it the correct answer.
Conclusion:
The last letter of the Greek alphabet is Omega.

The ruler of Gupta dynasty known as the 'Napoleon of India' is Samudragupta.
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Introduction to the Gupta dynasty:
- The Gupta dynasty was an ancient Indian dynasty that ruled over the Indian subcontinent from around 320 to 550 CE.
- It was known for its contributions to art, science, mathematics, and literature, often considered as the "Golden Age" of ancient India.
2. Samudragupta's reign:
- Samudragupta was the third ruler of the Gupta dynasty and ascended to the throne around 335 CE.
- He was the son of Chandragupta I and the successor of his elder brother, Ramagupta.
3. Achievements of Samudragupta:
- Samudragupta was a renowned military strategist and expanded the Gupta Empire through numerous military campaigns.
- He defeated several powerful kingdoms and rulers, including the Shaka-Kshatrapa dynasty, the Nagas, and the rulers of North India.
- His military victories extended the Gupta Empire from the Himalayas in the north to the Narmada River in the south and from the Brahmaputra River in the east to the Indus River in the west.
- Samudragupta is also known for his patronage of art, literature, and culture during his reign.
4. Comparison with Napoleon:
- Samudragupta is often referred to as the 'Napoleon of India' due to his exceptional military skills and successful conquests, similar to Napoleon Bonaparte's conquests in Europe.
- Both Samudragupta and Napoleon were known for their strategic brilliance, expansionist policies, and the creation of large empires.
- Samudragupta's military conquests are considered to be some of the most successful in ancient Indian history, much like Napoleon's victories in Europe.
5. Legacy of Samudragupta:
- Samudragupta's reign marked a period of political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural development in the Gupta Empire.
- His military successes and patronage of the arts contributed to the empire's growth and influence.
- Samudragupta's achievements laid the foundation for the Gupta dynasty's continued dominance and influence in ancient India.
In conclusion, Samudragupta, the third ruler of the Gupta dynasty, is known as the 'Napoleon of India' due to his exceptional military skills, successful conquests, and expansion of the Gupta Empire. His reign marked a period of prosperity and cultural development in ancient India.

Mountain Range in Chhattisgarh Famous for Iron Ore Deposits:
The mountain range in Chhattisgarh that is world-famous for top-quality deposits of iron ore is the Bailadila range.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
- Location: The Bailadila range is located in the southern part of the Dantewada district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India.
- Meaning of Name: The name "Bailadila" literally translates to "the hump of an ox" in the local language, which is derived from the shape of the hills resembling the hump of an ox.
- Iron Ore Deposits: The Bailadila range is known for its rich and high-quality deposits of iron ore. The ore extracted from this region is of premium grade and is used in the production of steel.
- Reserves: The Bailadila range is estimated to have one of the largest iron ore reserves in the world. It consists of multiple mines, including Bailadila Deposit-14 and Bailadila Deposit-5, which are highly productive and have significant iron ore reserves.
- Extraction: The iron ore from Bailadila is extracted through open-cast mining methods. The extracted ore undergoes various processes such as crushing, screening, and beneficiation to obtain the desired iron ore concentrate.
- Contributions: The iron ore from Bailadila plays a crucial role in meeting the iron and steel requirements of India. It is a major source of revenue for the state of Chhattisgarh and contributes significantly to the country's industrial and economic growth.
- Environmental Concerns: The mining activities in the Bailadila range have raised concerns regarding their impact on the environment and local tribal communities. Efforts are being made to ensure sustainable mining practices and minimize the ecological footprint of the mining operations.
Overall, the Bailadila range in Chhattisgarh is renowned worldwide for its top-quality iron ore deposits, making it a significant hub for the iron and steel industry.

Father of Indian Space Programme: Vikram Sarabhai
Explanation:
- The scientist considered as the father of the Indian Space Programme is Vikram Sarabhai.
- Vikram Sarabhai was an Indian physicist and industrialist who played a key role in the development of India's space program.
- He was born on August 12, 1919, in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
- Sarabhai founded the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad in 1947, which later became the cradle of India's space program.
- He also played a significant role in the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969.
- Under Sarabhai's leadership, ISRO launched its first satellite, Aryabhata, in 1975.
- He was a visionary who recognized the importance of space technology for the development of India.
- Sarabhai's contributions to the Indian Space Programme laid the foundation for its subsequent successes, including the Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan missions.
- His efforts led to the growth of India's space capabilities and its emergence as a major player in the global space arena.
Conclusion:
- Vikram Sarabhai is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Space Programme due to his pivotal role in its establishment and development.

Founder of the 'Pushti Marg' Sect of Hindu Religion:

• Answer: Vallabhacharya

Explanation:
Vallabhacharya, also known as Vallabha or Vallabhacharya Mahaprabhu, is the founder of the 'Pushti Marg' sect of the Hindu religion. Here is some information about Vallabhacharya and his contributions:

• Background: Vallabhacharya was born in 1479 CE in the present-day state of Gujarat, India.


• Philosophy: Vallabhacharya's teachings were based on the philosophy of 'Shuddhadvaita' or 'pure nondualism.' He believed in the complete surrender of the individual soul (jiva) to the supreme soul (Krishna).


• 'Pushti Marg' Sect: Vallabhacharya established the 'Pushti Marg' or the 'path of divine grace' sect, which focuses on the devotion and loving service (seva) towards Lord Krishna.


• Scriptures: Vallabhacharya composed various devotional texts and scriptures, the most important being the 'Shodasha Granthas' or the sixteen foundational books of the 'Pushti Marg.'


• Legacy: Vallabhacharya's teachings and the 'Pushti Marg' sect have had a significant impact on the Bhakti movement and the devotional practices in Hinduism, particularly in Western India.

Vallabhacharya's teachings emphasize the path of devotion and loving surrender to Lord Krishna, which is the core principle of the 'Pushti Marg' sect. It continues to be followed by many devotees who seek spiritual enlightenment through the grace of Lord Krishna.

Author of the book 'The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid'
The author of the book 'The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid' is C.K. Prahalad.
Explanation:
The book 'The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid' is a groundbreaking work that highlights the potential of the world's poor as an untapped consumer market. It challenges the traditional notion that the poor are not a viable target segment for businesses and argues that they can be an important source of innovation, growth, and profit.
Key Points:
- The book was authored by C.K. Prahalad, an Indian-American business strategist and professor.
- C.K. Prahalad was a renowned management guru and a professor at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business.
- He co-authored the book with Stuart L. Hart, who is also a well-known scholar in the field of sustainable business.
- The book was first published in 2004 and has since become a seminal work in the field of inclusive business and poverty alleviation.
- 'The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid' introduces the concept of the "bottom of the pyramid" (BOP) market, referring to the billions of people living in poverty worldwide.
- The book explores strategies for engaging with this market segment, emphasizing the need for innovative business models and products tailored to the specific needs and purchasing power of the poor.
- It presents numerous case studies and examples of successful businesses that have tapped into the BOP market and achieved both financial success and positive social impact.
In conclusion, C.K. Prahalad is the author of the book 'The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid'.

Answer:
The underwater mountain IndiraMount is named after former Prime Minister of India, Smt. Indira Gandhi. It is located in the Indian Ocean.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
IndiraMount:
- IndiraMount is an underwater mountain.
- It is named after Smt. Indira Gandhi, who served as the Prime Minister of India.
Location:
- IndiraMount is located in the Indian Ocean.
- The Indian Ocean is the third-largest ocean in the world, covering an area of about 27,240,000 square miles.
Significance:
- The naming of IndiraMount after Smt. Indira Gandhi is a way to honor her contributions and leadership as the Prime Minister of India.
- It serves as a reminder of her legacy and the impact she made during her time in office.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, IndiraMount, the underwater mountain named after Smt. Indira Gandhi, is located in the Indian Ocean. This recognition of her name serves as a tribute to her significant role in Indian politics.

Explanation:
The letter that represents one thousand in Roman numerals is M.
Reasoning:
Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and were used throughout the Roman Empire. In this system, letters are used to represent different numbers.
Here is a breakdown of the Roman numeral system and the values assigned to each letter:
- I = 1
- V = 5
- X = 10
- L = 50
- C = 100
- D = 500
- M = 1000
Thus, the letter M represents one thousand in Roman numerals.
Summary:
In Roman numerals, the letter M represents one thousand.