Knowledge Package - 12 - SSC CHSL MCQ

First Speaker of the Lok Sabha

• Date: 15 May 1952


• First Speaker: G.V. Mavalankar

Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, popularly known as G.V. Mavalankar, became the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 15 May 1952.

Here's a brief explanation of why G.V. Mavalankar was chosen as the first Speaker:

Who is G.V. Mavalankar?

• G.V. Mavalankar was an Indian independence activist and politician.


• He was a member of the Indian National Congress and played an active role in the freedom struggle.


• He was born on 27 November 1888 in Baroda, Gujarat.


• Mavalankar was known for his integrity, efficiency, and impartiality.

Reasons for G.V. Mavalankar becoming the first Speaker:

• Mavalankar was highly respected and had a deep understanding of parliamentary procedures.


• He had previously served as the President of the Central Legislative Assembly, which gave him valuable experience in parliamentary affairs.


• His leadership skills and ability to maintain decorum and discipline in the house made him an ideal candidate for the position of Speaker.


• His selection as the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha was based on his competence, integrity, and commitment to uphold democratic principles.

In conclusion, G.V. Mavalankar became the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 15 May 1952 due to his extensive knowledge of parliamentary procedures, previous experience in the Central Legislative Assembly, and his leadership qualities.

Amir Khusro: The Father of Qawwali in Delhi Sultanate
Introduction:
Amir Khusro, a renowned poet, musician, and scholar, is widely regarded as the "Father of Qawwali." He was associated with the Delhi Sultanate and played a significant role in the development and popularization of qawwali, a form of devotional music.
Key Points:
1. Amir Khusro's Contribution:
- Amir Khusro was a versatile artist who contributed immensely to various fields, including poetry, music, and language.
- He is credited with inventing the musical instrument called the 'sitar' and introducing new styles and techniques in Indian classical music.
- Khusro's most significant contribution to the music world was the creation and development of qawwali, a form of Sufi devotional music.
2. Qawwali:
- Qawwali originated in the 13th century as a form of devotional music in the Sufi tradition.
- It combines elements of Persian poetry, Indian classical music, and various local folk traditions.
- Qawwali is performed in a group setting, with the lead singer (qawwal) accompanied by a group of vocalists and instrumentalists.
- The lyrics of qawwali often revolve around themes of love, devotion, and spirituality.
3. Amir Khusro's Influence:
- Amir Khusro's compositions and innovations in qawwali had a lasting impact on the genre.
- He developed the 'qaul,' a style of singing that became the foundation of qawwali.
- Khusro's poetic verses, known as 'kalam,' are still sung and cherished by qawwali performers today.
- His efforts in promoting and popularizing qawwali helped establish it as a significant form of musical expression in the Indian subcontinent.
4. Legacy:
- Amir Khusro's contributions to qawwali and Indian classical music continue to be celebrated and revered.
- His influence can be seen in the works of later qawwali maestros, such as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Rahat Fateh Ali Khan.
- Qawwali remains a vibrant and cherished form of music, with performances and festivals dedicated to its traditions.
In conclusion, Amir Khusro, a royal poet of the Delhi Sultanate, is regarded as the "Father of Qawwali" for his significant contributions to the development and popularization of this devotional music form. His innovations and poetic verses continue to inspire and resonate with audiences, making qawwali an integral part of the cultural heritage of the Indian subcontinent.

Answer:
Introduction:
In 1976, the Jnanpith Award, one of the highest literary honors in India, was awarded to a Bengali lady novelist for her novel 'Pratham Pritisruti' (First Promise). This award recognizes outstanding contributions to Indian literature and is given annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith, a literary and research organization. The recipient of the award in 1976 was Ashapurna Devi, making her the first woman to receive this prestigious award.
Ashapurna Devi:
Ashapurna Devi was a renowned Bengali novelist and poet who made significant contributions to Indian literature. She was born on January 8, 1909, in Kolkata, West Bengal, and passed away on July 13, 1995. Devi wrote extensively on the lives and struggles of women in Indian society, often highlighting their experiences and challenges. She is considered one of the most prolific writers in Bengali literature.
Her Novel 'Pratham Pritisruti' (First Promise):
'Pratham Pritisruti' (First Promise) is a novel written by Ashapurna Devi and was published in 1964. The story revolves around the lives of three generations of women in a joint family and explores themes of love, sacrifice, and societal expectations. The novel received critical acclaim for its portrayal of complex female characters and its exploration of women's roles in a changing society.
Significance of the Jnanpith Award:
The Jnanpith Award is considered one of the most prestigious literary awards in India. It was established in 1961 and is awarded to Indian writers for their outstanding contributions to literature in any of the 22 recognized languages. The award aims to recognize and promote excellence in Indian literature and has been bestowed upon many renowned authors over the years.
Conclusion:
Ashapurna Devi, a prominent Bengali lady novelist, became the first woman to receive the Jnanpith Award in 1976 for her novel 'Pratham Pritisruti' (First Promise). Her contributions to Indian literature, particularly her exploration of women's experiences and challenges, have made her a celebrated figure in Bengali literature. The Jnanpith Award recognizes her immense talent and the impact of her work on Indian literature.

The special status of Jammu and Kashmir is provided under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.
Explanation:
- Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution in 1954, granting special autonomous status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
- This article grants certain privileges and exemptions to the state, allowing it to have its own constitution, flag, and administrative powers.
- Under this provision, the central government's jurisdiction over Jammu and Kashmir is limited to defense, foreign affairs, and communications.
- The state legislature has the power to make laws on other matters, and the provisions of the Indian Constitution are applicable to Jammu and Kashmir only in a modified form.
- The President of India has the power to declare that certain provisions of the Indian Constitution are applicable to Jammu and Kashmir with modifications or exceptions.
- However, in August 2019, the government of India revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir by abrogating Article 370 and bifurcating the state into two union territories - Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.

Answer:
The famous patriotic song "Aye mere watan ke logon" was immortalized by the voice of Lata Mangeshkar. The song was written by Kavi Pradeep and set to music by the musician C. Ramchandra.
Explanation:
- The song "Aye mere watan ke logon" is a tribute to the Indian soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the country.
- It was first performed by Lata Mangeshkar in 1963 in the presence of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru at the National Stadium in New Delhi.
- The song became an instant hit and continues to be one of the most popular patriotic songs in India.
- Kavi Pradeep, the lyricist of the song, was known for his patriotic compositions.
- The music for "Aye mere watan ke logon" was composed by C. Ramchandra, who was a prominent music director in the Hindi film industry.
- C. Ramchandra's composition perfectly complemented the heartfelt lyrics of the song, creating a powerful and emotional impact on the listeners.
- The combination of Kavi Pradeep's lyrics, Lata Mangeshkar's soulful rendition, and C. Ramchandra's music made "Aye mere watan ke logon" a timeless patriotic anthem in India.
In conclusion, the musician who set the music for the famous patriotic song "Aye mere watan ke logon" sung by Lata Mangeshkar was C. Ramchandra.

Coined by French priest Henri Didon, 'Citius, Altius, Fortius' (Swifter,Higher, Stronger) slogan is the motto of which tournament?
The motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Swifter, Higher, Stronger) was coined by French priest Henri Didon and is the official motto of the Olympic Games.
Explanation:
- The Olympic Games is an international multi-sport event held every four years and brings together athletes from all over the world.
- The motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" represents the spirit and values of the Olympic movement, emphasizing the pursuit of excellence and the constant desire for improvement.
- The word "Citius" means "Swifter" in Latin, highlighting the importance of speed and agility in sports.
- "Altius" means "Higher," symbolizing the aspiration to achieve higher goals and reach new heights of performance.
- "Fortius" means "Stronger," emphasizing the importance of strength, both physical and mental, in athletic endeavors.
- The motto serves as a reminder to athletes and participants to strive for their personal best and to push the boundaries of human achievement.
- The Olympic Games, with its motto, promotes fair play, unity, and the power of sport to bring people together from different nations and cultures.
Conclusion:
- The motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Swifter, Higher, Stronger) is the official motto of the Olympic Games.
- It represents the values of the Olympic movement and encourages athletes to strive for excellence and constant improvement.

Florence Nightingale was popularly known as the 'Lady with the Lamp'. Here's a detailed explanation:
- Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who became famous for her pioneering work in nursing during the Crimean War.
- She earned the nickname 'Lady with the Lamp' because of her habit of making rounds at night to attend to wounded soldiers with a lamp in her hand.
- Nightingale's compassionate and dedicated care for the wounded soldiers, often working long hours and tending to their needs, earned her widespread admiration and respect.
- She played a significant role in improving the unsanitary conditions and medical care in military hospitals, which led to a significant reduction in mortality rates among the soldiers.
- Nightingale's efforts and contributions to the field of nursing laid the foundation for modern nursing practices and established nursing as a respectable profession for women.
- Her commitment to patient care and her emphasis on cleanliness and hygiene greatly influenced the development of nursing education and healthcare systems worldwide.
- Florence Nightingale's legacy continues to inspire nurses and healthcare professionals, and she is considered a pioneer in the field of nursing.

Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands are located in the South Atlantic Ocean and are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom.
Explanation:
The Falkland Islands, also known as the Islas Malvinas, are situated in the South Atlantic Ocean, approximately 300 miles off the coast of Argentina. Despite being geographically closer to South America, the Falkland Islands are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom.
Reasons:
Here are the reasons why the Falkland Islands are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom:
1. Historical Background: The Falkland Islands have been under British control since 1833. The British established a permanent settlement on the islands and have maintained their presence ever since.
2. Political Status: The Falkland Islands have their own government, known as the Falkland Islands Government, which is responsible for the internal affairs and administration of the islands. The government operates under a constitutional framework set by the Falkland Islands Constitution Order, which was enacted by the British government.
3. Defense and Foreign Affairs: The United Kingdom is responsible for the defense and foreign affairs of the Falkland Islands. The British government provides protection and security to the islands and represents them in international matters.
4. British Citizenship: The residents of the Falkland Islands are British citizens and hold British passports. They have the right to live and work in the United Kingdom and other British Overseas Territories.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Falkland Islands are a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. Despite their geographical location in the South Atlantic Ocean, the islands have strong historical and political ties to the United Kingdom. The British government is responsible for the defense, foreign affairs, and overall governance of the Falkland Islands, while the islands have their own government to handle internal affairs.

Minimum Age Limit to Become the Governor of a State in India

• Minimum Age Requirement: The minimum age limit to become the Governor of a state in India is 35 years.


• Constitutional Provision: According to Article 157 of the Indian Constitution, a person should have attained the age of 35 years to be eligible for appointment as a Governor.


• Qualifications for Governor: Apart from the age requirement, there are certain qualifications for the position of Governor in India:




• The person should be a citizen of India.


• The person should not hold any office of profit under the central or state government.


• The person should not be a member of either House of Parliament or the state legislature.




• Appointment Process: The Governor is appointed by the President of India. The President exercises his/her powers in consultation with the Chief Minister of the concerned state.


• Term of Office: The Governor holds office for a term of five years, but can be removed from office earlier by the President.

By following these guidelines, you can provide a detailed and visually appealing answer to the question regarding the minimum age limit to become the Governor of a state in India.

Yakshagana: A Popular Dance Drama
Introduction:
Yakshagana is a traditional dance drama form that originated in the state of Karnataka, India. It is known for its vibrant costumes, elaborate makeup, and rhythmic music. The word "Yakshagana" is derived from the Sanskrit words "yaksha" (celestial beings) and "gana" (music), which together mean "celestial music."
Key Points:
Here are some key points about Yakshagana:
1. Origin: Yakshagana originated in the coastal districts of Karnataka, particularly in the regions of Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, and Kasaragod. It has a rich cultural heritage and is deeply rooted in the local traditions and mythology.
2. Dance Drama: Yakshagana is a unique blend of dance, music, dialogue, and drama. It combines elements of classical dance, folk traditions, and storytelling. The performances are usually based on episodes from ancient Indian epics like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.
3. Characters: Yakshagana features a wide range of characters, including gods, goddesses, demons, kings, queens, and mythological figures. The performers portray these characters through elaborate costumes, intricate makeup, and expressive gestures.
4. Music and Instruments: The music in Yakshagana is typically accompanied by traditional musical instruments like chande (drum), maddale (double-headed drum), chakratala (cymbals), and shankha (conch shell). The music sets the rhythm and mood of the performance.
5. Dance Movements: Yakshagana incorporates a variety of dance movements, including graceful footwork, intricate hand gestures (mudras), and dynamic body postures. The performers often showcase acrobatic skills, jumps, and leaps to captivate the audience.
6. Traditional Costumes: One of the highlights of Yakshagana is its colorful and ornate costumes. The male characters wear elaborate headgear, masks, and vibrant attire, while the female characters adorn themselves with traditional jewelry and sarees.
7. Storytelling and Themes: Yakshagana is not just a visual spectacle but also a medium for conveying moral, ethical, and philosophical messages. The performances often explore themes of good versus evil, righteousness, and the triumph of good over evil.
8. Popular Troupes and Festivals: There are several renowned Yakshagana troupes in Karnataka, such as the Kateel Yakshagana Mandali, Yakshagana Kalaranga, and Perdoor Yakshagana Mela. The art form is celebrated during various festivals and cultural events in the state.
Conclusion:
Yakshagana is a popular dance drama form that originated in Karnataka, India. It combines dance, music, dialogue, and drama to create captivating performances. With its vibrant costumes, expressive movements, and mythological stories, Yakshagana continues to enchant audiences and preserve the rich cultural heritage of Karnataka.

Hirakud Dam in India
The Hirakud Dam, located in Sambalpur, Orissa, is the longest dam in India. It is built across the Mahanadi River.
Key Points:
- The Hirakud Dam is a multipurpose river valley project built on the Mahanadi River in Odisha.
- It was constructed between 1948 and 1953, and it serves various purposes such as irrigation, power generation, flood control, and water supply.
- The dam is about 25.8 kilometers long and has a gross storage capacity of 5,874 million cubic meters.
- It is one of the major dams in India and plays a crucial role in the development of the region.
- The main objective of the dam is to control the flow of water and prevent floods in the Mahanadi basin, which is prone to frequent flooding.
- The Hirakud Dam also provides water for irrigation to millions of acres of farmland in the region, ensuring agricultural productivity.
- Additionally, the dam generates hydroelectric power, contributing to the overall energy needs of the state.
- The construction of the Hirakud Dam was a significant engineering feat at the time and continues to be an important landmark in the state of Odisha.
Conclusion:
The Hirakud Dam, the longest dam in India, is built across the Mahanadi River. It serves multiple purposes, including irrigation, power generation, flood control, and water supply.

Longest Gestation Period Among Terrestrial Animals
- Among terrestrial animals, the animal with the longest gestation period is the Elephant.
- Elephants have a gestation period of approximately 22 months, which is the longest among land animals.
- The gestation period of elephants is much longer compared to other terrestrial animals.
- Tigers have a gestation period of around 3.5 months.
- Rhinoceros have a gestation period of approximately 15-16 months.
- Horses have a gestation period of about 11-12 months.
- In comparison, elephants have a significantly longer gestation period, making them the animal with the longest gestation period among terrestrial animals.
- The longer gestation period of elephants is due to their large size and the complex development of their offspring.
- This extended gestation period allows for the proper development of the elephant calf before birth.
- The long gestation period is necessary for the survival and development of the baby elephant, as they are born in a relatively advanced state compared to other animals.
Note: The information provided above is based on general knowledge and may vary slightly for different species or individuals within the same species.

The Gurumukhi Script and its Development
The Gurumukhi script, which is used for writing the Punjabi language, was developed by Guru Angad, the second Sikh guru. Here is a detailed explanation of the script's development:
Guru Angad's Contribution
- Guru Angad Dev Ji, the second guru of the Sikhs, played a significant role in the development and promotion of the Punjabi language.
- Understanding the importance of a script to write Punjabi, Guru Angad worked on creating a script that would be accessible and easy to learn for the common people.
- He modified the existing Brahmi script used for writing Sanskrit and other languages and created a new script known as Gurumukhi, meaning "from the mouth of the Guru."
- Guru Angad taught this script to his disciples and encouraged them to use it for writing the sacred hymns and teachings of the Sikh Gurus.
The Features of Gurumukhi Script
- Gurumukhi is a phonetic script that accurately represents the sounds of the Punjabi language.
- It consists of 35 letters, representing both consonants and vowels.
- The script is written from left to right, with no distinct capital and small letters.
- Gurumukhi is a very versatile script that can be used to write not only Punjabi but also other languages like Hindi, Sindhi, and Sanskrit.
The Impact and Significance
- The development of the Gurumukhi script by Guru Angad had a profound impact on the Punjabi language and Sikhism as a whole.
- It provided a means to preserve and propagate the sacred teachings of the Sikh Gurus.
- The script helped in creating a distinct identity for the Sikh community, as it became the medium for writing the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism.
- It also facilitated the spread of education among the Sikh community, as Gurumukhi became the medium of instruction in Sikh schools and institutions.
In conclusion, Guru Angad's development of the Gurumukhi script was a crucial step in the preservation and promotion of the Punjabi language and the Sikh faith. The script continues to be widely used and holds immense cultural and religious significance for the Sikh community.

Disease caused by Female Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes:
- Disease: Dengue Fever
- Cause: Female Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes
- Explanation: Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the female Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes.
- Mosquitoes: Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions.
- Breeding: These mosquitoes breed in stagnant water, such as in flower pots, buckets, and discarded tires.
- Bite: The female mosquitoes transmit the dengue virus to humans through their bites.
- Virus: The dengue virus belongs to the Flavivirus family and there are four different serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4).
- Symptoms: Dengue fever symptoms include high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, rash, and mild bleeding.
- Prevention: Preventive measures to control the spread of dengue fever include eliminating mosquito breeding sites, using mosquito repellents, wearing protective clothing, and using bed nets.
- Treatment: There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue fever, but supportive care is provided to manage symptoms and complications.
Therefore, the disease caused by female Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes is Dengue Fever.

Autobiography of Adolf Hitler: 'Mein Kampf'
Introduction:
'Mein Kampf' (My Struggle) is a book written by Adolf Hitler, the infamous dictator of Nazi Germany. It is an autobiography and political manifesto that outlines Hitler's ideology, political beliefs, and future plans.
Autobiography of Adolf Hitler:
- 'Mein Kampf' was written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1924 after the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich.
- The book was originally published in two volumes. Volume 1 was published in 1925, and Volume 2 was published in 1926.
- It provides an insight into Hitler's early life, his experiences in Vienna, his time as a soldier during World War I, and his rise to power.
- Hitler discusses his political ideology, including his views on nationalism, anti-Semitism, Aryan supremacy, and the need for Lebensraum (living space) for the German people.
- The book also outlines Hitler's plans for the future, including his desire to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles, expand German territory, and establish a totalitarian regime.
Other Options:
While 'Mein Kampf' is the autobiography of Adolf Hitler, it is important to note that the other options listed are associated with different dictators:
- Pol Pot was the dictator of Cambodia.
- Idi Amin was the dictator of Uganda.
- Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Soviet Union.
Conclusion:
'Mein Kampf' is the autobiography of Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Nazi Germany. It provides insights into Hitler's life, political beliefs, and future plans. By understanding Hitler's ideology, we can gain a deeper understanding of the events and atrocities committed during the Nazi regime.

Chief Guest at the Republic Day celebrations on 26th January 2009 in New Delhi:
- The chief guest at the Republic Day celebrations on 26th January 2009 in New Delhi was Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan.
- Nursultan Nazarbayev was invited as the chief guest to strengthen the bilateral relations between India and Kazakhstan.
- This was his second visit to India as the President of Kazakhstan, the first being in 1992.
- The invitation was a reflection of the growing strategic partnership between the two countries.
- During his visit, several agreements and memorandums of understanding were signed in areas such as defense, trade, and investment.
- The Republic Day parade showcased the cultural diversity and military strength of India, with various contingents, tableaux, and performances.
- The presence of Nursultan Nazarbayev as the chief guest added a special significance to the event and highlighted the importance of diplomatic relations between India and Kazakhstan.
Conclusion:
Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, was the chief guest at the Republic Day celebrations on 26th January 2009 in New Delhi. His presence emphasized the growing bilateral relations between India and Kazakhstan.

Founder of SNDT Women's University:

• Dhondo Keshav Karve founded Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University in 1916.

About SNDT Women's University:

• SNDT Women's University is the first women's university in India.


• It is located in Pune, Maharashtra.


• The university offers various undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in different fields of study.


• The university aims to empower women through education and provide them with equal opportunities for growth and development.


• It is named after Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey, a social reformer and the wife of Damodar Thackersey.


• The university focuses on women's education and empowerment, promoting gender equality, and addressing social issues.


• It has played a significant role in promoting women's education and empowering women in India.

Other Options:

• Annie Besant was a prominent British socialist, women's rights activist, and supporter of Indian independence. However, she did not found SNDT Women's University.


• Mahatma Gandhi was a leader of the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate for women's rights. However, he did not found SNDT Women's University.


• Madan Mohan Malaviya was an Indian educationist and politician who founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU). He did not found SNDT Women's University.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Dhondo Keshav Karve who founded SNDT Women's University in 1916.

The headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is located in Nairobi, Kenya.

Explanation:

• The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of the United Nations that coordinates environmental activities and assists countries in implementing sustainable development practices.


• Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya, is home to the UNEP headquarters.


• Nairobi was chosen as the location for the UNEP headquarters due to its strategic position in Africa and its commitment to environmental conservation.


• The UNEP headquarters in Nairobi serves as a hub for various environmental initiatives and programs, bringing together experts, policymakers, and stakeholders from around the world.


• The UNEP headquarters in Nairobi plays a crucial role in addressing global environmental challenges, promoting sustainable development, and supporting countries in their efforts to protect the environment.

Conclusion:

In summary, the headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is located in Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi serves as a central hub for environmental activities and initiatives, bringing together experts and stakeholders to address global environmental challenges and promote sustainable development.

Answer:
The native state of the dance forms 'Kathakali', 'Mohiniaattam', and 'Thullal' is Kerala.
Explanation:
Kerala, a state in southwestern India, is known for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant performing arts. The dance forms 'Kathakali', 'Mohiniaattam', and 'Thullal' are indigenous to Kerala and hold significant cultural importance in the state.
Kathakali:
- Kathakali is a highly stylized classical dance-drama form that originated in Kerala.
- It combines elements of dance, music, and acting to depict stories from Indian epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana.
- The performers wear elaborate costumes, vibrant makeup, and use exaggerated facial expressions and body movements to portray various characters.
Mohiniaattam:
- Mohiniaattam is a graceful and lyrical classical dance form that originated in Kerala.
- It is primarily performed by women and is known for its intricate footwork, elegant hand gestures, and fluid body movements.
- The dance form is characterized by its slow tempo and expressive storytelling through facial expressions and hand movements.
Thullal:
- Thullal is a solo dance form performed by a single artist, known as the 'Thullal artist', who narrates stories through facial expressions, gestures, and rhythmic movements.
- It is known for its humorous and satirical elements, often incorporating social and political commentary.
- Thullal is accompanied by traditional percussion instruments like mridangam and cymbals.
In conclusion, 'Kathakali', 'Mohiniaattam', and 'Thullal' are traditional dance forms native to the state of Kerala in India. They showcase the rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions of the region.

The only continent through which all longitude lines pass is Antarctica.



Explanation:



To answer this question, we need to understand what longitude lines are. Longitude lines, also known as meridians, are imaginary vertical lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole on the Earth's surface. They are used to measure the east-west position of a point on the globe.
Here is a detailed explanation of why Antarctica is the only continent through which all longitude lines pass:

• Definition of continent: A continent is a large, continuous landmass that is generally separated by water bodies and is one of the main divisions of the Earth's surface. There are seven continents on Earth: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Australia, and South America.


• Antarctica: Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth and is primarily located in the Southern Hemisphere. It is almost entirely covered by ice and is uninhabited by permanent human residents.


• Geographical position: Due to its position near the South Pole, Antarctica is the only continent that extends from the South Pole to various latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.


• Longitude lines: Longitude lines run from the North Pole to the South Pole and are evenly spaced around the globe. The Prime Meridian, which is defined as 0 degrees longitude, passes through Greenwich, London, and serves as the reference point for measuring longitude.


• Passage of longitude lines: Since Antarctica extends from the South Pole to various latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the only continent through which all longitude lines pass. This means that any longitude line you choose will intersect with Antarctica at some point.

Therefore, the answer to the question is C: Antarctica.

The Tripitaka - Sacred Texts of Buddhism
The Tripitaka, also known as the Pali Canon, is a collection of sacred texts in Buddhism. It is divided into three sections called the Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Here is a detailed explanation of each section:
1. Vinaya Pitaka:
- The Vinaya Pitaka is the first section of the Tripitaka and contains rules and guidelines for monastic discipline.
- It provides instructions for the conduct of monks and nuns, including rules for their daily routines, behavior, and interactions with others.
- The Vinaya Pitaka is essential for maintaining the proper order and harmony within the Buddhist monastic community.
2. Sutta Pitaka:
- The Sutta Pitaka is the second section of the Tripitaka and consists of discourses attributed to Gautama Buddha.
- It contains a vast collection of teachings, dialogues, and sermons given by the Buddha during his lifetime.
- The Sutta Pitaka covers a wide range of topics, including ethics, meditation, wisdom, and the nature of reality.
- It is considered the heart of the Tripitaka and provides guidance for Buddhist practitioners on the path to enlightenment.
3. Abhidhamma Pitaka:
- The Abhidhamma Pitaka is the third and final section of the Tripitaka and is a more analytical and philosophical collection of texts.
- It delves deeper into the nature of reality, consciousness, and mental processes.
- The Abhidhamma Pitaka provides a systematic and detailed analysis of Buddhist psychology and philosophy.
- It is primarily studied by advanced practitioners and scholars seeking a deeper understanding of Buddhist teachings.
Conclusion:
The Tripitaka, consisting of the Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka, is the sacred text of Buddhism. It is the foundation of Buddhist teachings and provides guidance for monastic discipline, ethical conduct, meditation practices, and the path to enlightenment.

Answer:

The Pakistan Government presented its highest civilian award 'Nishan-e-Intiaz' to Indian film star Dilip Kumar in 1997. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Nishan-e-Intiaz: It is a prestigious civilian award in Pakistan, which is given to individuals who have made exceptional contributions in their respective fields, such as arts, literature, science, and social services.
- Dilip Kumar: Dilip Kumar, born as Muhammad Yusuf Khan, is a legendary Indian film actor who is considered one of the greatest actors in the history of Indian cinema. He has acted in numerous critically acclaimed and commercially successful films.
- Recognition by Pakistan Government: The Pakistan Government bestowed the 'Nishan-e-Intiaz' award upon Dilip Kumar in 1997 as a mark of recognition for his outstanding contributions to the film industry and his efforts in promoting cultural ties between India and Pakistan.
- Other Indian Film Stars: While Dilip Kumar received this honor, it is worth mentioning that other Indian film stars such as Dev Anand, Raj Kapoor, and Amitabh Bachchan have also been recognized for their contributions and have received various accolades throughout their careers.
- Significance of the Award: The 'Nishan-e-Intiaz' award holds great significance as it symbolizes the appreciation and respect from the Government of Pakistan towards individuals who have excelled in their respective fields and have played a significant role in promoting goodwill and cultural understanding between India and Pakistan.

The First Human to Walk in Space

Introduction:
On 18th March 1965, a significant milestone was achieved in human space exploration when the first human ventured out of a spacecraft and walked in space.
The First Human to Walk in Space:
The answer to the question, "On 18th March 1965, who became the first human to walk in space?" is Alexey Leonov.
Explanation:
Alexey Leonov, a Soviet cosmonaut, made history on 18th March 1965 by becoming the first human to walk in space. Here are some key details about this historic spacewalk:
- Alexey Leonov was part of the Voskhod 2 mission, which was launched by the Soviet Union.
- The Voskhod 2 spacecraft was launched on 18th March 1965, carrying Alexey Leonov and pilot Pavel Belyayev.
- During the mission, Leonov exited the spacecraft wearing a spacesuit and floated freely in space for about 12 minutes and 9 seconds.
- This spacewalk was a major achievement as it demonstrated that humans could survive and perform tasks outside the confines of a spacecraft.
- However, the spacewalk was not without its challenges. Leonov encountered several difficulties, including the inflation of his spacesuit, which made it difficult to re-enter the spacecraft.
- Despite the challenges, Leonov successfully re-entered the Voskhod 2 spacecraft and returned safely to Earth.
Conclusion:
In summary, Alexey Leonov became the first human to walk in space on 18th March 1965 during the Voskhod 2 mission. His historic spacewalk marked a significant milestone in human space exploration and paved the way for future space missions and extravehicular activities.

Location of Washington D.C.
- Washington D.C. is the capital city of the United States of America.
- It is located on the eastern coast of the country, in the region known as the Mid-Atlantic.
- The city is situated on the banks of the Potomac River.
About the Potomac River
- The Potomac River is one of the major waterways in the United States.
- It flows through multiple states, including Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
- The river is approximately 405 miles (652 kilometers) long.
- It serves as the border between Maryland and Virginia for a significant portion of its length.
- The Potomac River is an important part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed and plays a crucial role in the region's ecosystem.
Importance of the Potomac River
- The Potomac River has a significant historical and cultural importance.
- It played a crucial role in the early development of the United States, serving as a transportation route for goods and people.
- The river was also the site of several important events during the American Civil War.
- Today, the Potomac River continues to be a popular destination for recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and hiking.
Conclusion
- Washington D.C., the capital of the United States, is located on the banks of the Potomac River.
- The river not only provides a scenic backdrop to the city but also holds historical, cultural, and ecological significance for the region.

The first indigenous civilian aircraft of India is the Saras.
Explanation:

• The Saras is a multi-role civilian aircraft designed and developed by the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) of India.


• It is a 14-seater aircraft and is intended for use in executive transport, commuter transport, and air taxi roles.


• The development of the Saras began in the 1990s and the first prototype was completed in 2004.


• However, the aircraft faced several challenges during testing, including a fatal accident in 2009.


• After incorporating design modifications and improvements, the Saras Turbo prototype was unveiled in 2017.


• The Saras Turbo features enhanced performance and improved safety features.


• The aircraft is powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67A turboprop engines.


• The Saras has a maximum speed of 550 km/h and a range of 1,500 km.


• It is equipped with modern avionics and has a glass cockpit for enhanced situational awareness.


• The Saras is a testament to India's growing capabilities in the field of aviation and is expected to contribute to the development of the country's civil aviation sector.

Answer: A. Saras

The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History is located near Coimbatore in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
Location: Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
- The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, commonly known as SACON, is located near Coimbatore in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
- Coimbatore is a major city in the state of Tamil Nadu and is known for its industrial and educational institutions.
- SACON is situated in the Anaikatty hills, about 24 kilometers from Coimbatore city.
- The center is spread over a large area and is surrounded by forests, making it an ideal location for the study and conservation of birds and their habitats.
About the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON):
- SACON is a premier research institution in India dedicated to the study of birds and their conservation.
- It was established in 1990 as a tribute to the renowned Indian ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali.
- The center conducts research, training, and conservation programs related to birds and their habitats.
- SACON also collaborates with national and international organizations to promote research and conservation efforts.
- The center has a museum, library, laboratories, and field stations to facilitate research and education on ornithology and natural history.
Conclusion:
The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History is located near Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a renowned research institution dedicated to the study and conservation of birds and their habitats.

Formerly known as 'British Honduras': Belize
Explanation:
- British Honduras was the former name of the Central American country now known as Belize.
- Belize was under British colonial rule and was known as British Honduras until its independence in 1981.
- The name change was a result of the country's desire to establish its own national identity separate from its colonial past.
- Belize is located on the eastern coast of Central America and is bordered by Mexico to the north and Guatemala to the west and south.
- Today, Belize is a sovereign nation with its own government and is known for its diverse culture, natural beauty, and significant Mayan archaeological sites.
- The country is also famous for its barrier reef, which is the second-largest in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- Tourism and agriculture, particularly the production of sugar, citrus fruits, and seafood, are major contributors to Belize's economy.
- English is the official language of Belize, a legacy of its colonial history. However, the country is also home to a rich blend of cultures and languages, including Garifuna, Creole, Maya, and Spanish.

Name of the First Boeing 747/700 jet inducted into Indian Air Force
The first Boeing 747/700 jet inducted into the Indian Air Force, designed to work as the Indian President's office-in-the-sky, is named "Rajdoot".
Explanation:
- The Indian Air Force inducted the Boeing 747/700 jet into its fleet to serve as the official aircraft for the President of India.
- The aircraft is specifically designed to cater to the requirements of the President, providing a luxurious and comfortable flying experience.
- The name given to this aircraft is "Rajdoot", which translates to "messenger of the king" in English.
- The name "Rajdoot" symbolizes the aircraft's role as a diplomatic messenger representing the President and India's sovereignty.
- The Boeing 747/700 jet is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, including a spacious cabin, dedicated office space, advanced communication systems, and secure communication channels.
- It enables the President to stay connected and carry out official duties even while traveling.
- The aircraft is also used for important government functions, state visits, and other official trips.
- The induction of the Boeing 747/700 jet as the President's office-in-the-sky reflects the importance of air travel in modern-day diplomacy and governance.
Conclusion:
The first Boeing 747/700 jet inducted into the Indian Air Force, designed to serve as the Indian President's office-in-the-sky, is named "Rajdoot". This aircraft provides a luxurious and comfortable flying experience for the President, allowing him to stay connected and carry out official duties while traveling. The name "Rajdoot" symbolizes the aircraft's role as a diplomatic messenger representing the President and India's sovereignty.

The pigment that gives plants and leaves their green color is chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. It plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight into energy. Here are some key points about chlorophyll:
- Function: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.
- Structure: Chlorophyll molecules are composed of a porphyrin ring structure with a magnesium ion at the center. This structure allows chlorophyll to absorb light in the blue and red regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and reflect green light, giving plants their green color.
- Types: There are several types of chlorophyll, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which have slightly different chemical structures and absorb light at different wavelengths.
- Photosystems: Chlorophyll molecules are organized into photosystems within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. These photosystems capture and transfer light energy to drive the process of photosynthesis.
- Importance: Chlorophyll is essential for plant growth and survival as it enables plants to produce their own food and release oxygen into the atmosphere. It is also responsible for the green coloration of leaves, stems, and other plant parts.
In summary, chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for the green color in plants and leaves. It plays a vital role in the process of photosynthesis and is crucial for plant growth and survival.