Knowledge Package - 14 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Smallest Continent by Area: Australia
Australia is the smallest continent by area compared to other continents. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Europe:
- Europe is the second smallest continent by area after Australia.
- It covers approximately 10.18 million square kilometers.
- It is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
2. South America:
- South America is the fourth largest continent by area.
- It spans approximately 17.84 million square kilometers.
- It is located in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
3. Antarctica:
- Antarctica is the fifth largest continent by area.
- It covers approximately 14 million square kilometers.
- It is located in the Southern Hemisphere, mostly south of the Antarctic Circle.
4. Australia:
- Australia is the smallest continent by area.
- It spans approximately 8.52 million square kilometers.
- It is located in the Southern Hemisphere, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Conclusion:
- Based on area, Australia is the smallest continent among the given options.
- Europe, South America, and Antarctica are larger in size compared to Australia.

First 'Talkie' Feature Film in India
The first 'talkie' feature film made and shown in India was Alam Ara in 1931.
Explanation:
- The term 'talkie' refers to a motion picture with synchronized sound, allowing for synchronized dialogue and music.
- Alam Ara was produced by the Imperial Film Company and directed by Ardeshir Irani.
- It was a musical film that featured seven songs, including the popular song "De De Khuda Ke Naam Pe Pyaare."
- The film starred Master Vithal and Zubeida in the lead roles.
- Alam Ara was made in the Hindi language and was released at the Majestic Cinema in Mumbai (then Bombay) on March 14, 1931.
- The film was a huge success and marked the beginning of the era of sound films in Indian cinema.
- Prior to Alam Ara, Indian films were silent, with live music being played during screenings.
- The success of Alam Ara led to the rapid growth of sound films in the Indian film industry, popularly known as Bollywood.
- The film was also responsible for establishing the trend of incorporating music and dance sequences in Indian cinema, which continues to be a prominent feature in Bollywood films to this day.
Therefore, the first 'talkie' feature film made and shown in India was Alam Ara in 1931.

Answer:
Introduction:
The first soldier of the Indian armed forces to be awarded the Param Vir Chakra, the highest military award of India, was Major Som Nath Sharma.
Explanation:
1. Major Som Nath Sharma:
- Major Som Nath Sharma was born on 31st January 1923 in Himachal Pradesh, India.
- He joined the Indian Army and served in the 4th Battalion of the Kumaon Regiment.
- On 3rd November 1947, during the Indo-Pak War, Major Sharma's battalion was tasked with defending the Srinagar airfield from infiltrating Pakistani raiders.
- Despite being heavily outnumbered, Major Sharma displayed exceptional bravery and leadership during the battle.
- He fought valiantly and made supreme sacrifices to ensure the protection of the airfield and the city of Srinagar.
- Major Som Nath Sharma was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra for his extraordinary courage and selflessness in the face of the enemy.
2. Significance of the Param Vir Chakra:
- The Param Vir Chakra is the highest military decoration awarded for acts of valor during wartime.
- It is awarded to members of the Indian armed forces for displaying exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice in the face of the enemy.
- The Param Vir Chakra is equivalent to the Medal of Honor in the United States and the Victoria Cross in the United Kingdom.
Conclusion:
Major Som Nath Sharma was the first soldier of the Indian armed forces to be awarded the Param Vir Chakra, the highest military award of India. His courageous actions and ultimate sacrifice serve as an inspiration for future generations of soldiers.

Harihar I and Bukka Raya I founded the Vijayanagar Empire in 1336.
Explanation:
The Vijayanagar Empire was founded by two brothers, Harihar I and Bukka Raya I, in the year 1336. Here is a detailed explanation of the empire:
1. Harihar I and Bukka Raya I: These two brothers were originally commanders in the army of the Kakatiya Dynasty. However, after the fall of the Kakatiya Dynasty, they established their own kingdom and laid the foundations of the Vijayanagar Empire.
2. Location: The Vijayanagar Empire was located in present-day South India, primarily covering the Deccan Plateau. It extended from the Krishna River in the north to the Cape Comorin in the south.
3. Capital: The capital of the Vijayanagar Empire was Hampi, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India.
4. Religion: The Vijayanagar Empire was known for its promotion of Hinduism. The rulers patronized Hindu temples, scholars, and artists.
5. Administration: The empire had a well-structured administrative system. It was divided into provinces called Nayankaras, which were further divided into subdivisions called Mandalams. Local administration was carried out by village councils.
6. Economy: The Vijayanagar Empire was a prosperous empire with a thriving economy. Agriculture, trade, and commerce were the main sources of income. The empire had a monopoly on the spice trade, which brought immense wealth.
7. Art and Architecture: The empire witnessed a golden age of art and architecture. The rulers built magnificent temples, palaces, and other architectural wonders. The Virupaksha Temple and the Vittala Temple Complex are notable examples of Vijayanagar architecture.
8. Decline: The Vijayanagar Empire faced numerous invasions from the Deccan Sultanates. The decisive battle was fought in 1565, known as the Battle of Talikota, where the empire suffered a major defeat. This event marked the beginning of the empire's decline.
In conclusion, Harihar I and Bukka Raya I founded the Vijayanagar Empire in 1336. The empire flourished for several centuries before its eventual decline.

The country formerly known as 'Formosa' is Taiwan.
Explanation:
- Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), was formerly known as 'Formosa'.
- The name 'Formosa' was given to the island by Portuguese explorers in the 16th century, which means 'beautiful island' in Portuguese.
- Taiwan is located in East Asia and is bordered by the East China Sea to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the west.
- It is an island nation with a population of approximately 23 million people.
- Taiwan has its own government and political system separate from that of mainland China.
- The country has a thriving economy and is known for its high-tech industries, manufacturing, and exports.
- Taiwan is also known for its beautiful landscapes, including mountains, forests, and coastal areas, making it a popular tourist destination.
- The capital city of Taiwan is Taipei, which is a vibrant metropolis with a mix of modern and traditional attractions.
- Taiwan is recognized by some countries as an independent nation, while others consider it part of China.
- The political status of Taiwan is a complex and sensitive issue, and it is not a member of the United Nations.
- However, it maintains diplomatic relations with a number of countries and is an important player in the global economy.

Central Building Research Institute Location
The Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) is located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand.
Explanation
The Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) is a premier research and development institute in the field of building science and technology in India. It was established in 1947 and is currently located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand.
Key Points:
- CBRI is a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which is the largest network of research and development institutes in India.
- The institute is dedicated to carrying out research and providing technical support in various areas of building and construction, including materials, designs, structures, earthquake engineering, and environmental studies.
- CBRI has state-of-the-art laboratories and facilities, equipped with advanced instruments and testing equipment for conducting research and development activities.
- The institute collaborates with various national and international organizations, academic institutions, and industries to promote research and innovation in the field of construction and building technology.
- CBRI plays a crucial role in the development of building codes, standards, and guidelines in India, ensuring the safety, durability, and sustainability of structures.
- The location of CBRI in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, provides easy access to the institute for researchers, professionals, and stakeholders from different parts of the country.
Conclusion
The Central Building Research Institute is located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand. It is a leading research institute in the field of building science and technology, focusing on various aspects of construction, materials, and earthquake engineering. The institute's location in Roorkee allows for easy accessibility and collaboration with national and international stakeholders in the field.

Answer:
The Sanskrit works 'Nagananda', 'Ratnavali', and 'Priyadarshika' were authored by Harshavardhana.
Explanation:
Harshavardhana was an eminent ruler of the 7th century who ruled over the kingdom of Thanesar (present-day Haryana, India). He was a great patron of arts and literature and himself was a proficient writer. Some key points about his literary contributions include:
- Nagananda: It is a Sanskrit play written by Harshavardhana, which is considered one of his most significant literary works. The play revolves around the story of Jimutavahana, a legendary king who saves a snake from being killed and is subsequently rewarded.
- Ratnavali: Another notable Sanskrit play authored by Harshavardhana. It is a romantic comedy that narrates the story of a princess named Ratnavali and her love interest, King Udayana.
- Priyadarshika: This Sanskrit drama is also attributed to Harshavardhana. It portrays the story of a king and his beloved wife, highlighting the themes of love, loyalty, and sacrifice.
These literary works not only showcase Harshavardhana's talent as a writer but also provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural milieu of ancient India during his reign.

Which planet rotates the fastest on its axis?
The planet that rotates the fastest on its axis in the solar system is Jupiter.
Explanation:
Rotation Period:
- Jupiter has the shortest rotation period compared to other planets.
- It completes one full rotation on its axis in approximately 9.9 hours.
- This rapid rotation gives Jupiter its distinct flattened shape.
Comparison with other planets:
- Venus, the closest planet to Earth, has a rotation period of about 243 Earth days, making it the slowest rotating planet in the solar system.
- Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, has a rotation period of about 59 Earth days.
- Saturn, known for its beautiful rings, completes one rotation in about 10.7 hours, making it slightly slower than Jupiter.
Conclusion:
- In summary, Jupiter is the planet that rotates the fastest on its axis in the solar system, with a rotation period of approximately 9.9 hours.

Citrus Fruits: Rich Source of Vitamin C

When it comes to vitamins, citrus fruits are primarily known for their high content of vitamin C. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Vitamin C

• Citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, and limes, are excellent sources of vitamin C.


• Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant in the body.


• It is essential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues.


• Vitamin C also helps in the formation of collagen, absorption of iron, and maintenance of healthy skin, bones, and teeth.


• It is also known to boost the immune system and protect against oxidative stress and certain chronic diseases.

2. Other Vitamins in Citrus Fruits

• In addition to vitamin C, citrus fruits also contain other vitamins, although in smaller amounts:


• Vitamin A: Citrus fruits contain small amounts of vitamin A, which is important for vision, immune function, and cell growth.


• Vitamin B: Citrus fruits provide some B vitamins, including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), and folate (B9). These vitamins play key roles in energy metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system.


• Vitamin D: Citrus fruits do not naturally contain vitamin D. It is primarily obtained through exposure to sunlight or fortified foods.

3. Importance of Vitamin C in the Diet

• Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that cannot be produced by the body, so it must be obtained from dietary sources.


• Eating citrus fruits regularly helps ensure an adequate intake of vitamin C, which is necessary for overall health and well-being.


• It is recommended to consume at least the recommended daily intake of vitamin C, which varies depending on age, sex, and life stage.


• Some common signs of vitamin C deficiency include fatigue, frequent infections, slow wound healing, and dry, rough skin.

In conclusion, citrus fruits are considered a rich source of vitamin C, which is essential for various bodily functions and plays a crucial role in maintaining good health.

Close Associate of Mahatma Gandhi Known as 'Deenbandhu'

Answer: C. Jamnalal Bajaj

Explanation:

• Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement.


• Close Associates: Gandhi had several close associates who played significant roles in the freedom struggle and the promotion of his ideals.


• 'Deenbandhu' Meaning: 'Deenbandhu' means 'Friend of the Poor'.


• Jamnalal Bajaj: Jamnalal Bajaj was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and was popularly known as 'Deenbandhu' due to his dedication to social service and upliftment of the poor.


• Contributions: Jamnalal Bajaj actively participated in the freedom movement and worked towards the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of the society.


• Bajaj Foundation: He established the Bajaj Foundation and supported various educational, healthcare, and rural development initiatives.


• Values: Bajaj was known for his simplicity, humility, and commitment to Gandhian principles.


• Awards and Honors: Jamnalal Bajaj received several awards and honors for his contributions, including the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1977.

Therefore, the close associate of Mahatma Gandhi who was popularly known as 'Deenbandhu' is Jamnalal Bajaj.

The first Indian state to have electrified all of its villages is Haryana.
Reasons:
- Haryana has successfully achieved 100% electrification of all its villages.
- This was achieved under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) scheme, which aimed to provide electricity to all rural households in India.
- The state government of Haryana worked in collaboration with the central government to implement this scheme.
- The electrification process involved the installation of power lines, transformers, and meters in all the villages of Haryana.
- The scheme also focused on providing electricity connections to below poverty line (BPL) households free of cost.
- The electrification of all villages in Haryana has greatly improved the quality of life for the rural population, as they now have access to electricity for various daily activities.
- The achievement of 100% electrification in Haryana showcases the commitment of the state government towards rural development and ensuring access to basic amenities for all its citizens.
- This milestone has set an example for other states in India to prioritize electrification efforts in their respective regions.
Note:
- It is important to note that the electrification of villages does not necessarily mean 24/7 power supply. It refers to the provision of electricity connections to all households in the village. The quality and consistency of power supply may vary.

The symbol of World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) is the Giant Panda.
HTML bullet points:
- The Giant Panda is a member of the bear family and is native to the mountainous regions of central China.
- It is known for its distinctive black and white fur pattern, with black patches around its eyes, ears, and limbs.
- The Giant Panda is primarily herbivorous and has a diet consisting almost entirely of bamboo.
- The WWF chose the Giant Panda as its symbol in 1961 to represent the organization's commitment to wildlife conservation and the protection of endangered species.
- The Giant Panda is an iconic species and is critically endangered due to habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as poaching.
- WWF's efforts in panda conservation include habitat restoration, research, and community-based conservation initiatives in China.
- The Giant Panda has become a flagship species for conservation, and its image is widely recognized and associated with the WWF's mission to protect nature.
- WWF uses the Giant Panda symbol to raise awareness and support for conservation efforts globally.
- The Giant Panda symbolizes the importance of biodiversity conservation and the need to protect and restore habitats for the survival of endangered species.

Author of the Novel 'Train to Pakistan'
The novel 'Train to Pakistan' was written by Khushwant Singh.
About the Author
Khushwant Singh was an Indian author, lawyer, and diplomat. He was born in 1915 in Punjab, India, and passed away in 2014. Singh is known for his contributions to Indian literature, particularly his novels and short stories. He was also a journalist and served as the editor of several prominent Indian newspapers.
About the Novel 'Train to Pakistan'
'Train to Pakistan' is a historical novel published in 1956. It is set during the partition of India in 1947 when India and Pakistan were being divided into separate nations. The novel explores the impact of the partition on the fictional village of Mano Majra, located on the border of India and Pakistan. It depicts the struggles, violence, and human tragedy experienced by the villagers during this tumultuous period.
Significance of the Novel
'Train to Pakistan' is considered one of Khushwant Singh's most significant works. It provides a poignant portrayal of the horrors and consequences of the partition of India. The novel highlights the themes of communal violence, religious hatred, and the loss of innocence. It explores the complexities of human nature and the choices individuals make in times of turmoil.
Conclusion
Khushwant Singh's novel 'Train to Pakistan' stands as a powerful depiction of the partition of India and its impact on the lives of ordinary people. Through its compelling narrative, it sheds light on the human tragedy and the resilience of individuals in the face of adversity.

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Celebrated on the Arrival Date of Mahatma Gandhi


Introduction:
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is a celebration that honors the achievements and contributions of overseas Indians to the development of India. It is observed on the arrival date of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa.
Arrival Date of Mahatma Gandhi:
The arrival date of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa is a significant day in Indian history. It marks the return of Mahatma Gandhi to his homeland and his subsequent involvement in the Indian independence movement.
Celebration of Pravasi Bharatiya Divas:
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated on the arrival date of Mahatma Gandhi in India to recognize and appreciate the contributions of overseas Indians. The day is observed with various events and activities, including:
- Conferences and seminars: These events provide a platform for overseas Indians to discuss and exchange ideas on various subjects related to the development of India.
- Cultural programs: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas includes cultural performances showcasing the rich heritage and diversity of India.
- Awards and recognition: Outstanding individuals of Indian origin are honored with prestigious awards to acknowledge their exceptional contributions in their respective fields.
- Networking opportunities: The event brings together overseas Indians with Indian government officials, business leaders, and other influential individuals to foster collaborations and partnerships.
Date of Pravasi Bharatiya Divas:
The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated on 9th January every year, which is the arrival date of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa.
Conclusion:
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is an important occasion that celebrates the achievements of overseas Indians and their contributions to the development of India. It is observed on 9th January, which marks the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in India from South Africa. The celebration involves various events and activities that aim to foster connections and collaborations between overseas Indians and India.

Key Points:
- Fireworks produce different colors by using specific compounds that release colored light when ignited.
- The color red in fireworks is commonly achieved by using compounds of the element strontium.
- Strontium compounds, such as strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2) or strontium carbonate (SrCO3), are used to produce red light.
- When these compounds are heated, they release energy in the form of red light.
- The strontium ions in the compounds are responsible for the red color, as they absorb and emit light at specific wavelengths.
- Strontium-based fireworks are known for their vibrant and intense red color.
- Other elements, such as barium (green), sodium (yellow), and manganese (purple), are used to produce different colors in fireworks.
- Each element has its own unique set of compounds that produce specific colors when ignited.
- The choice of compounds and elements determines the overall color palette of a firework display.
- Strontium is a popular choice for red fireworks due to its ability to create a vivid and visually striking red color.
- The use of different elements in fireworks allows for a diverse range of colors and effects in a display.

Answer:
Background:
The concept of e-Courts in India was introduced to utilize information and communication technology to enhance the efficiency and transparency of the judicial system. The first e-Court in India started functioning on a pilot basis in a High Court on 9th February 2009.
Location:
The first e-Court of India started functioning on a pilot basis in the Gujarat High Court, Ahmedabad.
Significance:
The establishment of e-Courts aimed to bring about several benefits, including:
1. Efficiency: The use of technology enables faster and more streamlined processes, reducing delays and backlog of cases.
2. Transparency: The digitization of court proceedings allows for easier access to case information and promotes transparency.
3. Accessibility: e-Courts make legal proceedings more accessible to litigants and lawyers by providing online services and reducing the need for physical presence.
4. Cost-effectiveness: The adoption of e-Courts can lead to cost savings by reducing paperwork and administrative tasks.
Implementation:
The pilot project in the Gujarat High Court involved the digitization of case records, online filing of petitions, and the use of video conferencing for remote hearings. The success of the pilot project paved the way for the expansion of e-Courts across the country.
Impact:
Since the establishment of the first e-Court in India, many other High Courts and District Courts have adopted electronic filing systems and other technology-driven solutions to improve the functioning of the judiciary. The digitization of court processes has had a positive impact on the justice delivery system, making it more efficient and accessible to all stakeholders.
In conclusion:
The first e-Court in India started functioning on a pilot basis in the Gujarat High Court, Ahmedabad, on 9th February 2009. This marked a significant milestone in the digitization of the Indian judicial system, leading to the adoption of e-Courts in other courts across the country.

Answer:
The Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI) is located in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.).
Explanation:
The Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI) is a premier institute dedicated to research and conservation of tropical forests. It is operated by the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), an autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.
Key Points:
- The TFRI is situated in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.
- Jabalpur is a city located in central India.
- It is known for its rich biodiversity and proximity to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
- TFRI conducts research on various aspects of tropical forests, including biodiversity conservation, forest management, and sustainable utilization of forest resources.
- The institute also plays a crucial role in training and capacity building of forest personnel and stakeholders.
- TFRI works towards promoting the conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests in India.
Note:
This answer has been provided based on the information available in the question and may vary depending on the context or any updated information.

Answer:
The person who is honored with both 'Bharat Ratna' and 'Nishan-e-Pakistan' is Morarji Desai.
Morarji Desai is the only individual to receive both 'Bharat Ratna' and 'Nishan-e-Pakistan', the highest civilian awards of India and Pakistan respectively. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Bharat Ratna:
- Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award in India.
- It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service or performance in various fields including art, literature, science, sports, and public service.
- Morarji Desai was honored with Bharat Ratna in 1991 for his significant contributions to the nation as a statesman and politician.
2. Nishan-e-Pakistan:
- Nishan-e-Pakistan is the highest civilian award in Pakistan.
- It is bestowed upon individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the country.
- Morarji Desai received this prestigious award in 1990 in recognition of his efforts to improve Indo-Pak relations and promote peace between the two nations.
3. Morarji Desai:
- Morarji Desai was an eminent Indian politician and the 4th Prime Minister of India.
- He served as the Prime Minister from 1977 to 1979.
- Desai was known for his strong principles, integrity, and commitment to democratic values.
- He played a crucial role in establishing friendly relations between India and Pakistan during his tenure.
Conclusion: Morarji Desai is the only person to be honored with both 'Bharat Ratna' and 'Nishan-e-Pakistan', the highest civilian awards of India and Pakistan respectively. His contributions to the nation and efforts for peace and diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan were recognized and honored by both countries.

Location of Lotus Temple:
The Lotus Temple, also known as the Bahai house of worship, is located in New Delhi, the capital city of India.
Reasons why the Lotus Temple is located in New Delhi:
- Central Location: New Delhi is the capital city of India and is easily accessible from all parts of the country. The Lotus Temple is strategically located in the heart of the city for easy accessibility for visitors.
- Spiritual Significance: New Delhi is not only the political capital but also a major center for spiritual and religious activities. The city is home to various important religious sites and attracts a large number of tourists and devotees. The Lotus Temple adds to the spiritual diversity of New Delhi.
- Architectural Marvel: The Lotus Temple is renowned for its unique and stunning architecture. Its lotus-shaped design and white marble construction make it a significant landmark in the city. By locating the temple in New Delhi, it gains visibility and becomes a symbol of the city's cultural and architectural heritage.
Impact of Lotus Temple in New Delhi:
- Tourist Attraction: The Lotus Temple has become a major tourist attraction in New Delhi, drawing visitors from all over the world. Its architectural beauty and tranquil environment make it a must-visit destination for tourists.
- Symbol of Unity: The Lotus Temple is open to people of all religions and beliefs. It promotes the idea of unity and harmony among different faiths. Its location in New Delhi reinforces the city's reputation as a place that embraces diversity and inclusivity.
- Spiritual Center: The Lotus Temple serves as a place of worship for the Bahai community and offers a serene environment for meditation and prayer. It provides a spiritual retreat for both locals and tourists in the bustling city of New Delhi.
In conclusion, the Lotus Temple, the Bahai house of worship, is located in New Delhi, India. Its strategic location, architectural beauty, and spiritual significance have made it a significant landmark and tourist attraction in the city.

Answer:

River: Sabarmati

Detailed

• Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was a prominent leader and freedom fighter in India.


• Satyagraha Ashram: Satyagraha Ashram, also known as Sabarmati Ashram, was established by Mahatma Gandhi on the banks of the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.


• Objective: The ashram was established as a center for practicing and promoting nonviolent resistance, known as Satyagraha, against British colonial rule.


• Activities: The ashram served as a base for various activities like spinning and weaving, promoting self-sufficiency and self-reliance.


• Influence: The principles and practices followed at the ashram had a profound impact on the Indian freedom movement and inspired many other leaders and individuals.


• Legacy: Although the ashram was disbanded in 1933, it remains an important historical site and tourist attraction, preserving the legacy of Mahatma Gandhi's teachings and ideals.

Therefore, Mahatma Gandhi established the Satyagraha Ashram on the banks of the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad.

Element added to steel to make stainless steel: Chromium
Explanation:
Stainless steel is a type of steel that is resistant to corrosion and staining. It is made by adding certain elements to steel, primarily chromium. Here is a detailed explanation of the process:
1. Introduction to stainless steel:
- Stainless steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with additional elements added to enhance its properties.
- It is known for its resistance to corrosion, high strength, and aesthetic appeal.
2. Role of chromium:
- Chromium is the key element added to steel to make it stainless.
- It is added in varying amounts, typically between 10-30% by weight.
- Chromium forms a passive oxide layer on the surface of the steel, called chromium oxide (Cr2O3).
- This oxide layer acts as a protective barrier, preventing further corrosion of the steel.
3. Benefits of chromium in stainless steel:
- Corrosion resistance: The chromium oxide layer effectively blocks the diffusion of oxygen and moisture, protecting the steel from rust and corrosion.
- High-temperature resistance: Chromium improves the steel's ability to withstand high temperatures without losing its strength and structural integrity.
- Aesthetic appeal: The addition of chromium gives stainless steel its shiny and lustrous appearance, making it a popular choice for decorative applications.
- Durability: Chromium enhances the overall durability and longevity of stainless steel, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial and domestic applications.
4. Other elements in stainless steel:
- While chromium is the primary element added to steel to make it stainless, other elements are also present in smaller amounts to further enhance its properties.
- Nickel: Improves corrosion resistance and toughness.
- Molybdenum: Enhances corrosion resistance, especially in acidic environments.
- Carbon: Provides strength and hardness to the steel.
Conclusion:
Stainless steel is made by adding chromium, along with other elements, to steel. Chromium forms a protective oxide layer on the surface of the steel, giving it its corrosion-resistant properties. The addition of chromium enhances the steel's durability, high-temperature resistance, and aesthetic appeal.

The Mamluk Dynasty in India
The Mamluk Dynasty, also known as the Slave Dynasty, was founded in 1206 in India. The dynasty was established by Qutbuddin Aibak, a Turkish slave who served as a general under the Ghurid Empire. Here is a detailed explanation of the establishment of the Mamluk Dynasty:
1. Qutbuddin Aibak - A Slave General:
- Qutbuddin Aibak was a Turkish slave who was captured and sold as a slave in the Ghurid Empire.
- He rose to prominence and became a trusted general under the Ghurid rulers.
2. Death of Muhammad of Ghur:
- In 1206, Muhammad of Ghur, the ruler of the Ghurid Empire, was assassinated.
- This created a power vacuum, leading to the establishment of various regional kingdoms in India.
3. Qutbuddin Aibak as the Ruler:
- Taking advantage of the situation, Qutbuddin Aibak declared himself the Sultan of Delhi in 1206.
- He became the first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty in India.
4. Consolidation of Power:
- Qutbuddin Aibak faced various challenges in establishing his rule.
- He faced resistance from local Hindu rulers and had to suppress revolts and rebellions.
- However, he managed to consolidate his power and establish control over a significant part of northern India.
5. Patronage of Architecture:
- Qutbuddin Aibak was known for his patronage of architecture.
- He initiated the construction of the Qutub Minar in Delhi, which stands as a testament to his rule.
6. Successors of Qutbuddin Aibak:
- After Qutbuddin Aibak's death in 1210, the Mamluk Dynasty continued under his able successors.
- Notable rulers of the dynasty included Iltutmish, Balban, and Razia Sultana, among others.
7. End of the Mamluk Dynasty:
- The Mamluk Dynasty came to an end in 1290 with the assassination of the last ruler, Nasiruddin Mahmud.
Conclusion:
Qutbuddin Aibak, a Turkish slave turned general, founded the Mamluk Dynasty, also known as the Slave Dynasty, in India in 1206. Despite facing initial challenges, he consolidated his power and initiated the construction of the Qutub Minar. The dynasty continued under capable successors until its end in 1290.

The code name of the five nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998:
- Operation Shakti was the code name given to the five nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998 near Pokhran in Rajasthan.
- These tests were a series of underground nuclear weapons explosions.
- The tests were conducted by the Indian Army's Corps of Engineers.
- The primary objective of these tests was to demonstrate India's capability to develop nuclear weapons.
- The tests consisted of three detonations on May 11 and two on May 13.
- The tests were conducted in secret, and the code name "Operation Shakti" was used to maintain confidentiality.
- The successful tests made India the sixth country to possess nuclear weapons.
- The tests were highly controversial, drawing international criticism and leading to sanctions against India.
- However, they also garnered support within the country, with many viewing them as a demonstration of India's strength and sovereignty.
These points provide a brief overview of the code name and significance of the five nuclear tests conducted by India in May 1998.

Thang-Ta Martial Art: Native of Manipur
Explanation:
Thang-Ta is a traditional martial art form that originated in the state of Manipur, India. It is an ancient combat technique that combines self-defense, physical fitness, and cultural expression. Here is a detailed explanation of Thang-Ta martial art:
1. Origin:
Thang-Ta martial art has its roots in Manipur, a northeastern state of India. It has been practiced by the people of Manipur for centuries and holds significant cultural and historical importance in the region.
2. Meaning and Significance:
The term "Thang-Ta" translates to "sword and spear" in the Manipuri language. This martial art form primarily involves the use of swords, spears, and various other traditional weapons. It emphasizes discipline, agility, and precision in combat.
3. Techniques and Skills:
Thang-Ta incorporates a wide range of techniques and skills that include both armed and unarmed combat. Some of the key aspects of this martial art form are:
- Swordplay: Thang-Ta practitioners learn various sword techniques, including strikes, blocks, and footwork.
- Spear Techniques: The art also includes training with spears, focusing on thrusting and striking techniques.
- Empty Hands Combat: Thang-Ta teaches hand-to-hand combat techniques such as punches, kicks, and joint locks.
- Weaponry: Apart from swords and spears, Thang-Ta also involves training with other traditional weapons like shields, axes, and daggers.
4. Cultural Significance:
Thang-Ta is not only a martial art but also an integral part of Manipuri culture. It is performed during festivals, ceremonies, and cultural events, showcasing the rich heritage of Manipur. The art form helps preserve and promote the traditional values and skills of the region.
5. Contemporary Practice:
Today, Thang-Ta is practiced not only in Manipur but also in various parts of India and even internationally. It has gained recognition as an important martial art form and is taught in specialized training centers and academies.
In conclusion, Thang-Ta martial art is native to the Indian state of Manipur. It holds immense cultural significance and showcases the traditional combat techniques and skills of the region.

'The Argumentative Indian' book was authored by Amartya Sen.
Some key points about the book and the author:
- Amartya Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher who won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics.
- 'The Argumentative Indian' is one of his notable works, published in 2005.
- The book explores the rich intellectual history of India and its tradition of public debate and argumentation.
- It delves into various aspects of Indian culture, history, and philosophy, including topics like identity, freedom, social justice, and democracy.
- Sen examines the role of reasoned argument and public discussion in shaping Indian society and its democratic ideals.
- The book also reflects on the challenges and opportunities faced by India in the contemporary world.
- Through his analysis, Sen aims to portray the diversity, complexity, and pluralism of Indian society.
- 'The Argumentative Indian' has received widespread acclaim for its insights into Indian intellectual traditions and its exploration of the importance of public discourse in a democratic society.
In conclusion, 'The Argumentative Indian' is a book authored by Amartya Sen, an Indian economist and philosopher, that explores the intellectual history and tradition of public debate in India.

Answer:
The correct answer is C: Ernakulam.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- In 1990, Ernakulam district in Kerala became the first fully literate district in India.
- This achievement was the result of the literacy campaign called "Total Literacy Campaign" initiated by the Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority (KSLMA).
- The campaign aimed to eradicate illiteracy in the state of Kerala and make it a fully literate state.
- The district of Ernakulam was chosen as the pilot district for the campaign.
- The campaign focused on providing functional literacy to people of all ages, including adults and school dropouts.
- It involved various strategies such as door-to-door surveys, mobilization of volunteers, setting up literacy centers, and conducting classes.
- The campaign also emphasized the importance of female literacy and encouraged women to participate actively in the program.
- The efforts of the campaign were successful, and by 1990, Ernakulam district achieved 100% literacy rate, making it the first fully literate district in India.
- This achievement not only brought recognition to the district but also inspired other districts and states to replicate the success of the literacy campaign.
Overall, Ernakulam district in Kerala became the first fully literate district in India in 1990 through the Total Literacy Campaign initiated by the Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority.

The hypothalamus controls hunger, thirst, and body temperature.
The hypothalamus is a small region located at the base of the brain. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions. Here's how the hypothalamus controls hunger, thirst, and body temperature:
Hunger:
- The hypothalamus contains specialized cells called hunger neurons, which detect signals from the body indicating the need for food.
- These hunger neurons respond to various hunger-regulating hormones, such as ghrelin, which stimulate appetite.
- When the body needs energy, the hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger, prompting us to eat.
Thirst:
- The hypothalamus also monitors the body's hydration levels and controls thirst.
- When the body is dehydrated, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in blood concentration and signal the need for fluid intake.
- The hypothalamus then stimulates the sensation of thirst, motivating us to drink water and maintain proper hydration.
Body Temperature:
- The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, regulating body temperature to maintain homeostasis.
- It receives information from temperature-sensitive neurons located throughout the body.
- When the body temperature deviates from the set point, the hypothalamus initiates appropriate responses to either cool down or warm up the body.
- For example, if body temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers sweating and dilation of blood vessels to dissipate heat.
In conclusion, the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger, thirst, and body temperature. Its specialized cells and receptors detect signals from the body and initiate appropriate responses to maintain balance and ensure overall well-being.

Prime Minister of Britain when India got independence:
The Prime Minister of Britain when India got independence was Clement Attlee.
Reasoning:
- Clement Attlee was the leader of the Labour Party in Britain and served as the Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951.
- He played a pivotal role in granting independence to India.
- Attlee's government passed the Indian Independence Act in 1947, which led to the partition of India and the creation of two separate nations, India and Pakistan.
- He worked closely with Indian leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru to negotiate the terms of independence.
- Attlee's government also appointed Lord Mountbatten as the last Viceroy of India, who oversaw the transition process.
- On August 15, 1947, India gained independence from British rule, and Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Clement Attlee.

City founded by Udasi Sikhs Guru Ram Rai:
Dehradun
Explanation:
Dehradun is the capital city of Uttarakhand, a state in northern India. It was founded by Udasi Sikhs Guru Ram Rai in the 17th century. Here is a more detailed explanation:
1. Introduction:
Dehradun is a popular city located in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas. It is the capital of Uttarakhand and serves as an important administrative, educational, and cultural center.
2. Founder:
Dehradun was founded by Udasi Sikhs Guru Ram Rai, who was the eldest son of the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai. Guru Ram Rai established the city in the 17th century and it has since grown into a significant urban center.
3. Importance as the capital of Uttarakhand:
Dehradun was chosen as the capital of Uttarakhand when the state was formed in the year 2000. It was selected due to its strategic location, pleasant climate, and accessibility. As the capital, Dehradun houses the government offices, legislative assembly, and administrative headquarters of Uttarakhand.
4. Today's Dehradun:
Dehradun has developed into a thriving city with a mix of urban and natural landscapes. It is known for its prestigious educational institutions, including the Indian Military Academy and the Forest Research Institute. The city also serves as a gateway to popular tourist destinations such as Mussoorie, Rishikesh, and Haridwar.
Conclusion:
Dehradun, founded by Udasi Sikhs Guru Ram Rai, holds significant historical and cultural importance as the capital of Uttarakhand. It is a vibrant city with a rich heritage and serves as a hub for education, administration, and tourism in the region.

The United Nations Security Council is composed of 15 members, consisting of 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members.
The 5 permanent members are:
1. United States
2. Russia
3. China
4. United Kingdom
5. France
The 10 non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. These members are divided into five regions: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Western Europe and Others. Each region is allocated a specific number of seats, and the non-permanent members are elected on a rotational basis from these regions.
The current non-permanent members serving for the period 2021-2022 are:
1. India (Asia-Pacific)
2. Ireland (Western Europe and Others)
3. Kenya (Africa)
4. Mexico (Latin America and the Caribbean)
5. Norway (Western Europe and Others)
6. China (Asia-Pacific)
7. Estonia (Eastern Europe)
8. Niger (Africa)
9. Tunisia (Africa)
10. Vietnam (Asia-Pacific)
These non-permanent members hold their seats for a two-year term, after which new elections are held to select their replacements. This rotation ensures that different countries from various regions have the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process of the Security Council.
In conclusion, the United Nations Security Council has 10 non-permanent members in addition to its 5 permanent members, bringing the total number of members to 15.