Knowledge Package - 15 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Answer:
The world's earliest known dock from the Indus Valley Civilization can be found at the site of Lothal in Gujarat.
Explanation:
Lothal is one of the prominent sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in present-day Gujarat, India. It was an important trading center and a bustling port city during ancient times. The discovery of a dock at Lothal has provided valuable insights into the maritime activities of the Indus Valley people.
Here are some key points about the dock at Lothal:
- Location: The dock is situated near the ancient course of the Sabarmati River, which was used as a navigable channel during the Indus Valley Civilization period.
- Structure: The dock at Lothal is a well-planned structure, consisting of a basin connected to a canal. The basin was designed to accommodate ships and boats, allowing them to load and unload cargo.
- Engineering: The construction of the dock showcases the advanced engineering skills of the Indus Valley people. The dock was built using a combination of bricks and stones, with a lining of bitumen to prevent water leakage.
- Function: The dock served as a vital hub for maritime trade, facilitating the exchange of goods between the Indus Valley Civilization and other regions. It played a crucial role in the economic prosperity of the civilization.
- Significance: The discovery of the dock at Lothal indicates the maritime capabilities of the Indus Valley people, showcasing their proficiency in seafaring and navigation. It also suggests that Lothal had a well-developed trade network extending beyond its immediate surroundings.
In conclusion, the world's earliest known dock from the Indus Valley Civilization can be found at the site of Lothal in Gujarat. The dock at Lothal provides valuable insights into the maritime activities and trading networks of the Indus Valley people.

Introduction:
The fictional character 'Swami' was created by R.K. Narayan in his debut novel 'Swami and Friends'. R.K. Narayan is a well-known Indian author who is considered one of the pioneers of Indian literature in English.
Details:
- R.K. Narayan: He is the author who created the fictional character 'Swami' in his debut novel 'Swami and Friends'.
- Ruskin Bond: Although a renowned Indian author, Ruskin Bond is not associated with the creation of the character 'Swami' in 'Swami and Friends'.
- Rudyard Kipling: Rudyard Kipling is a notable British author known for his works such as 'The Jungle Book', but he did not create the character 'Swami'.
- Rabindranath Tagore: Rabindranath Tagore is a celebrated Indian author, but he is not associated with the creation of the character 'Swami'.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, R.K. Narayan is the author who created the fictional character 'Swami' in his debut novel 'Swami and Friends'. His work has had a significant impact on Indian literature in English.

The 'Herring Pond' is a popular name for the:
- Atlantic Ocean: The correct answer is the Atlantic Ocean. It is commonly called the 'Herring Pond' due to the abundance of herring fish found in its waters.
- The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest ocean in the world, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface.
- It is located between the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east.
- The Atlantic Ocean is known for its strong currents, including the Gulf Stream, which influences weather patterns and ocean circulation.
- It is home to various marine life, including a wide range of fish species, such as herring, cod, tuna, and salmon.
- The Atlantic Ocean has played a significant role in human history, serving as a major trade route and facilitating exploration and colonization.
- The ocean's vastness and diverse ecosystems make it a vital resource for fishing, transportation, and scientific research.
- The Atlantic Ocean also features famous landmarks, such as the Bermuda Triangle, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Sargasso Sea.
In conclusion, the Atlantic Ocean is commonly referred to as the 'Herring Pond' due to the abundance of herring fish found in its waters.

Founder of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)
The founder of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in Nagpur in 1925 was Keshava Baliram Hedgewar.
Details:
- The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is a Hindu nationalist, volunteer organization in India.
- It was founded on September 27, 1925, by Keshava Baliram Hedgewar in Nagpur, Maharashtra.
- Hedgewar was a medical doctor by profession and was deeply influenced by the Hindu nationalist ideals and the concept of "Hindutva."
- He believed that a strong and organized Hindu society was necessary for the protection and promotion of Hindu values and culture.
- The RSS aims to unite Hindus and promote their spiritual, cultural, and social development.
- It follows a disciplined organizational structure, with a hierarchical system of leadership.
- The organization emphasizes physical fitness, self-discipline, and nationalistic values among its members.
- The RSS has played a significant role in Indian politics and has been associated with several affiliated organizations and political parties.
Conclusion:
Keshava Baliram Hedgewar founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in Nagpur in 1925. The organization has since grown to become a major force in Indian society and politics.

Galenais the principal ore of which element?




Answer: A. Lead




Explanation:





Galenais a mineral that is the principal ore of the element lead. It is also known as lead sulfide (PbS). Here's a detailed explanation:





What is Galena?
- Galena is a lead sulfide mineral and the primary ore of lead.
- It has a metallic luster and a gray-black color.
- Its crystal system is cubic, and it often forms in octahedral or cubical crystals.
- Galena is relatively soft with a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 2.75.
- It has a high specific gravity, ranging from 7.2 to 7.6.





Properties and Uses of Galena:
- Galena is a primary source of lead, which is a soft and dense metal.
- It has been used for thousands of years as a source of lead and silver.
- The ancient Egyptians and Romans used galena as kohl, a black cosmetic pigment.
- Galena is also used in batteries, ammunition, and radiation shielding.
- It is a significant mineral in the production of lead-acid batteries used in cars and other vehicles.





Extraction of Lead from Galena:
- The process of extracting lead from galena involves heating the mineral to a high temperature in a furnace.
- During this process, the lead sulfide is converted to metallic lead

Idukki Dam in Kerala is built across which river?

• Answer: D. Periyar

Detailed

• The Idukki Dam, located in the Idukki district of Kerala, is built across the Periyar River.


• The Periyar River is one of the longest rivers in Kerala, originating in the Western Ghats and flowing through the state before emptying into the Arabian Sea.


• The Idukki Dam is a double curvature arch dam, which was constructed to store water for power generation and irrigation purposes.


• It is one of the largest arch dams in Asia and is an important source of hydroelectric power for the state of Kerala.


• The dam is located in the scenic Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary and is surrounded by dense forests and hills.


• Visitors to the dam can enjoy breathtaking views of the reservoir and the surrounding natural beauty.


• The dam is also a popular tourist attraction and offers boating facilities for visitors.

Note: The Idukki Dam and the Periyar River are important landmarks in Kerala and contribute significantly to the state's power generation and irrigation systems.

Indian Name for the Fighter Aircraft 'Jaguar'
The Indian Air Force (IAF) fleet has inducted the fighter aircraft 'Jaguar', which was jointly developed by Britain and France. The Indian name given to this aircraft is 'Shamsher'.

Explanation:

The Jaguar aircraft is a twin-engine, ground-attack aircraft designed for deep penetration strikes. It was jointly developed by the British and French aerospace industries. When inducted into the Indian Air Force, it was given the Indian name 'Shamsher', which means "Sword" in English.

Key Points:

Here are some key points regarding the Indian name for the Jaguar aircraft:

- The Jaguar aircraft was jointly developed by Britain and France.
- It is a ground-attack aircraft designed for deep penetration strikes.
- The Indian Air Force (IAF) inducted the Jaguar aircraft into its fleet.
- The Indian name given to the Jaguar aircraft is 'Shamsher', which means "Sword" in English.
- The name 'Shamsher' reflects the strength and capability of the aircraft.

Conclusion:

The Indian Air Force (IAF) fleet has inducted the fighter aircraft 'Jaguar', jointly developed by Britain and France. The aircraft is known by its Indian name 'Shamsher', which means "Sword" in English. The 'Shamsher' is a powerful ground-attack aircraft capable of deep penetration strikes.

India won the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup hockey tournament in which Malaysian city?
The answer is Ipoh.
Explanation:
India won the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup hockey tournament by defeating hosts Malaysia in the final. The tournament took place on 12 April 2009 in Malaysia.
Key Points:
- The Sultan Azlan Shah Cup is an annual international men's field hockey tournament held in Malaysia.
- It was first held in 1983 and is named after the ninth Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia, Sultan Azlan Shah.
- The tournament features some of the top-ranked field hockey teams from around the world.
- The 2009 edition of the tournament was held in Malaysia, with the final taking place in the city of Ipoh.
- India emerged as the champions by defeating the hosts Malaysia in the final match.
- This victory marked India's fourth title in the history of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup.
- The Indian team showcased their skills and determination to secure the victory and lift the prestigious trophy.
Conclusion:
India won the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup hockey tournament in 2009 by defeating Malaysia in the final, which took place in Ipoh, Malaysia. This victory added another title to India's successful history in the tournament.

Ashok sent his son Mahindra and daughter Sanghamitra to Tamraparni (present name Sri Lanka) for the propagation of Buddhism.
Explanation:
- Ashok was a Maurya ruler who ruled over a vast empire in ancient India from 268 to 232 BCE.
- He was a follower of Buddhism and played a significant role in spreading the teachings of Buddha.
- Ashok sent his son Mahindra and daughter Sanghamitra as Buddhist missionaries to various parts of the world, including Tamraparni (Sri Lanka).
- Tamraparni, also known as Sri Lanka, was an important center for Buddhism during that time.
- Mahindra and Sanghamitra propagated Buddhism in Sri Lanka by establishing monasteries, organizing religious ceremonies, and translating Buddhist scriptures into the local language.
- Their efforts were successful, and Buddhism gained widespread acceptance and became a dominant religion in Sri Lanka.
- The arrival of Mahindra and Sanghamitra in Sri Lanka is considered a significant event in the history of Buddhism in the country.
- Ashok's support and the missionary work of Mahindra and Sanghamitra played a crucial role in the spread and establishment of Buddhism in Sri Lanka.

Question: Which gas, abundantly produced in swamps and marshes by the action of bacteria on dead vegetation, is commonly referred to as 'Marsh Gas'?
Answer: The gas commonly referred to as 'Marsh Gas' and abundantly produced in swamps and marshes by the action of bacteria on dead vegetation is Methane.
Here is a detailed explanation of why Methane is the correct answer:
- Methane is a colorless and odorless gas that is the main component of natural gas. It is highly flammable and is considered a greenhouse gas.
- Swamps and marshes are rich in organic matter, including dead vegetation. When bacteria decompose this organic matter in the absence of oxygen, they produce methane gas through a process called anaerobic decomposition.
- The bacteria responsible for producing methane are called methanogens. These bacteria thrive in oxygen-deprived environments like swamps and marshes.
- Methane is lighter than air, so it tends to rise and accumulate in the atmosphere above swamps and marshes. It can be ignited and burned, which is why it is often associated with flames in movies or cartoons depicting swamps.
- Methane is also produced by human activities, such as the extraction and transportation of natural gas, coal mining, and livestock farming. However, in the context of the question, it specifically refers to the methane produced in swamps and marshes by bacteria.
In conclusion, the gas commonly referred to as 'Marsh Gas' is Methane, which is abundantly produced in swamps and marshes by the action of bacteria on dead vegetation.

The full form of FM in radio broadcasting is Frequency Modulation.
Frequency Modulation is a technique used in radio broadcasting to transmit information through changes in the frequency of the carrier wave. It is one of the most common methods of transmitting audio signals in the FM radio band.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the full form of FM in radio broadcasting:
1. Frequency Modulation (FM):
- FM stands for Frequency Modulation.
- It is a method of encoding information on a carrier wave by varying the frequency of the wave.
- In FM radio broadcasting, the audio signal is used to modulate the frequency of the carrier wave.
- The variations in frequency represent the variations in the audio signal, allowing the transmission of sound through the airwaves.
2. Advantages of FM:
- FM radio offers better sound quality compared to AM radio.
- It provides a higher signal-to-noise ratio, reducing interference and improving the overall listening experience.
- FM signals are less affected by atmospheric conditions, making it more reliable for long-distance transmission.
- FM radio also allows for stereo broadcasting, delivering a more immersive audio experience.
3. FM Radio Broadcasting:
- FM radio broadcasting utilizes frequency modulation to transmit audio signals.
- The audio signal is first converted into an electrical signal through a microphone or audio source.
- The electrical signal is then used to modulate the frequency of the carrier wave.
- The modulated carrier wave is amplified and transmitted through an antenna to be received by FM radios.
- FM radios demodulate the received signal to retrieve the original audio signal, which is then converted back into sound.
4. FM Frequency Band:
- FM radio broadcasting operates in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz.
- This frequency band is reserved for FM broadcasting globally.
- Different radio stations are assigned specific frequencies within this band to avoid interference.
In conclusion, FM in radio broadcasting stands for Frequency Modulation. It is a widely used technique for transmitting audio signals with improved sound quality and reduced interference. The FM frequency band allows for reliable and high-quality radio broadcasting.

Founder of Home Rule League in Poona (Pune) in 1916:
The founder of the Home Rule League in Poona (Pune) in 1916 was Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Explanation:
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist, social reformer, and freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- In 1916, Tilak founded the Home Rule League in Poona (Pune) as a part of his efforts to demand self-rule for India.
- The Home Rule League aimed to promote the idea of self-governance and create awareness among the Indian population about their right to govern themselves.
- The league organized public meetings, speeches, and campaigns to spread the message of self-rule and mobilize public support.
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak's leadership and his contribution to the Indian freedom struggle made him one of the most influential political figures of his time.
- His efforts in advocating for Home Rule laid the foundation for the future demand for complete independence from British colonial rule.
Key Points:
- Founder of Home Rule League in Poona (Pune) in 1916: Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Process of converting liquid vegetable oil to solid Vanaspati ghee:
Hydrogenation:
- Hydrogenation is the process by which liquid vegetable oil is converted into solid Vanaspati ghee.
- This process involves the addition of hydrogen gas to the vegetable oil at high temperatures and pressures.
- The hydrogen gas reacts with the unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil, causing them to become saturated and solidify.
- This process is usually carried out using a catalyst, such as nickel or palladium, to speed up the reaction.
Benefits of hydrogenation:
- The hydrogenation process increases the shelf life of vegetable oil by making it more stable and less prone to oxidation.
- It also improves the texture and consistency of the oil, giving it a creamy and spreadable quality.
Drawbacks of hydrogenation:
- Hydrogenation can result in the formation of trans fats, which are known to be harmful to health when consumed in excess.
- Trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic health conditions.
- To minimize the formation of trans fats, manufacturers have developed partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, which contain lower levels of trans fats compared to fully hydrogenated oils.
Conclusion:
- The process of hydrogenation is used to convert liquid vegetable oil into solid Vanaspati ghee.
- However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of ghee or any oil high in trans fats should be avoided to maintain a healthy diet.

The first woman Chief Justice of a High Court in India:
- In 1991, Leila Seth became the first woman Chief Justice of a High Court in India.
- Leila Seth was appointed as the Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court, making her a pioneer in the Indian judiciary.
- She served as the Chief Justice from 1991 to 1992.
- Leila Seth was a renowned advocate and judge, known for her contributions to women's rights and social justice.
- She played a key role in advocating for gender equality and empowering women in the legal profession.
- Leila Seth's appointment as the first woman Chief Justice of a High Court in India marked a significant milestone in the country's legal history.
- Her achievements paved the way for more women to enter the judiciary and break gender barriers in the legal field.
- Leila Seth's legacy continues to inspire and encourage women to pursue careers in law and strive for leadership positions.

Sunderlal Bahuguna and his role in the Chipko Movement
The Chipko Movement was a significant environmental movement in India, and social activist Sunderlal Bahuguna played a prominent role in it. Here is a detailed explanation of his involvement:
1. Background of the Chipko Movement:
- The Chipko Movement originated in the 1970s in the Uttarakhand region of India.
- It was a nonviolent protest against the deforestation and commercial exploitation of forests.
- The movement aimed to protect the environment and the rights of local communities who depended on the forests for their livelihoods.
2. Sunderlal Bahuguna and his contribution:
- Sunderlal Bahuguna was an Indian environmentalist and social activist who dedicated his life to the cause of environmental conservation.
- He played a crucial role in mobilizing the local communities and leading the Chipko Movement.
- Bahuguna was deeply concerned about the rapid deforestation and the adverse effects it had on the ecosystem, particularly the Himalayan region.
- He advocated for sustainable development and the preservation of forests for future generations.
3. Key initiatives and strategies:
- Sunderlal Bahuguna organized several awareness campaigns, rallies, and protests to highlight the importance of protecting forests.
- He emphasized the need for community participation and encouraged the local villagers, especially women, to actively participate in the movement.
- Bahuguna popularized the slogan "Ecology is permanent economy" to emphasize the interdependence of the environment and human well-being.
- His efforts resulted in the adoption of several eco-friendly practices, such as the ban on tree cutting and the promotion of afforestation.
4. Impact and legacy:
- The Chipko Movement gained widespread attention and became a symbol of grassroots environmental activism.
- It led to policy changes and the formulation of laws to protect forests and the rights of local communities.
- Sunderlal Bahuguna's contribution to the movement earned him national and international recognition.
- His dedication and leadership continue to inspire environmentalists and social activists around the world.
In conclusion, Sunderlal Bahuguna played a prominent role in the Chipko Movement, which aimed to protect forests and the rights of local communities. His efforts and leadership were instrumental in raising awareness about environmental conservation and promoting sustainable development.

Host city of the first Afro-Asian Games in 2003

• Answer: D. Hyderabad

The first Afro-Asian Games were held in the city of Hyderabad, India in 2003. This sporting event aimed to strengthen the bond between the African and Asian continents, promoting unity and friendship through sports.

Below are some key points about the first Afro-Asian Games:

• The Afro-Asian Games were organized by the Afro-Asian Games Council, which was established in 2001.


• The event was held from October 24 to November 1, 2003.


• It featured a total of 97 events in 14 sports disciplines, including athletics, basketball, boxing, cricket, football, swimming, and tennis, among others.


• The participating countries included nations from Africa and Asia, with athletes competing for medals and showcasing their talents.


• Hyderabad, the capital city of the southern Indian state of Telangana, was chosen as the host city for the inaugural edition of the Afro-Asian Games.


• The city provided world-class facilities and venues to accommodate the athletes and ensure the smooth conduct of the games.


• The first Afro-Asian Games received positive feedback and appreciation for promoting cultural exchange and cooperation among participating nations.

In conclusion, the city of Hyderabad hosted the first Afro-Asian Games in 2003, bringing together athletes from Africa and Asia to compete in various sports disciplines and fostering friendship between the two continents.

Who invented the Hovercraft?
The Hovercraft was invented by Christopher Cockerell.
Explanation:
- Christopher Cockerell, an English engineer, is credited with inventing the Hovercraft.
- He developed the concept of the Hovercraft in the 1950s while working on ways to reduce friction between vehicles and the surface they traveled on.
- Cockerell's invention revolutionized transportation by introducing the concept of a vehicle that could travel on both land and water.
- The Hovercraft is a type of vehicle that is supported by a cushion of air, allowing it to glide smoothly across various terrains.
- Cockerell's design included a skirt around the vehicle that trapped the air underneath, creating the cushion of air that lifted the Hovercraft off the ground.
- This design allowed the Hovercraft to move effortlessly over water, mud, sand, and other surfaces.
- The invention of the Hovercraft opened up new possibilities for transportation, especially in areas where conventional vehicles faced challenges.
- Today, Hovercrafts are used for various purposes, including military operations, search and rescue missions, and recreational activities.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Christopher Cockerell.

Who created Mahatma Gandhi's favorite bhajan 'Vaishnav jan to tene kahiye'?
The answer is A. Narsi Mehta.
Explanation:
Narsi Mehta, a 15th-century poet-saint from Gujarat, is credited with creating the bhajan "Vaishnav jan to tene kahiye." This bhajan holds great significance in Indian culture and spirituality. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation in India, considered it his favorite bhajan and frequently sang it during his prayer meetings.
Here are some key points about Narsi Mehta and the bhajan:
- Narsi Mehta was a devotee of Lord Krishna and composed numerous devotional songs in praise of the deity.
- He is believed to have written the bhajan "Vaishnav jan to tene kahiye" as a tribute to the qualities of a true Vaishnava or devotee of Lord Vishnu.
- The bhajan emphasizes the importance of compassion, empathy, and selflessness in one's actions and dealings with others.
- It describes the ideal characteristics of a Vaishnava, such as being kind to all beings, speaking the truth, and not coveting others' possessions.
- The bhajan conveys the message of universal love and encourages individuals to lead a righteous and virtuous life.
In conclusion, Narsi Mehta created the bhajan "Vaishnav jan to tene kahiye," which became Mahatma Gandhi's favorite. This devotional song continues to inspire millions of people with its message of compassion and selflessness.

Explanation:
The wax-resist dyeing technique used on textiles native to the island of Java in Indonesia is called Batik.
Details:
Batik is a traditional Indonesian art form that involves using wax to create intricate designs and patterns on fabric. The wax is applied to the fabric using a tool called a canting or a brush, creating a resist that prevents the dye from penetrating certain areas of the fabric. The fabric is then dyed, and the areas covered in wax remain the original color. This process can be repeated multiple times, with different colors and layers of wax, to create complex and vibrant designs.
Batik has a long history in Indonesian culture and is considered a national treasure. It is often used to create clothing, accessories, and home decor items. The designs and motifs used in Batik can vary depending on the region and cultural influences, but they often feature floral patterns, animals, and geometric shapes.
In recent years, Batik has gained international recognition and popularity. It is now appreciated and used by designers and artists around the world, both for its aesthetic appeal and for its cultural significance.

City at the Confluence of Ganga and Gandak Rivers

• Location: The city situated at the confluence of the sacred rivers Ganga and Gandak is Sonepur, Bihar.

Biggest Cattle Fair of Asia

• Event: The biggest cattle fair of Asia is held in Sonepur on the occasion of Kartik Purnima.


• Significance: The fair is known as Sonepur Mela and is one of the largest and oldest cattle fairs in the world.


• Duration: The fair lasts for about a month, starting from the day of Kartik Purnima.


• Attractions: The fair attracts a large number of people who come to buy and sell various animals, including elephants, horses, cows, goats, and buffaloes. It also features a wide range of agricultural products, handicrafts, and other goods.


• Rituals: Many religious rituals and cultural activities take place during the fair, including bathing in the holy rivers and offering prayers at various temples.


• Historical Significance: The Sonepur Mela has a rich historical significance and is believed to have been started by Chandragupta Maurya, the famous Mauryan emperor.

Therefore, the city where the biggest cattle fair of Asia is held on Kartik Purnima is Sonepur, Bihar.

In 1969, under whose Prime Ministership were 14 private banks nationalised?

The correct answer is A: Indira Gandhi.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- Background: The nationalization of banks in India was a significant step taken by the Indian government to bring about social and economic reforms. It aimed to reduce the concentration of economic power and promote the welfare of the people.
- Prime Ministership: The decision to nationalize 14 private banks was made during the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi.
- Year: The nationalization of banks took place in 1969.
- Objective: The nationalization aimed to increase the reach of banking services to rural areas, promote priority sector lending, and ensure the mobilization of resources for economic development.
- Impact: The nationalization of banks had a profound impact on the Indian banking sector. It led to the expansion of banking services, increased credit flow to sectors like agriculture and small-scale industries, and helped in reducing regional disparities.
- Continuation: The nationalization of banks was further continued in 1980 when six more private banks were nationalized.
To summarize, under the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi in 1969, 14 private banks were nationalized as a step towards social and economic reforms and to promote inclusive growth in India.

The 'baton' is used in the 4 x 400m relay event in athletics.
Explanation:
In the sport of athletics, the 4 x 400m relay is an event where teams of four runners each run a leg of 400 meters to complete a total distance of 1600 meters. The baton is a specially designed tube-like object that is passed between the runners within the designated exchange zones. It is used to ensure a smooth and efficient transfer of the relay from one runner to the next.
Key Points:
- The 'baton' is used in the 4 x 400m relay event in athletics.
- The 4 x 400m relay is a team event where four runners each run a leg of 400 meters.
- The baton is passed between the runners within exchange zones.
- The baton ensures a smooth and efficient transfer of the relay.
- It is essential for the runners to maintain good handoff techniques to avoid dropping the baton and to maintain speed during the exchange.

Explanation:
The water drop takes a round or spherical shape due to the physical property known as surface tension. Surface tension is a force that acts on the surface of a liquid and tends to minimize the surface area. It is caused by the cohesive forces between the molecules in the liquid.
Surface Tension:
- Surface tension is the property of a liquid that allows it to resist external forces and minimize its surface area.
- It is caused by the cohesive forces between the molecules in the liquid.
- The molecules on the surface of the liquid experience attractive forces from the molecules below, resulting in a net inward force.
Spherical Shape:
- The surface tension pulls the water molecules towards the center of the drop, causing it to take a round or spherical shape.
- The surface tension acts equally in all directions, resulting in a balanced force that shapes the drop into a sphere.
- The spherical shape minimizes the surface area and, therefore, reduces the surface energy of the drop.
Other Options:
- Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and does not directly affect the shape of a water drop.
- Polarization: Polarization refers to the alignment of electric dipole moments in a material and is not related to the spherical shape of a water drop.
- Buoyancy: Buoyancy is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid and does not determine the shape of a water drop.
In conclusion, the water drop takes a round or spherical shape due to the surface tension, which is a physical property of liquids.

The Black Pagoda: Sun Temple, Konark
The chariot-shaped temple, also known as the 'Black Pagoda', was built by King Narasimha Deva I of the Gangadynasty in the 13th century. It is one of the most famous and iconic temples in India. Here are the details:
1. Name: Sun Temple, Konark
2. Location: Konark, Odisha, India
3. Builder: King Narasimha Deva I of the Gangadynasty
4. Architectural Style: Kalinga architecture
5. Purpose: Dedicated to the Sun God, Surya
6. Shape: The temple is designed in the shape of a chariot with 24 elaborately carved stone wheels and pulled by seven horses.
7. Material: The temple is primarily built using black granite and various other stones.
8. Sculptures: The temple is adorned with intricate sculptures depicting various mythological stories, deities, and celestial beings.
9. UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Sun Temple, Konark, is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.
10. Architectural Marvel: The temple showcases exceptional craftsmanship and architectural brilliance, representing the rich cultural heritage of Odisha.
The Sun Temple, Konark, stands as a testament to the architectural and artistic prowess of ancient India. Its unique chariot-shaped design and exquisite sculptures make it a must-visit destination for history and art enthusiasts.

Schedules in the Constitution of India:
The Constitution of India has a total of Twelve Schedules that categorize bureaucratic activity and policy of the government. These schedules cover a wide range of topics and provide a framework for the functioning of various institutions and entities in the country. Here is a breakdown of the twelve schedules:
1. First Schedule: This schedule contains the list of states and union territories of India, along with their territories and capitals.
2. Second Schedule: It deals with the emoluments, allowances, and privileges of the President, Vice President, and the Governors of states.
3. Third Schedule: This schedule outlines the forms of oaths and affirmations for elected officials such as the President, Vice President, Governors, Judges, etc.
4. Fourth Schedule: It contains the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) to each state and union territory.
5. Fifth Schedule: This schedule deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Tribes in the country.
6. Sixth Schedule: It pertains to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
7. Seventh Schedule: This schedule divides legislative powers between the central government and the state governments through three lists: Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
8. Eighth Schedule: It lists the official languages recognized by the Indian government.
9. Ninth Schedule: This schedule provides protection to laws relating to land reforms, agriculture, and certain other matters from judicial scrutiny.
10. Tenth Schedule: Also known as the Anti-Defection Law, this schedule contains provisions related to disqualification of Members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies on the grounds of defection.
11. Eleventh Schedule: It deals with the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Panchayats (local self-governments).
12. Twelfth Schedule: This schedule outlines the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities.
Each schedule plays a crucial role in the governance and functioning of the Indian democracy, providing a legal framework for various aspects of the government's activities and policies.

Dutch Guyana
- Dutch Guyana was the former name of a country in South America.
- The current name of this country is Suriname.
- Suriname is located on the northeastern coast of South America.
- It is bordered by Guyana to the west, French Guiana to the east, and Brazil to the south.
- The country gained independence from the Netherlands on November 25, 1975.
- Dutch is still spoken and is one of the official languages of Suriname, along with Surinamese and English.
- Suriname has a diverse population, with influences from Indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, and Javanese, among others.
- The capital and largest city of Suriname is Paramaribo.
- The country is known for its rich biodiversity, including vast rainforests, rivers, and diverse wildlife.
- Suriname has a mixed economy, with industries such as mining, agriculture, and tourism contributing to its GDP.
- The country is also a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations and the Caribbean Community.
- Suriname has a fascinating history and cultural heritage, shaped by its colonial past as Dutch Guyana.

Buddhacharita is a Sanskrit narrative that depicts the life of Gautam Buddha. It was authored by Ashvagosh. Here are the key details about the author and the text:
Ashvagosh:
- Ashvagosh was a renowned Buddhist philosopher and poet who lived in the 1st century CE.
- He is considered one of the greatest Sanskrit poets and scholars of his time.
- Ashvagosh was born in Ayodhya, India, and was a disciple of the famous Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu.
Buddhacharita:
- The 'Buddhacharita' is a biographical poem that chronicles the life and teachings of Gautam Buddha.
- It is written in Sanskrit and consists of 28 chapters or 'sargas'.
- The text covers various aspects of Buddha's life, including his birth, renunciation, enlightenment, and preaching.
- 'Buddhacharita' is considered a significant literary and religious work in Buddhism.
- It provides insights into the early Buddhist tradition and serves as a valuable source for understanding the life and teachings of Gautam Buddha.
Conclusion:
The author of the Sanskrit narrative 'Buddhacharita' is Ashvagosh. His work has played a crucial role in preserving the life and teachings of Gautam Buddha in literary form.

Answer:

The headquarters of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) is located in the city of Paris, France.

Explanation:

• UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that aims to promote international collaboration in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication.


• Headquarters: The headquarters of UNESCO is situated in Paris, the capital city of France.


• Location: Paris is known for its rich history, culture, and contributions to the fields of arts, sciences, and education. It is a fitting location for UNESCO's headquarters, as the city has a long-standing reputation as a center for intellectual and artistic pursuits.


• Role: UNESCO works towards fostering peace, sustainable development, and intercultural dialogue through various programs and initiatives. Its headquarters in Paris serves as the central hub for coordinating and implementing these activities.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: Paris (France).

Answer: D. Dynamite

• Alfred Bernhard Nobel amassed enormous wealth through the invention of dynamite.


• He invented dynamite in 1867, which was a safer and more stable explosive compared to the existing explosives of that time.


• Dynamite revolutionized the construction and mining industries as it provided a more controlled and efficient way to blast rocks and create tunnels.


• Nobel's invention of dynamite led to significant financial success and made him one of the wealthiest individuals in the world.


• Later in his life, Nobel became concerned about his legacy and how he would be remembered.


• In his will, he left the majority of his fortune to establish the Nobel Prizes.


• The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in various fields, including Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.


• Alfred Nobel's decision to use his wealth to institute the Nobel Prizes was influenced by a premature obituary that called him the "merchant of death" due to his invention of dynamite.


• He wanted to leave a positive impact on the world and be remembered for his contributions to science and humanity.

Indian Mammal Species: Clouded and Snow
The Indian mammal species referred to as 'Clouded' and 'Snow' belong to the leopard category. They are specific variations or subspecies of leopards found in India. Let's explore more about these species and their characteristics:
1. Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa):
- Clouded leopards are medium-sized wild cats native to the forests of Southeast Asia, including parts of India.
- They are recognized for their unique cloud-like patterns on their fur, which provides excellent camouflage in their natural habitat.
- These leopards have a stocky build, short legs, and long tails, making them highly adapted for climbing trees.
- Clouded leopards primarily feed on small to medium-sized mammals, birds, and occasionally, reptiles and fish.
2. Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia):
- Snow leopards are large cats inhabiting the mountainous regions of Central and South Asia, including parts of India.
- They are well-adapted to cold climates, with thick fur and a long tail that acts as a balance during their mountainous excursions.
- Snow leopards have unique grayish-white fur with black rosette-like markings, helping them blend into their snowy surroundings.
- Their diet mainly consists of wild sheep and goats, but they may also prey on smaller mammals, birds, and even insects.
Conclusion:
Clouded leopards and snow leopards are two distinct species of Indian mammals. While clouded leopards are known for their cloud-like fur patterns and excellent tree-climbing abilities, snow leopards are adapted for survival in cold, mountainous regions with their thick fur and remarkable agility.