Knowledge Package - 17 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Marina Beach is located in Chennai (Tamil Nadu).
Explanation:
- Marina Beach is the longest beach in India and the second longest in the world, stretching over 13 kilometers along the Bay of Bengal.
- It is located in the city of Chennai, the capital of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
- Chennai is known for its beautiful coastline, and Marina Beach is one of its most popular tourist attractions.
- The beach is famous for its golden sand, scenic views, and a wide promenade where visitors can enjoy leisurely walks, indulge in various beach activities, and savor delicious street food.
- Marina Beach also houses several prominent landmarks, including the statues of Mahatma Gandhi and former Chief Minister M.G. Ramachandran, as well as the iconic Triumph of Labour statue.
- The beach is a favorite spot among locals and tourists alike, especially during the early morning and evening hours when the weather is pleasant and the beach is less crowded.
- Chennai's Marina Beach offers a serene and refreshing escape from the bustling city life, making it a must-visit destination for beach lovers and nature enthusiasts.

Varieties of Commonday Consumption Item:

• Green: Green tea is made from leaves that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process used to make oolong teas and black teas. It is known for its fresh, grassy flavor and high antioxidant content.


• Black: Black tea is fully oxidized and has a stronger flavor compared to other varieties. It is commonly consumed with milk and sugar and is known for its bold and robust taste.


• White: White tea is the least processed of all tea varieties. It is made from young tea leaves and buds that are minimally oxidized. It has a delicate and subtle flavor and is known for its high levels of antioxidants.


• Oolong: Oolong tea is partially oxidized, falling between green and black tea. It has a wide range of flavors, from floral and fruity to woody and roasted. Oolong tea is often enjoyed for its complex taste profile.

Commonday Consumption Item:

The commonday consumption item referred to in the question is Tea.

Tea is a widely consumed beverage around the world and is known for its various health benefits and refreshing taste. It is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, and the different varieties of tea are produced by different processing methods.

Tea is often enjoyed hot or iced, and it can be customized with various additions like milk, sugar, honey, or lemon. It is a popular choice for breakfast, afternoon tea, or as a comforting beverage throughout the day.

Next time you enjoy a cup of tea, remember the different varieties that exist and the unique flavors they offer!

Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam (DMK)
The political party Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam (DMK) was founded by C.N. Annadurai.
Key Points:
- The DMK was founded on September 17, 1949, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
- C.N. Annadurai, also known as Anna, was a prominent Tamil leader and writer who played a significant role in the Dravidian movement.
- The party was established with the aim of promoting the rights and interests of the Dravidian people, who primarily inhabit the southern regions of India.
- C.N. Annadurai served as the first president of the DMK and played a crucial role in shaping the party's ideology and policies.
- Under Annadurai's leadership, the DMK advocated for social justice, Tamil nationalism, and the upliftment of the marginalized sections of society.
- The party gained significant popularity and support, especially among the Dravidian-speaking population of Tamil Nadu.
- The DMK has been involved in state politics since its inception and has had several successful stints in power in Tamil Nadu.
- Over the years, the DMK has seen various leaders, including M. Karunanidhi, who succeeded Annadurai as the party president and held the position for several decades.
- The DMK has been instrumental in shaping the political landscape of Tamil Nadu and has had a significant influence on national politics as well.
Conclusion:
C.N. Annadurai founded the political party Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam (DMK) in 1949. The party has since played a crucial role in Tamil Nadu politics and has been a leading force in promoting the rights and interests of the Dravidian people.

Governor General of India during India's First War of Independence in 1857:
The Governor General of India during India's First War of Independence in 1857 was Lord Canning.
Explanation:
- The First War of Independence, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a major uprising against British rule in India.
- Lord Canning served as the Governor General of India from 1856 to 1862.
- He was appointed as Governor General just a year before the outbreak of the rebellion.
- Lord Canning played a significant role during the rebellion, as he had to deal with the widespread revolt and its aftermath.
- He faced numerous challenges and made important decisions to suppress the rebellion and bring stability back to India.
- Lord Canning also introduced reforms and policies to address the grievances of the Indian population and prevent future uprisings.
- His tenure marked a significant turning point in the history of British rule in India.
- Lord Canning's administration and handling of the rebellion had a lasting impact on the relationship between the British and Indian populations.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Lord Canning.

The former President of India who authored the book 'Without Fear or Favour' is N. Sanjiva Reddy.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- N. Sanjiva Reddy was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982.
- He was the only President to be elected unopposed.
- 'Without Fear or Favour' is a book written by N. Sanjiva Reddy, which was published in 1979.
- In this book, Reddy shares his experiences and insights during his political career.
- The book provides a unique perspective on Indian politics and governance.
- It sheds light on the challenges and triumphs faced by Reddy during his time as President of India.
- 'Without Fear or Favour' is considered an important contribution to the understanding of Indian political history.
In conclusion, N. Sanjiva Reddy, the former President of India, authored the book 'Without Fear or Favour'.

Answer:
Indian Bowler Who Took a Wicket on the First Ball of His International Career:
- The only Indian bowler to have taken a wicket on the very first ball of his international cricket career is Nilesh Kulkarni.
- Nilesh Kulkarni is a former Indian cricketer who played as a left-arm spinner.
- He made his international debut in a Test match against Sri Lanka in 1997.
- On his very first ball in international cricket, Kulkarni dismissed Marvan Atapattu, caught by Sadagoppan Ramesh.
- This wicket on the first ball of his career remains a unique achievement in Indian cricket history.
- Nilesh Kulkarni went on to play 3 Tests and 10 ODIs for India before retiring from international cricket.
Explanation:
- Abid Ali is a former Indian cricketer who played as a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He did not take a wicket on the first ball of his international career.
- Narendra Hirwani is a former Indian cricketer who played as a right-arm leg spinner. He did not take a wicket on the first ball of his international career.
- Ravi Shastri is a former Indian cricketer who played as an all-rounder. He did not take a wicket on the first ball of his international career.
- Therefore, the correct answer is B: Nilesh Kulkarni.

In the Indian Parliament, the following Bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha:





Money and Finance Bills


Money and Finance Bills are exclusively introduced in the Lok Sabha. These bills are related to matters of taxation, government expenditure, borrowing, etc. They are crucial for the government's financial planning and budgeting.




Other types of bills, such as Amending Bills, Expiring Laws (Continuance) Bills, and Constitutional Amendment Bills, can be introduced in either Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.




It is important to note that the Lok Sabha has more powers regarding the introduction and passage of bills compared to the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha has the final say in most legislative matters, including the passage of money bills.

India's first indigenously built submarine:
- The correct answer is INS Shalki.
- INS Shalki is the first indigenously built submarine of India.
- It was commissioned into the Indian Navy in December 1992.
- The submarine was designed and built at the Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in Mumbai.
- INS Shalki is a diesel-electric submarine and belongs to the Shishumar class of submarines.
- The submarine is equipped with advanced technology and weapons systems.
- It has the capability to undertake various missions including anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, intelligence gathering, and mine laying.
- INS Shalki played a significant role in strengthening the Indian Navy's underwater capabilities.
- The indigenously built submarines like INS Shalki have contributed to India's self-reliance in defense technology.
- The development and commissioning of INS Shalki marked a major milestone in India's naval history.
- It showcases India's capabilities in designing and building submarines domestically.

Headquarters of North Eastern Railway (NER)
The headquarters of the North Eastern Railway (NER) is located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), India.
Explanation
The North Eastern Railway (NER) is one of the 18 railway zones in India. It is headquartered in Gorakhpur, which is a city in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. Gorakhpur is well-connected by rail and road and serves as an important transportation hub in the region.
Reasons for Choosing Gorakhpur as Headquarters
Several factors contribute to the selection of Gorakhpur as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway (NER):
- Central Location: Gorakhpur is strategically located in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, making it a convenient and central location for the administration and management of the North Eastern Railway zone.
- Connectivity: Gorakhpur is well-connected by rail and road networks, making it easily accessible for employees, officials, and visitors. It is also served by an international airport.
- Infrastructure: The city of Gorakhpur has the necessary infrastructure and facilities to accommodate the headquarters of a major railway zone. It has offices, residential quarters, and other amenities required for the smooth functioning of the North Eastern Railway.
- Regional Importance: Gorakhpur serves as a major railway junction and is an important transportation hub in the region. It connects various cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Nepal, making it a significant location for the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway.
In conclusion, the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway (NER) is located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Gorakhpur's central location, connectivity, infrastructure, and regional importance make it an ideal choice for housing the headquarters of this railway zone.

Answer:
The speed of sound is dependent on the medium through which it travels. In general, sound travels fastest through solids compared to liquids and gases. Here is a detailed explanation of why sound travels fastest in solids:
1. Sound Waves:
- Sound waves are mechanical waves that require a medium to propagate.
- They are created by the vibration of particles in a medium, which causes neighboring particles to vibrate and transfer energy in the form of sound waves.
2. Speed of Sound:
- The speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium, such as its density and elasticity.
- In solids, particles are closely packed and have strong intermolecular forces, allowing sound waves to travel faster.
3. Reasons for Faster Sound Travel in Solids:
- The closeness of particles in solids allows for faster energy transfer between particles, resulting in faster sound propagation.
- Solids have higher density compared to liquids and gases, which means there are more particles available to transfer sound energy.
- The strong intermolecular forces in solids help transmit vibrations more efficiently, leading to faster sound travel.
4. Comparison with Other Mediums:
- In liquids, particles are less densely packed compared to solids, resulting in slower sound transmission.
- Gases have even lower densities and weak intermolecular forces, causing sound to travel at a slower speed compared to liquids and solids.
- Plasma, which is an ionized gas, also has a slower speed of sound compared to solids.
Conclusion:
- In summary, sound waves travel the fastest through solids due to the close proximity of particles, higher density, and strong intermolecular forces.
- This is why solid materials such as metals are often used for transmitting sound effectively, such as in musical instruments or sound conductors.

First Person to be Awarded the Bharat Ratna Posthumously:
The first person to be awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously was Lal Bahadur Shastri.
Explanation:
- The Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award in India, given in recognition of exceptional service or performance of the highest order without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.
- Lal Bahadur Shastri, the former Prime Minister of India, was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1966.
- Shastri served as the Prime Minister from 1964 to 1966 and played a significant role in shaping India's foreign policy.
- He led India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and coined the famous slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" to boost the morale of the Indian soldiers and farmers.
- Unfortunately, Lal Bahadur Shastri passed away in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on January 11, 1966, shortly after signing the Tashkent Agreement to end the war.
- In recognition of his contributions and leadership, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously on January 11, 1966, the day of his death anniversary.
- By receiving the Bharat Ratna posthumously, Lal Bahadur Shastri joined the esteemed group of individuals who have been honored with this prestigious award for their exceptional contributions to the nation.

The river known as 'Bengal's sorrow' is the Damodar River.

The Damodar River is commonly referred to as 'Bengal's sorrow' due to its devastating floods and frequent bank erosion, causing extensive damage to the surrounding areas. Here is some additional information about the Damodar River:
- Location: The Damodar River flows through the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.
- Origin: It originates from the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand.
- Tributaries: The Damodar River has several tributaries, including the Barakar River, Konar River, and Bokaro River.
- Importance: The Damodar River is an important water resource for the people living in the region. It is used for irrigation, hydropower generation, and industrial purposes.
- Floods: The Damodar River is prone to severe floods, mainly due to its steep gradient and heavy rainfall in the region. These floods have led to significant loss of life, displacement of people, and damage to infrastructure.
- Bank erosion: The Damodar River is known for its high erosion rate, which has caused the riverbanks to change over time. This erosion has affected agricultural lands and settlements along the river.

Overall, the Damodar River's nickname 'Bengal's sorrow' reflects the challenges and difficulties faced by the people living in its vicinity due to floods and bank erosion.

Indian City with Rock Garden:
The Indian city where you can find the Rock Garden is Chandigarh.
About Rock Garden:
- The Rock Garden is a sculpture garden created by artist Nek Chand.
- Nek Chand used waste materials such as rags, broken ceramics, discarded glass, and stones to create the sculptures.
- The garden covers an area of around 40 acres and is located near Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh.
- It is a popular tourist attraction and a unique example of urban recycling and environmental art.
Features of Rock Garden:
- The Rock Garden features a variety of sculptures, including human figures, animals, birds, and abstract forms.
- The sculptures are made using a mosaic technique, where broken ceramics and glass are embedded in cement to form intricate designs.
- The garden is divided into different sections, each showcasing different themes and sculptures.
- There are also waterfalls, pathways, and seating areas within the garden, providing a serene and peaceful environment for visitors.
Importance of Rock Garden:
- The Rock Garden is not only a tourist attraction but also an important cultural landmark in Chandigarh.
- It represents the creativity and artistic vision of Nek Chand, who single-handedly created the garden over a span of several years.
- The garden is a testament to the power of recycling and transforming waste materials into beautiful works of art.
- It serves as an inspiration for environmental sustainability and the importance of preserving our natural resources.
In conclusion, the Rock Garden in Chandigarh is a must-visit destination for art enthusiasts and nature lovers. Its unique sculptures and use of waste materials make it a fascinating and visually appealing attraction.

Demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya - Inquiry Commission
The inquiry into the demolition of the Babri Masjid structure at Ayodhya on 6th December 1992 was conducted by the Liberhan Commission.
Liberhan Commission
- The Liberhan Commission of Inquiry was set up by the Indian government in 1992 to investigate the events leading to the demolition of the Babri Masjid.
- The commission was headed by Justice M.S. Liberhan, a retired judge of the Allahabad High Court.
- The commission was tasked with examining the sequence of events, the circumstances leading to the demolition, and the role played by various individuals and organizations.
- The commission submitted its report to the government on 30th June 2009, after a span of 17 years.
- The report, known as the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission Report, identified individuals and organizations responsible for the demolition and recommended legal action against them.
- The report also highlighted the failure of the government and administration in preventing the demolition.
Other Commissions
- Mandal Commission: The Mandal Commission was not involved in the inquiry into the demolition of Babri Masjid. It was a commission set up to examine the issue of backwardness among socially and educationally backward classes in India.
- Sarkaria Commission: The Sarkaria Commission was not involved in the inquiry into the demolition of Babri Masjid. It was a commission set up to examine the Centre-State relations in India.
- Mukherjee Commission: The Mukherjee Commission was not involved in the inquiry into the demolition of Babri Masjid. It was a commission set up to investigate the disappearance of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Liberhan Commission.

The Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, and Sudirman Cup tournaments are associated with the sport of badminton.
Explanation:
The Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, and Sudirman Cup are prestigious international team competitions in the sport of badminton. Here is a detailed explanation of each tournament:
1. Thomas Cup:
- The Thomas Cup is often referred to as the "Men's World Team Championships" in badminton.
- It was first held in 1948 and is named after Sir George Alan Thomas, a former British badminton player.
- The tournament is organized by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and takes place every two years.
- Teams from different countries compete against each other to win the Thomas Cup.
- The tournament consists of matches between national teams in a knockout format.
2. Uber Cup:
- The Uber Cup is the female counterpart of the Thomas Cup and is often known as the "Women's World Team Championships" in badminton.
- It was first held in 1957 and is named after Betty Uber, a former English badminton player.
- Like the Thomas Cup, the Uber Cup is also organized by the BWF and takes place every two years.
- Teams from different countries compete against each other to win the Uber Cup.
- The tournament follows the same format as the Thomas Cup, with matches between national teams in a knockout format.
3. Sudirman Cup:
- The Sudirman Cup is a mixed team competition in badminton.
- It was first held in 1989 and is named after Dick Sudirman, a former Indonesian badminton player and official.
- The tournament is also organized by the BWF and takes place every two years.
- Teams from different countries compete against each other, with each tie consisting of matches in all five disciplines - men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles.
- The Sudirman Cup follows a round-robin format, followed by knockout stages.
In summary, the Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, and Sudirman Cup are prestigious international team tournaments in badminton, with the Thomas Cup being for men, the Uber Cup for women, and the Sudirman Cup being a mixed team competition.

Boundary Line between Pakistan and Afghanistan:
The boundary line that separates Pakistan from Afghanistan is the Durand Line.
Explanation:
The Durand Line is a 2,640-kilometer border that was established in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand, the foreign secretary of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan. It was named after Sir Mortimer Durand.
Here are some key points about the Durand Line:
- Location: The Durand Line runs through the rugged and mountainous terrain, starting from the tri-junction of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and China, and extends all the way to the Arabian Sea.
- History: The Durand Line was drawn to demarcate the boundaries of British India and Afghanistan. It was part of the Great Game, a political and diplomatic rivalry between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for control over Central Asia.
- Controversies: The Durand Line has been a subject of dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Afghanistan does not officially recognize the Durand Line as the international border, and considers it as a temporary arrangement imposed by the British. This has led to ongoing border disputes and tensions between the two countries.
- Impact: The Durand Line has had significant implications for the people living in the border regions. It has divided ethnic Pashtuns, who form a significant population on both sides of the border, and has created challenges for cross-border trade and movement of people.
In conclusion, the boundary line that separates Pakistan from Afghanistan is the Durand Line. It has a complex history and continues to be a contentious issue between the two countries.

Development of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) by Albert Sabin
- The first Polio vaccine, developed by Jonas Salk in 1952, was in the form of an injected dose.
- However, in the 1960s, another renowned scientist named Albert Sabin developed the first Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).
- Albert Sabin was a Polish-American medical researcher and virologist.
- He worked on developing a live attenuated vaccine for polio, which could be administered orally instead of through injections.
- The development of OPV was a significant breakthrough as it offered several advantages over the injected vaccine, including ease of administration and cost-effectiveness.
- OPV contains weakened (attenuated) strains of the poliovirus, which can replicate in the intestines without causing the disease.
- When a person receives OPV, their immune system responds to the attenuated virus and develops immunity against the wild-type poliovirus.
- The oral administration of the vaccine also helps in stimulating mucosal immunity, which is crucial for preventing the spread of poliovirus through the fecal-oral route.
- The successful development of OPV by Albert Sabin played a pivotal role in the global efforts to eradicate polio.
- Today, OPV is one of the primary vaccines used in polio immunization campaigns worldwide, along with the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) developed by Jonas Salk.
In summary, Albert Sabin developed the first Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) in the 1960s as an alternative to the injected dose developed by Jonas Salk. OPV is administered orally and contains weakened strains of the poliovirus, stimulating both systemic and mucosal immunity. This breakthrough in vaccine development has played a crucial role in the global efforts to eradicate polio.

Introduction:
George Orwell, a renowned British author, coined the commonly used phrases 'Big Brother', 'Doublethink', 'Newspeak', and 'Thought Police' in his famous novel 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'. These phrases have become synonymous with the dystopian society depicted in the novel.
George Orwell and 'Nineteen Eighty-Four':
- George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Arthur Blair, was a British author and journalist.
- He wrote the novel 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' in 1949, which portrays a totalitarian regime in a dystopian future.
- The novel explores themes of government surveillance, manipulation of information, and loss of individuality.
Phrases coined by George Orwell:
1. 'Big Brother':
- The term 'Big Brother' refers to the supreme ruler and authority figure in the novel.
- It represents the constant surveillance and control exercised by the government over its citizens.
2. 'Doublethink':
- 'Doublethink' is the act of simultaneously accepting two contradictory beliefs or ideas.
- It reflects the concept of cognitive dissonance and the manipulation of truth by the totalitarian regime.
3. 'Newspeak':
- 'Newspeak' is a fictional language developed by the government in the novel.
- It aims to limit freedom of thought and expression by eliminating words that could be used to criticize the regime.
4. 'Thought Police':
- The 'Thought Police' are a fictional organization in the novel responsible for monitoring and punishing individuals for unorthodox thoughts.
- They represent the suppression of individuality and independent thinking.
Conclusion:
George Orwell, in his novel 'Nineteen Eighty-Four', coined the phrases 'Big Brother', 'Doublethink', 'Newspeak', and 'Thought Police'. These phrases have since entered popular culture and are often used to describe authoritarian regimes and the erosion of civil liberties. Orwell's work continues to be relevant and influential in the modern world.

Anamudi Peak: Highest Peak of the Western Ghats
The Anamudi Peak is situated in the Idukki district of Kerala, which is known for its beautiful landscapes and abundant wildlife. It is the highest peak in the Western Ghats, a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of India. Here is a detailed explanation of why Anamudi Peak is considered the highest peak of the Western Ghats:
The Western Ghats
- The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri range, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity in the world.
- It stretches over 1,600 kilometers from the southern tip of India, in Tamil Nadu, to the state of Gujarat in the northwestern part of the country.
- The Western Ghats are home to several national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biodiversity hotspots.
Anamudi Peak
- Anamudi Peak is the highest point in the Western Ghats, standing tall at an elevation of 2,695 meters (8,842 feet).
- The name "Anamudi" translates to "elephant's forehead," which refers to the resemblance of the peak to the forehead of an elephant.
- It is a popular trekking destination and attracts adventure enthusiasts from all over the world.
- The surrounding area of Anamudi Peak is rich in flora and fauna, including several endangered species.
- It is located within the Eravikulam National Park, which is known for its unique ecosystem and the endangered Nilgiri Tahr.
Conclusion
Anamudi Peak, located in the Idukki district of Kerala, is the highest peak of the Western Ghats. Its towering height and picturesque surroundings make it a must-visit destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers.

'Kalidas' and 'Varahamihira'
- 'Kalidas' and 'Varahamihira' were two prominent figures in ancient Indian history.
- They were both courtiers of the ancient Indian ruler Chandragupta Vikramaditaya.
- Chandragupta Vikramaditaya was a ruler of the Gupta Empire, which existed from the 4th to the 6th century CE.
- He was known for his patronage of arts, literature, and sciences, and he had a keen interest in promoting education and scholarship.
- Kalidas was a renowned Sanskrit poet and playwright, known for his works such as 'Abhijnanasakuntalam' and 'Meghaduta'.
- Varahamihira was a celebrated astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer, who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy and astrology during the Gupta period.
- Both Kalidas and Varahamihira were held in high regard by Chandragupta Vikramaditaya and played important roles in his court.
Conclusion:
- 'Kalidas' and 'Varahamihira' were courtiers of the ancient Indian ruler Chandragupta Vikramaditaya of the Gupta Empire.

The endocrine gland that produces insulin in the human body is the pancreas.
Insulin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. It allows cells in the body to absorb glucose from the bloodstream, which is then used as a source of energy.
Here is a detailed explanation of the role of the pancreas in insulin production:
- The pancreas is an organ located behind the stomach and is part of both the digestive and endocrine systems.
- It contains small clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for producing and releasing hormones, including insulin.
- Within the islets of Langerhans, there are specialized cells called beta cells that specifically produce insulin.
- When blood sugar levels rise after a meal, the beta cells in the pancreas detect the increase.
- In response, the beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream.
- Insulin then binds to receptors on the surface of cells throughout the body, allowing glucose to enter the cells.
- Once inside the cells, glucose can be used as a source of energy or stored for later use.
- Insulin also helps regulate the liver's production of glucose, preventing excessive amounts from being released into the bloodstream.
In summary:
- The endocrine gland responsible for producing insulin in the human body is the pancreas.
- Insulin is necessary for the absorption of glucose from the blood.
- Insulin is produced by specialized cells called beta cells within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
- Insulin allows cells throughout the body to absorb glucose and use it as a source of energy.
- It also helps regulate the liver's production of glucose.
- Without insulin, the body cannot effectively absorb and utilize glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels and potentially diabetes.

'Swaraj (self-rule) is my birthright and I shall have it !' slogan was given by which freedom fighter?
The correct answer is C: Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Explanation:
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent freedom fighter and one of the key leaders of the Indian independence movement.
- He played a significant role in inspiring and mobilizing the masses towards the goal of attaining self-rule or Swaraj.
- The iconic slogan "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!" became synonymous with Tilak's vision and determination for achieving independence.
- Tilak emphasized the importance of self-governance and the need for Indians to assert their rights and liberties.
- The slogan became a rallying cry for the Indian National Congress and the freedom movement as a whole.
- Tilak's contributions to the Indian independence struggle and his advocacy for Swaraj earned him the title of "Lokmanya," meaning "accepted by the people."
- Though Tilak passed away in 1920, his ideas and slogans continued to resonate with future generations of freedom fighters and played a crucial role in India's eventual independence in 1947.
- Therefore, the slogan "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it!" was given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Question: 'Peat', 'Bituminous', 'Lignite' and 'Anthrasite' are the varieties of which item?
Answer: A. Coal
Explanation:
Coal is a fossil fuel that is formed from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of years ago. It is primarily composed of carbon, along with various other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is classified into different types based on its carbon content, energy content, and geological formation. The four main types of coal are:
1. Peat: Peat is the lowest grade of coal and is partially decayed vegetation. It has the highest moisture content and is often used as a fuel in some regions.
2. Lignite: Lignite is a low-grade coal that is brownish-black in color. It has a higher carbon content than peat and is commonly used for electricity generation.
3. Bituminous: Bituminous coal is a medium-grade coal that is black in color. It has a higher carbon content than lignite and is widely used as a fuel for power generation and industrial processes.
4. Anthracite: Anthracite is the highest grade of coal and is black and shiny in appearance. It has the highest carbon content and energy content among all coal types. Anthracite is primarily used for heating and in the production of steel.
In conclusion, 'Peat', 'Bituminous', 'Lignite', and 'Anthracite' are all varieties of coal.

Formerly Persia, the Asian country is Iran.
Explanation:
- Persia was the historical name of Iran until 1935 when it officially became known as Iran.
- The name Iran is derived from the term "Aryan," which means "Land of the Aryans."
- Iran is located in Western Asia and is bordered by several countries, including Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey.
- Iran has a rich history and culture, with significant contributions to art, literature, and science.
- The country is known for its ancient ruins, such as the ancient city of Persepolis, which was the capital of the Persian Empire.
- Iran is also known for its diverse landscapes, including deserts, mountains, and coastal regions along the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
- The official language of Iran is Persian, and the majority of the population follows the religion of Islam.
- Iran has faced political and economic challenges over the years but remains an important player on the global stage.

Pochampad Dam Location:
The Pochampad Dam is located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.
About Pochampad Dam:
The Pochampad Dam is a major reservoir built across the Godavari River in the Nizamabad district of Andhra Pradesh. It serves multiple purposes including irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and drinking water supply.
Key Facts:
Here are some key facts about the Pochampad Dam:
- Location: The dam is located near the village of Pochampad in the Nizamabad district of Andhra Pradesh.
- River: It is built across the Godavari River, one of the major rivers in India.
- Purpose: The main purpose of the dam is to provide irrigation water for agricultural activities in the region.
- Reservoir Capacity: The Pochampad Dam has a capacity of about 20 thousand million cubic feet, making it one of the largest reservoirs in the state.
- Hydroelectric Power Generation: The dam also has a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 8 MW, which generates electricity from the water released from the reservoir.
- Drinking Water Supply: The dam provides drinking water to nearby towns and villages, including the city of Hyderabad, which is about 176 kilometers away.
Importance:
The Pochampad Dam plays a crucial role in the agricultural and economic development of the region. It provides water for irrigation, which supports the cultivation of various crops and improves the livelihoods of farmers. The dam also helps in flood control by regulating the flow of water in the Godavari River.
Overall, the Pochampad Dam is an important infrastructure project in Andhra Pradesh, contributing to irrigation, power generation, and water supply in the region.

Explanation:
The Hijri (Islamic) Calendar is a lunar calendar based on the year 622 AD when Prophet Muhammad emigrated to Madina. Here is a detailed explanation of the approximate number of days in the Hijri Calendar:
1. Lunar Calendar:
- The Hijri Calendar is a lunar calendar, which means it is based on the cycles of the moon.
- The lunar month consists of 29 or 30 days, depending on the sighting of the moon.
- The start of each month is determined by the sighting of the new moon.
2. Approximate Number of Days:
- The lunar year in the Hijri Calendar consists of 12 lunar months.
- Since each lunar month can have either 29 or 30 days, the total number of days in a lunar year can vary.
- On average, a lunar year consists of approximately 354 days.
3. Difference from the Gregorian Calendar:
- The Gregorian Calendar, which is widely used as the civil calendar, is a solar calendar based on the Earth's orbit around the sun.
- A Gregorian year consists of 365 or 366 days, depending on whether it is a leap year.
- As a result, the Hijri Calendar is shorter than the Gregorian Calendar by around 11 days per year.
4. Adjustments:
- To align the lunar year with the solar year, the Hijri Calendar introduces occasional adjustments.
- These adjustments, known as intercalation or the addition of extra days, help to keep the lunar months in sync with the seasons.
- The most common method of adjustment is adding an extra month called "Adh-Dhul-Hijjah" every 2 or 3 years, resulting in a 355 or 356-day year.
5. Conclusion:
- Therefore, the approximate number of days in the Hijri (Islamic) Calendar, based on the year 622 AD when Prophet Muhammad emigrated to Madina, is 354 days on average.
- However, due to occasional adjustments, the Hijri Calendar can have years with 355 or 356 days as well.

Commonwealth Award Winner for the Novel 'Difficult Daughters'
Answer: B. Manju Kapur
Explanation:
Here is the detailed explanation of the answer:
- The Indian lady writer who won the Commonwealth Award for her first novel 'Difficult Daughters' is Manju Kapur.
- Manju Kapur is an Indian author known for her works in English literature.
- 'Difficult Daughters' is her debut novel, published in 1998.
- The novel explores the themes of love, family, and societal expectations in the backdrop of the Indian independence movement.
- The Commonwealth Writers' Prize is an annual award given to the best book in the Commonwealth regions.
- The award aims to promote and recognize the diversity and excellence of Commonwealth literature.
- Manju Kapur's 'Difficult Daughters' received the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book in the Eurasia region in 1999.
- Manju Kapur's subsequent novels, such as 'A Married Woman' and 'Home', have also received critical acclaim.
Therefore, the correct answer is B. Manju Kapur.

Answer:
The slowest swimming style among the four official styles in competitive swimming is the Breaststroke.
Explanation:
The breaststroke is generally considered to be the slowest swimming style due to its technique and the nature of the stroke. Here is a detailed explanation of why breaststroke is the slowest:
1. Technique:
- The breaststroke requires swimmers to move their arms in a circular motion, while simultaneously kicking their legs in a whip-like motion.
- The technique of the breaststroke involves a glide phase after each stroke, where the swimmer extends their arms and legs forward before initiating the next stroke.
- This glide phase slows down the overall speed compared to other swimming styles where there is continuous movement.
2. Body Position:
- In breaststroke, the swimmer's body position is not as streamlined as in other swimming styles.
- The swimmer's head is positioned above the water, which creates more drag and resistance.
- The body position in breaststroke also makes it harder for swimmers to maintain a consistent and efficient rhythm.
3. Efficiency:
- Breaststroke is known for being the least efficient swimming style in terms of energy expenditure.
- The stroke requires more effort and energy compared to other styles, making it less sustainable for longer distances.
- The whip kick used in breaststroke also requires more strength and power, which can lead to quicker fatigue.
4. Competitive Performance:
- In competitive swimming, breaststroke times are generally slower compared to the other three styles.
- Swimmers specializing in breaststroke often have slower overall race times compared to those specializing in butterfly, backstroke, or front crawl.
In conclusion, the breaststroke is the slowest swimming style among the four official styles in competitive swimming due to its technique, body position, lower efficiency, and slower competitive performance.

The dargah (tomb) of sufi saint Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia is located in which city?
The dargah (tomb) of sufi saint Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia is located in Delhi.
Explanation:
- The dargah (tomb) of sufi saint Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia is a famous religious and cultural site located in Delhi, India.
- Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia was a revered Sufi saint who lived in the 14th century and is known for his teachings of love, peace, and spiritual enlightenment.
- The dargah complex is situated in the Nizamuddin West area of Delhi and is a popular destination for devotees, tourists, and followers of Sufism.
- The dargah is a place of pilgrimage and attracts thousands of visitors every year who come to pay their respects, seek blessings, and participate in the qawwali music sessions held there.
- The architecture of the dargah is a blend of Mughal and Indo-Islamic styles, with intricate carvings, marble domes, and a beautiful courtyard.
- The dargah is not only a religious site but also a cultural hub, with various festivals and events celebrated throughout the year.
- It is considered a symbol of unity and spirituality, welcoming people from all walks of life, religions, and backgrounds.
- The dargah is easily accessible and well-connected to other parts of Delhi, making it a must-visit destination for those interested in Sufism and the life of Hazarat Nizamuddin Aulia.

Waterbody separating India from the island nation of Sri Lanka: Palk Strait

The waterbody that separates India from the island nation of Sri Lanka is the Palk Strait. Here are some key points about the Palk Strait:
- Location: The Palk Strait is located between the southern tip of India (Tamil Nadu) and the northernmost point of Sri Lanka.
- Width: The width of the Palk Strait varies along its length, ranging from 53 to 80 kilometers (33 to 50 miles).
- Connection: The Palk Strait connects the Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Gulf of Mannar in the southwest.
- Importance: The Palk Strait is an important maritime route for trade and transportation between India and Sri Lanka.
- Adam's Bridge: The Palk Strait is known for a chain of limestone shoals called Adam's Bridge, which stretches between India and Sri Lanka. It is also known as Rama Setu, as per Hindu mythology.
- Ramayana: According to the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana, it is believed that Lord Rama built a bridge (Adam's Bridge) across the Palk Strait to reach Sri Lanka and rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana.
In conclusion, the Palk Strait separates India from the island nation of Sri Lanka and is an important waterbody for trade and transportation between the two countries.