Knowledge Package - 19 - SSC CHSL MCQ

The US President serves for 4 years during one term.
- The President of the United States is elected to serve a term of 4 years.
- This term is defined by the United States Constitution and is commonly referred to as a "four-year term."
- The President's term begins on January 20th following the election year.
- After serving one term, the President has the option to run for re-election for a second term.
- If re-elected, the President can serve a maximum of two terms, totaling 8 years in office.
- However, if the President serves less than two years of a term due to death, resignation, or removal from office, the Vice President who succeeds them can serve the remainder of the term and still be eligible for two full terms of their own.
- This means that in some cases, a President can serve more than 8 years in office, but only if they were Vice President and succeeded to the presidency during their predecessor's term.
- It's important to note that the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution limits the President to two elected terms, or a maximum of 10 years if they succeeded to the presidency during their predecessor's term.

Answer:
The 'God's Own Country' slogan is being used by the Kerala state to promote its tourism industry.
Explanation:
Kerala, a state located in the southwestern part of India, is known for its picturesque landscapes, backwaters, beaches, and rich cultural heritage. To attract tourists and promote its tourism industry, Kerala has adopted the slogan 'God's Own Country'. Here's a breakdown of the reasons behind this choice:
- Tourism Promotion: The slogan 'God's Own Country' serves as a marketing tool to highlight the beauty and uniqueness of Kerala's natural attractions and cultural experiences.
- Natural Beauty: Kerala is blessed with abundant natural beauty, including lush green landscapes, serene backwaters, tranquil beaches, and scenic hill stations. The slogan conveys that Kerala is a place created by God, emphasizing its natural splendor.
- Cultural Heritage: Kerala has a rich cultural heritage with traditional art forms, Ayurvedic practices, and historical landmarks. The slogan implies that Kerala is a land where ancient traditions and customs are preserved.
- Tourist-Friendly: Kerala is known for its hospitality and warm-hearted people. The slogan suggests that Kerala is a place where visitors are welcomed with open arms, making it an ideal destination for tourists.
Overall, the 'God's Own Country' slogan has successfully positioned Kerala as a captivating tourist destination and has played a significant role in promoting its tourism industry.

First Asian to be Honoured with Nobel Prize
- The first Asian to be honored with the Nobel Prize was Rabindranath Tagore.
- Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian poet, philosopher, and musician.
- He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
- Tagore was recognized for his collection of poems called "Gitanjali" (Song Offerings).
- The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded to an author, regardless of their nationality, who has produced outstanding literary work.
- Tagore's work was highly regarded for its lyrical beauty and spiritual depth.
- He was the first non-European to receive this prestigious award.
- Tagore's writings greatly influenced Indian literature and played a significant role in shaping the country's cultural identity.
- His poems and songs continue to be celebrated and cherished in India and around the world.

'Jatra' is the popular folk theatre of West Bengal.
Explanation:
Jatra is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in West Bengal, India. It is a popular form of entertainment in rural areas and has a long history dating back to the 16th century.
Key Points:
- Jatra is primarily performed in the Bengali language and combines elements of music, dance, and drama.
- The performances are usually held in open-air stages and involve elaborate sets, colorful costumes, and live music.
- Jatra plays often depict mythological stories, historical events, and social issues, and are known for their melodramatic and exaggerated acting style.
- The performances are highly interactive, with the audience actively participating by clapping, cheering, and responding to the actors.
- Jatra has been a significant part of the cultural heritage of West Bengal and continues to be a popular form of entertainment, especially during festivals and religious occasions.
In conclusion, 'Jatra' is the popular folk theatre of West Bengal, showcasing the rich cultural traditions of the state.

Oldest Para Military Force in India: Assam Rifles
Introduction:
The oldest para military force in India is the Assam Rifles. It was established in 1835 as a paramilitary force under the British colonial rule. The primary role of the Assam Rifles is to guard the northeastern borders of India and maintain internal security in the region.
Key Points:
Here are some key points about the Assam Rifles:
1. Establishment: The Assam Rifles was established on March 24, 1835, as the "Cachar Levy" to protect British tea estates from tribal raids and maintain law and order in the region.

2. Expansion: Over the years, the force expanded its operations and was renamed as the "Assam Frontier Police" in 1883. It was later amalgamated with the "Eastern Bengal and Assam Military Police" in 1917, forming the "Assam Rifles."
3. Role: The primary role of the Assam Rifles is to guard the northeastern borders of India. It is responsible for counterinsurgency operations, maintaining law and order, and providing security in the region.
4. Dual Control: The Assam Rifles operates under the dual control of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Defence. It is the only paramilitary force in India to be under the administrative control of two ministries.
5. Recruitment: The Assam Rifles recruits personnel from the states of Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya. It offers various recruitment opportunities for both combat and non-combat roles.
6. Achievements: The Assam Rifles has a rich history of achievements and contributions. It has been actively involved in various operations, including counterinsurgency operations against militant groups in the region.
7. Motto: The motto of the Assam Rifles is "Friends of the Hill People." It signifies the force's commitment to maintain peace and harmony in the hilly regions of northeastern India.
Conclusion:
The Assam Rifles holds the distinction of being the oldest para military force in India. With its long and illustrious history, it continues to play a vital role in safeguarding the northeastern borders and maintaining internal security in the region.

To widen a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel, the surgical procedure applied is: Angioplasty
Explanation:
Angioplasty is a surgical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels. It is usually performed on arteries that have become narrowed or blocked due to conditions such as atherosclerosis. During angioplasty, a small balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into the affected blood vessel. The balloon is then inflated, which helps to widen the vessel and improve blood flow. In some cases, a stent may also be placed in the vessel to help keep it open.
Key Points:
- Angioplasty is used to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels.
- It is performed on arteries that have become narrowed or blocked due to conditions like atherosclerosis.
- A small balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into the affected blood vessel during the procedure.
- The balloon is inflated to widen the vessel and improve blood flow.
- In some cases, a stent may also be placed in the vessel to help keep it open.

Which among the following latitude line (also called circle) passes through India?
Answer: B. Tropic of Cancer
Explanation:
The latitude lines, also known as circles of latitude, are horizontal lines that run parallel to the Equator. These lines help in dividing the Earth into different climate zones and determining the position of specific locations on the Earth's surface.
- Equator: The Equator is the line of latitude that is located at 0 degrees and divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. It does not pass through India.
- Tropic of Cancer: The Tropic of Cancer is the latitude line located at approximately 23.5 degrees north of the Equator. It passes through the middle of India, including states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- Tropic of Capricorn: The Tropic of Capricorn is the latitude line located at approximately 23.5 degrees south of the Equator. It does not pass through India.
- Antarctic Circle: The Antarctic Circle is the latitude line located at approximately 66.5 degrees south of the Equator. It is far south of India and does not pass through the country.
Therefore, the correct answer is B. Tropic of Cancer, as it passes through India.

Official Languages of the United Nations (UN)
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that promotes peace, security, and cooperation among its member states. It has six official languages, which are used for official communication and documentation within the organization. These languages are:
1. English: English is the most widely spoken language in the world and is used as a working language in many international organizations, including the UN.
2. French: French is one of the official languages of the UN due to the historical influence of France in international affairs and its contribution to the establishment of the UN.
3. Spanish: Spanish is another official language of the UN. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and is the official language of many UN member states.
4. Russian: Russian is an official language of the UN, reflecting the significant role played by the former Soviet Union in the establishment of the organization.
5. Chinese: Chinese, specifically Mandarin, is an official language of the UN. This designation recognizes the growing influence of China on the global stage.
6. Arabic: Arabic is the sixth official language of the UN. It is the language of many member states and is used extensively in the Middle East and North Africa.
Not an Official Language:
Hindi is not an official language of the United Nations. Although Hindi is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, it does not have official status within the UN. The UN has chosen its official languages based on factors such as the number of speakers, historical importance, and representation of member states.
In conclusion, while Hindi is a significant language globally, it is not recognized as an official language of the United Nations. The UN's official languages are English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Arabic.

The Wealth of Nations and the Advocacy of a Free Market Economy
Adam Smith, a Scottish economist and philosopher, advocated for a free market economy as being more productive and beneficial to society in his famous book 'The Wealth of Nations.' Here is a detailed explanation of his ideas:
1. Adam Smith and his book 'The Wealth of Nations'
- Adam Smith is often considered the father of modern economics.
- He published 'The Wealth of Nations' in 1776, which is regarded as one of the most influential books in the field of economics.
2. Free market economy
- Adam Smith argued in favor of a free market economy, also known as laissez-faire capitalism.
- He believed that individuals pursuing their own self-interests in a competitive marketplace would lead to economic prosperity and societal benefit.
3. Invisible hand
- Smith introduced the concept of the "invisible hand" to describe how the pursuit of self-interest in a free market can benefit society as a whole.
- According to Smith, when individuals seek to maximize their own profits, they inadvertently contribute to the overall well-being of society.
4. Division of labor and specialization
- Smith emphasized the importance of division of labor and specialization in driving economic growth.
- He argued that when individuals focus on specific tasks, they become more skilled and efficient, leading to increased productivity.
5. Role of government
- Smith believed in limited government intervention in the economy.
- He argued that the government's role should primarily be to protect property rights, enforce contracts, and maintain law and order.
6. Criticisms and evolving economic thought
- While Adam Smith's ideas were groundbreaking at the time, they have faced criticism and have been further developed by subsequent economists.
- Some argue that unregulated free markets can lead to inequality and exploitation, and advocate for government intervention to address market failures.
Overall, Adam Smith's 'The Wealth of Nations' has had a profound impact on economic thought and has shaped the understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of a free market economy. His advocacy for individual freedom, competition, and specialization continues to influence economic policy and discussions today.

Company that acquired a controlling stake in Satyam Computer Services:
The company that acquired a controlling stake in the scam-hit Satyam Computer Services is Tech Mahindra.
Explanation:

• Tech Mahindra is an Indian multinational technology company and a part of the Mahindra Group.


• In 2009, Satyam Computer Services was involved in a major accounting scandal, where the company's founder and chairman confessed to manipulating the company's accounts and inflating profits.


• As a result, Satyam faced a severe crisis and needed a buyer to salvage the company.


• Tech Mahindra emerged as the highest bidder and acquired a controlling stake in Satyam in April 2009.


• The acquisition was a crucial step in Tech Mahindra's growth strategy, as it aimed to expand its presence in the global IT services market.


• Following the acquisition, Tech Mahindra rebranded Satyam as "Mahindra Satyam" and later merged it with its own subsidiary to form "Tech Mahindra Ltd."


• Tech Mahindra's acquisition of Satyam helped in restoring confidence in the company and ensuring the continuity of its operations.


• Since then, Tech Mahindra has successfully transformed Satyam into a profitable and globally recognized IT services provider.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Tech Mahindra.

Ustad Amjad Ali Khan and his Musical Instrument
Ustad Amjad Ali Khan is associated with the musical instrument called the Sarod. Here is a detailed explanation:
About Ustad Amjad Ali Khan:
- Ustad Amjad Ali Khan is a renowned Indian classical musician who hails from the lineage of the Bangash gharana (school) of music.
- He was born on October 9, 1945, in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- He comes from a family of musicians, with his father Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan and his ancestors being prominent sarod players.
The Sarod:
- The sarod is a stringed musical instrument that belongs to the lute family.
- It is commonly used in Hindustani classical music, which is one of the major traditions of Indian classical music.
- The sarod has a fretless fingerboard and a resonator made of metal.
- It typically has four to six main strings and several sympathetic strings.
Ustad Amjad Ali Khan's Contributions:
- Ustad Amjad Ali Khan is considered a master of the sarod and has made significant contributions to Indian classical music.
- He has performed all over the world, mesmerizing audiences with his skillful and soulful renditions.
- He has collaborated with various musicians from different genres, including Western classical music.
Awards and Recognitions:
- Ustad Amjad Ali Khan has received numerous awards and accolades for his musical prowess.
- He has been honored with prestigious awards like the Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri by the Government of India.
- He has also been bestowed with international honors, including the Grammy nomination in the Best World Music Album category.
In conclusion, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan is associated with the sarod, a musical instrument that he has mastered and used to create beautiful and soul-stirring music throughout his illustrious career.

Who founded the 'Satyashodhak Samaj'?

The 'Satyashodhak Samaj' (Society of Seekers of Truth) was founded in 1874 by Jyotirao Phule.

Reason for founding the 'Satyashodhak Samaj'

Jyotirao Phule founded the 'Satyashodhak Samaj' with the aim to prevent the exploitation of lower castes by upper castes in society. He wanted to bring about social and educational reforms to uplift the lower castes and fight against the oppressive caste system prevalent at that time.

Objectives of 'Satyashodhak Samaj'

The 'Satyashodhak Samaj' had the following objectives:

• To abolish the caste system and promote equality among all castes.


• To fight against social injustices and discrimination based on caste.


• To provide education and spread awareness among the lower castes.


• To promote inter-caste marriages and eradicate the practice of untouchability.


• To challenge and reform traditional religious practices that perpetuated social inequality.

Impact of 'Satyashodhak Samaj'

The 'Satyashodhak Samaj' played a significant role in the social and educational upliftment of the lower castes in India. Its activities and advocacy led to several reforms and changes in society, including:

• Increased access to education for lower castes.


• Greater awareness about social inequality and discrimination.


• Promotion of inter-caste marriages and breaking down barriers of caste.


• Challenging and questioning traditional religious practices that perpetuated social inequalities.


• Inspiring and laying the foundation for future social reform movements in India.

Jyotirao Phule's 'Satyashodhak Samaj' played a crucial role in the fight against caste-based discrimination and the upliftment of marginalized communities in India.

In transport, what are 'Dinghy', 'Gondola', and 'Kayak' types of?
- The correct answer is A: Boat.
- Dinghy, gondola, and kayak are all types of boats used for transportation on water bodies.
Explanation:
- Dinghy: A dinghy is a small boat, typically inflatable or made of wood or fiberglass, used for various purposes such as transportation, recreation, or as a tender for a larger vessel.
- Gondola: A gondola is a traditional Venetian rowing boat used in the city of Venice, Italy. It is primarily used for transportation along the narrow canals of Venice.
- Kayak: A kayak is a small, narrow boat that is propelled by a double-bladed paddle. It is designed for one or two persons and is used for recreational or sporting purposes, as well as transportation on rivers, lakes, and oceans.
These three types of boats serve different purposes and are used in various settings, but they all fall under the category of boats in the transportation sector.

Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI)
The Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) is located in Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the premier research institutions in the field of veterinary sciences and animal husbandry in India. Here are some key points about IVRI:
1. Location: IVRI is situated in Izatnagar, which is a small town located near the city of Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh.
2. History: IVRI was established in 1889 as a small veterinary school in Lahore, which is now in Pakistan. After the partition of India in 1947, it was shifted to its current location in Izatnagar.
3. Research and Education: IVRI is known for its research and educational programs in veterinary sciences. It offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines related to animal health and production.
4. Departments: IVRI has several departments that focus on different aspects of veterinary science and research. Some of the key departments include Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Microbiology, and Veterinary Pharmacology.
5. Facilities: IVRI is equipped with state-of-the-art laboratories, animal farms, and diagnostic facilities. It also has a veterinary hospital that provides healthcare services to animals.
6. Research Areas: IVRI conducts research in various areas such as animal nutrition, animal genetics and breeding, animal biotechnology, and livestock production and management.
7. Collaborations: IVRI collaborates with national and international organizations to promote research and exchange of knowledge in the field of veterinary sciences. It has collaborations with universities, research institutes, and industries.
IVRI plays a crucial role in advancing veterinary research and education in India. Its location in Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh makes it easily accessible to students and researchers from different parts of the country.

River where Alexander the Great defeated the Indian King Porus in 326 BC

• Answer: C

The Macedonian King Alexander the Great defeated the Indian King Porus on the banks of the Jhelum River, also known as the Hydaspes River.

• Explanation:

Alexander the Great's campaign in India took place in 326 BC. During this campaign, Alexander faced numerous challenges, including the battle against King Porus near the Jhelum River.

Importance of the Jhelum River:

• The Jhelum River served as a significant geographical feature during the battle between Alexander and Porus.


• It provided a natural boundary between the territories of Alexander's army and Porus' kingdom.


• Both armies strategically positioned themselves on opposite banks of the river.

Course of the Battle:

• Alexander's forces crossed the Jhelum River and engaged in a fierce battle with Porus' army.


• Despite facing a larger army and a strong resistance from Porus, Alexander's troops eventually emerged victorious.


• Porus fought valiantly on his war elephant but was ultimately defeated.

Aftermath:

• Following his victory, Alexander showed respect for Porus' bravery and leadership, and they eventually formed an alliance.


• Porus became a loyal ally to Alexander and was appointed as the governor of his own kingdom under Alexander's rule.


• This battle marked a significant turning point in Alexander's conquest of India, as it allowed him to consolidate his control over the region.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: Jhelum (Hydaspes).

Author of 'The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success'
Answer: B. Deepak Chopra
Explanation:
- 'The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success' is a self-help book that provides practical principles for achieving success and fulfillment in life.
- The book was authored by Deepak Chopra, an Indian-American author, public speaker, and alternative medicine advocate.
- Deepak Chopra is known for his expertise in the fields of mind-body healing, spirituality, and holistic health.
- He has authored numerous other books on personal development, consciousness, and well-being.
- 'The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success' presents seven spiritual principles that can be applied to various aspects of life, including success, abundance, and happiness.
- The book explores concepts such as the law of pure potentiality, the law of giving, the law of karma, and the law of least effort, among others.
- Deepak Chopra's writing style combines spiritual wisdom with practical advice, making the book accessible and relatable to readers seeking personal and professional growth.
- 'The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success' has become a popular and influential book in the self-help genre, guiding readers towards a more fulfilling and purposeful life.

The Bering Strait separates Asia from which continent?




Answer: C. North America




The Bering Strait is a narrow waterway that separates two landmasses. Here is a detailed explanation of the Bering Strait and the continents it separates:


1. Bering Strait:
- The Bering Strait is a strait located between Russia and Alaska.
- It connects the Arctic Ocean to the Bering Sea.
- The strait is named after the Danish explorer Vitus Bering, who explored the area in the 18th century.


2. Asia and North America:
- The Bering Strait separates the continent of Asia from the continent of North America.
- It acts as a natural boundary between the two continents.
- The strait is approximately 82 kilometers (51 miles) wide at its narrowest point.


3. Land Bridge:
- The Bering Strait played a significant role in the migration of humans from Asia to North America.
- During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower, and a land bridge known as Beringia formed between the two continents.
- This land bridge allowed early humans to cross from Asia to North America, leading to the settlement of the Americas.


4. Importance:
- The Bering Strait is an important location for scientific research and exploration.
- It serves as a migratory route for various marine species, including whales and seabirds.
- The strait also has geopolitical significance as it borders Russia and the United States.


In conclusion, the Bering Strait separates Asia from North America and has played a crucial role in the migration of early humans and the natural history of the region.

Indigenously Developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) of India: Tejas
Tejas is the indigenously developed Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) of India. It is a single-seat, single-engine, multi-role fighter aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Here are some key points about Tejas:
1. Development: Tejas was developed as part of the Light Combat Aircraft program, which aimed to replace the aging fleet of MiG-21 aircraft in the Indian Air Force.
2. Features: Tejas incorporates advanced technologies and features, including a fly-by-wire flight control system, composite materials, and a glass cockpit. It is capable of air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.
3. Variants: There are three variants of Tejas: the Tejas Mk1, Tejas Mk1A, and Tejas Mk2. Each variant has specific features and improvements over the previous one.
4. Operational Capability: Tejas has been successfully integrated with various weapon systems, including beyond visual range missiles, precision-guided munitions, and electronic warfare suites. It has undergone extensive testing and has demonstrated its operational capability.
5. Production: The production of Tejas is carried out by HAL. It has been inducted into the Indian Air Force, and the production is ongoing to meet the requirements of the defense forces.
6. Export Potential: Tejas has also garnered attention from foreign countries for its capabilities. India has received requests for the export of Tejas from several nations, showcasing its potential in the international market.
Overall, Tejas is a significant achievement for India's defense industry as it showcases the country's capability to develop and produce advanced fighter aircraft indigenously.

Answer:
The island nation that was formerly known as 'Pleasant Island' is Nauru.
Explanation:
Nauru, which is located in the Pacific Ocean, was previously known as 'Pleasant Island' due to its beauty and pleasant climate. Here is a detailed explanation of why Nauru is the correct answer:
- Nauru: Nauru is a small island nation located in Micronesia in the Central Pacific. It is the third smallest country in the world by land area and has a population of around 10,000 people.
- Former Name: Nauru was given the name 'Pleasant Island' by Captain John Fearn, a British whaling captain, when he discovered the island in 1798. The name was given due to the island's picturesque landscapes and favorable climate.
- Independence: Nauru gained independence from Australia, which had administered the island as a trust territory on behalf of the United Nations after World War II, in 1968.
- Economy: Nauru's economy was primarily based on phosphate mining, as the island was rich in phosphate deposits. However, overexploitation of phosphate resources led to environmental degradation and a decline in the economy.
- Modern Challenges: Nauru has faced several challenges in recent years, including economic instability, obesity, and health issues. The country has been working towards diversifying its economy and improving its social and environmental conditions.
In conclusion, the island nation formerly known as 'Pleasant Island' is Nauru.

Answer:
Sultanpur National Park is located in the state of Haryana.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- Location: Sultanpur National Park is located in Gurgaon district of Haryana, which is a northern state in India.
- Distance: The park is situated at a distance of around 40 kilometers from Delhi, the capital city of India.
- Size: Spread over an area of approximately 1.43 square kilometers, Sultanpur National Park is a relatively small park.
- Importance: The park is known for its rich biodiversity and is a popular destination for birdwatching. It is home to a wide variety of resident and migratory bird species, including several endangered and critically endangered species.
- Migratory Birds: Sultanpur National Park attracts a large number of migratory birds during the winter season, making it a paradise for bird enthusiasts. Birds such as Siberian cranes, greater flamingos, and various species of ducks and geese can be spotted here.
- Facilities: The park provides facilities like walking trails, watchtowers, and hides for visitors to observe and photograph the birds and other wildlife. It also has a museum and an interpretation center to educate visitors about the park's flora and fauna.
- Conservation: Sultanpur National Park plays a crucial role in the conservation of avian species and their habitats. The park is protected under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, and various measures are taken to preserve its ecological balance.
In conclusion, Sultanpur National Park is located in the state of Haryana and is renowned for its diverse birdlife, making it a popular destination for birdwatching and nature enthusiasts.

Introduction:
The Tughlaq Dynasty was a medieval Indian dynasty that ruled over the Delhi Sultanate from 1321 to 1414. It was founded by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq in 1321.
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq:
- Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq was the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty in Delhi in 1321.
- He was a Turkic Muslim from the Tughlaq tribe.
- He served as a governor under the Khalji dynasty before establishing his own dynasty.
- Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq ruled for only five years and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq:
- Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the second ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
- He is known for his ambitious and often controversial policies.
- He moved the capital of the Delhi Sultanate from Delhi to Daulatabad, resulting in the infamous "Daulatabad experiment."
- He also introduced a token currency and attempted to implement a forced mass migration of people, which ultimately failed.
- Muhammad bin Tughlaq's reign was marked by political instability and economic hardships.
Conclusion:
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq founded the Tughlaq Dynasty in Delhi in 1321. He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who is known for his controversial policies. The Tughlaq Dynasty ruled over the Delhi Sultanate until 1414.

The instrument used for measuring relative humidity is a hygrometer.
Explanation:
- A hygrometer is a device used to measure the amount of water vapor present in the air, also known as relative humidity.
- It is an essential tool in meteorology, agriculture, and various industries where humidity control is important.
- Hygrometers work on the principle of measuring the changes in physical properties of substances with changing humidity.
- There are different types of hygrometers, including:
- Mechanical hygrometers: These use a hair or a fiber that changes length with humidity, which in turn moves a needle or pointer on a scale.
- Electronic hygrometers: These use electronic sensors, such as capacitive or resistive sensors, to measure the humidity.
- Hygrometers are commonly used in weather stations, HVAC systems, incubators, and humidity-controlled environments.
- They provide accurate measurements of relative humidity, allowing for better understanding and control of moisture levels in the air.

City that hosts the Wimbledon tennis championship:
The city that annually hosts the Wimbledon tennis championship, one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, is:
- London
Explanation:
- The Wimbledon tennis championship is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world.
- It is held annually in London, England.
- The tournament takes place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, a district of southwest London.
- Wimbledon is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, dating back to 1877.
- It is played on grass courts, making it unique among the Grand Slam tournaments.
- The tournament attracts top tennis players from around the globe, competing for the coveted Wimbledon titles in men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles.
- Wimbledon is known for its traditions, including the strict dress code for players, the consumption of strawberries and cream by spectators, and the absence of sponsor advertising on the courts.
- The tournament is a highlight of the tennis calendar and draws large crowds and global attention each year.

The Interpretation of Dreams
- The book "The Interpretation of Dreams" was authored by Sigmund Freud.
- Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
- Published in 1899, "The Interpretation of Dreams" is considered one of Freud's most important works and a cornerstone of psychoanalysis.
- The book explores Freud's theories on the interpretation of dreams and their significance in understanding the unconscious mind.
- Freud argues that dreams serve as a means of wish fulfillment and provide insights into repressed desires and conflicts.
- He introduces concepts such as the manifest content (the actual content of the dream) and the latent content (the hidden, symbolic meaning of the dream).
- Freud also delves into the symbolism of dreams and their relationship to childhood experiences and sexual desires.
- "The Interpretation of Dreams" had a significant impact on psychology and influenced many subsequent theorists and clinicians in the field.
- It remains an influential work in the study of dreams and the understanding of the human psyche.

The European country known as the 'Land of the Midnight Sun' is Norway.
- Norway is located in Northern Europe, and it is known for its stunning natural landscapes, including fjords, mountains, and glaciers.
- The nickname "Land of the Midnight Sun" refers to the phenomenon where the sun does not set below the horizon during the summer months in certain parts of the country.
- This phenomenon occurs because Norway is located above the Arctic Circle, which marks the boundary of the polar day and polar night.
- In places like Tromsø and the Lofoten Islands, the sun remains visible for 24 hours a day during the summer solstice, creating a unique and enchanting experience for visitors.
- The midnight sun is a popular attraction for tourists who want to experience the beauty of the Norwegian landscape in the never-ending daylight.
- It also provides opportunities for various outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing, and wildlife spotting.
- Norway's long summer days are contrasted by equally long winter nights, where the sun does not rise above the horizon for several weeks.
- This phenomenon is known as the polar night and is another unique natural occurrence in Norway.
- Overall, Norway's breathtaking scenery and the phenomenon of the midnight sun make it a must-visit destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers.

The Konkan Railway, a railway line which runs parallel to the Arabian Sea coastline, connects Mumbai to the city of Mangalore in Karnataka.
Explanation:
- The Konkan Railway is a railway line in India that runs along the western coast of the country.
- It starts from Mumbai in Maharashtra and ends at Mangalore in Karnataka, covering a distance of approximately 741 kilometers.
- The line passes through the picturesque Konkan region, known for its beautiful beaches, lush greenery, and scenic landscapes.
- The Konkan Railway was constructed to provide a shorter and more efficient route between Mumbai and Mangalore, bypassing the mountainous terrain of the Western Ghats.
- The railway line connects several major cities and towns in Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka, providing an important transportation link for both passengers and freight.
- Mangalore, located in the southern part of Karnataka, is a major port city and an important commercial center in the region.
- The Konkan Railway has greatly improved connectivity and provided a boost to the economic development of the coastal region.
- It has also become a popular tourist route, offering breathtaking views of the Arabian Sea and the picturesque Konkan countryside.
In conclusion, the Konkan Railway connects Mumbai to Mangalore in Karnataka, providing an important transportation link along the scenic Arabian Sea coastline.

Committee Set up by the Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD) to Recommend Anti-Ragging Measures:

• Committee Name: R.K. Raghavan Committee


• Background: The committee was set up by the Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD) in response to the directive of the Supreme Court of India.


• Objective: The committee was tasked with recommending measures to prevent and combat ragging in educational institutions.


• Members: The committee was headed by R.K. Raghavan, who is a former Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).


• Recommendations: The R.K. Raghavan Committee submitted its report to the MHRD with the following recommendations:




• Creation of a national anti-ragging helpline for reporting incidents of ragging.


• Establishment of anti-ragging committees in educational institutions.


• Stringent action against those found guilty of ragging, including criminal prosecution.


• Increased awareness and sensitization programs on the consequences of ragging.


• Regular monitoring and reporting of ragging incidents by educational institutions.


• Providing support and counseling to victims of ragging.


• Collaboration between educational institutions, law enforcement agencies, and civil society organizations to combat ragging.




• Implementation: The recommendations of the R.K. Raghavan Committee were implemented by the MHRD and have played a crucial role in curbing ragging in educational institutions across India.

Answer: D: R.K. Raghavan Committee

The headquarters of Eastern Air Command (EAC) of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is located in Shillong, Meghalaya.
Explanation:
The Eastern Air Command (EAC) is one of the five operational commands of the Indian Air Force (IAF). It is responsible for air operations in the eastern region of India. Here are the details:
- Headquarters: The headquarters of Eastern Air Command is located in Shillong, Meghalaya. Shillong is the capital city of Meghalaya and is known for its picturesque beauty.
- Responsibilities: The Eastern Air Command is responsible for the defense of the eastern borders of India. It conducts air operations, including surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat missions, to ensure the security of the region.
- Operational Area: The Eastern Air Command's operational area includes the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, and parts of West Bengal and Bihar.
- Strategic Importance: The Eastern Air Command plays a crucial role in maintaining the security and sovereignty of the eastern region of India. It operates various types of aircraft, including fighter jets, transport aircraft, and helicopters, to fulfill its mission.
- Coordination: The Eastern Air Command works in coordination with other commands of the Indian Air Force, as well as with other branches of the Indian Armed Forces, to ensure effective defense and response capabilities.
In conclusion, the headquarters of Eastern Air Command (EAC) of the Indian Air Force (IAF) is located in Shillong, Meghalaya.

Yashoda Scheme in Orissa
The Yashoda Scheme was launched in Orissa, India in May 2008. It aimed to provide care and support to newborn babies and their mothers. The scheme was implemented in a specific location in Orissa, which is mentioned below.
Location of Yashoda Scheme:
- The Yashoda Scheme was launched in Sambalpur, Orissa.
Key Points about the Yashoda Scheme:
- The scheme was initiated to address the health and well-being of newborn babies and their mothers.
- It aimed to provide comprehensive healthcare services, including prenatal care, postnatal care, and neonatal care.
- The scheme focused on improving the health indicators related to maternal and child health in the selected region.
- It aimed to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates by ensuring timely and quality healthcare services.
- Under the scheme, various healthcare facilities were established, including maternity homes, newborn care units, and breastfeeding support centers.
- The scheme also trained healthcare professionals and community health workers to provide effective care to mothers and newborns.
- It aimed to create awareness among the community about the importance of maternal and child health and promote healthy practices.
- The Yashoda Scheme was a significant step towards improving the healthcare infrastructure and services for newborns and mothers in Orissa.
In conclusion, the Yashoda Scheme was launched in Sambalpur, Orissa in May 2008. It aimed to provide comprehensive healthcare services to newborn babies and their mothers, with a focus on reducing infant and maternal mortality rates. The scheme included the establishment of healthcare facilities, training of healthcare professionals, and creating awareness in the community about maternal and child health.

'Inquilab Zindabad' Slogan and Its Revolutionary

The slogan 'Inquilab Zindabad' meaning 'long live revolution' is a powerful slogan that has been used by various revolutionaries in India. However, it was first used by:

• Bhagat Singh

Bhagat Singh, a prominent freedom fighter and revolutionary, is known for his active participation in the Indian independence movement. He believed in the power of revolution and actively fought against British colonial rule. 'Inquilab Zindabad' became one of the most iconic slogans associated with Bhagat Singh and his revolutionary ideology.

Other revolutionaries who also used the slogan include:

• Lala Har Dayal


• Chandrashekhar Azad


• Veer Savarkar

However, it is important to note that Bhagat Singh is credited with popularizing the slogan and making it synonymous with the revolutionary spirit of the Indian freedom struggle.