Knowledge Package - 22 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Introduction:
The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is awarded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Explanation:
The Kalinga Prize is given to individuals who have made significant contributions to the popularization of science. The prize was established in 1952 and is named after the Indian state of Odisha, which was historically known as Kalinga. The purpose of the prize is to recognize and encourage individuals who have effectively communicated scientific knowledge to the general public.
Key Points:
- The Kalinga Prize is awarded by UNESCO, which is a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- UNESCO is responsible for promoting international collaboration in education, science, culture, and communication.
- The agency aims to build peace, eradicate poverty, and foster sustainable development through its programs and initiatives.
- The Kalinga Prize is one of the ways in which UNESCO acknowledges and supports the role of science popularization in promoting a better understanding of scientific issues and their impact on society.
- The prize is awarded every year to an individual or an organization that has demonstrated excellence in science communication.
- The recipient of the prize receives a monetary award, a certificate, and a bronze statue.
- The award ceremony takes place during the World Science Day for Peace and Development, which is celebrated annually on November 10th.
Conclusion:
The Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science is awarded by UNESCO, an agency of the United Nations. This prestigious award recognizes individuals and organizations that have effectively communicated scientific knowledge to the general public, promoting a better understanding of science and its impact on society.

City and Beaches
- The city on the Bay of Bengal where 'Lawsons Bay Beach' and 'Ramakrishna Beach' are located is Visakhapatnam.
- Visakhapatnam is a port city in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Location and Importance
- Lawsons Bay Beach and Ramakrishna Beach are two popular beaches in Visakhapatnam.
- Lawsons Bay Beach is located in the residential area of Lawsons Bay Colony, while Ramakrishna Beach, also known as RK Beach, is situated near Visakhapatnam Port.
- These beaches are major tourist attractions and offer breathtaking views of the Bay of Bengal.
Visakhapatnam
- Visakhapatnam, also known as Vizag, is the largest city in Andhra Pradesh and serves as the administrative headquarters of Visakhapatnam district.
- It is a major commercial and industrial hub with a significant port that handles a large volume of cargo.
- The city is known for its beautiful beaches, natural landscapes, and historical landmarks, attracting tourists from all over the country.
Other Attractions
- Apart from Lawsons Bay Beach and Ramakrishna Beach, Visakhapatnam offers several other attractions to explore, such as the Submarine Museum, Kailasagiri Hill Park, Borra Caves, Araku Valley, and the famous Simhachalam Temple.
- The city also hosts various cultural and sports events, including the Visakha Utsav and the Indian Premier League (IPL) matches of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team.
Therefore, Lawsons Bay Beach and Ramakrishna Beach are located in the port city of Visakhapatnam on the Bay of Bengal.

Sushruta is known as the 'Father of Modern Plastic Surgery' in ancient India.
Sushruta was an ancient Indian physician who made significant contributions to the field of medicine, particularly in the area of surgery. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of plastic surgery and is known as the 'Father of Modern Plastic Surgery' for his groundbreaking work in this field.
Key Points:
- Sushruta lived during the 6th century BCE in ancient India. He was a highly skilled surgeon and his teachings and practices are documented in the Sushruta Samhita, an ancient Sanskrit text.
- Sushruta's expertise in plastic surgery was well-known during his time. He developed various techniques and procedures for reconstructive surgery, including rhinoplasty (nose reconstruction), otoplasty (ear reconstruction), and the use of skin grafts.
- Sushruta's techniques were highly advanced for his time and he used various surgical instruments like scalpels, forceps, and needles to perform complex surgeries.
- He also emphasized the importance of asepsis (sterility) during surgery, which was a revolutionary concept at that time.
- Sushruta's contributions to the field of plastic surgery were highly influential and his techniques and principles laid the foundation for modern plastic surgery practices.
- His teachings and techniques were later transmitted to the Western world through various translations and had a significant impact on the development of modern surgical practices.
In conclusion, Sushruta, an ancient Indian physician, is known as the 'Father of Modern Plastic Surgery' for his pioneering work in the field of plastic surgery. His techniques and principles continue to have a lasting impact on the practice of plastic surgery even today.

Director of Oscar award winning short documentary film 'Smile Pinki' (2008)
The Oscar award winning short documentary film 'Smile Pinki' (2008) was directed by Megan Mylan.
Explanation:
- 'Smile Pinki' is a documentary film that tells the inspiring story of a young girl named Pinki Sonkar, who was born with a cleft lip in rural India.
- The film showcases the work of the Smile Train organization, which provides free surgeries for children with cleft lips and palates.
- Megan Mylan, an American filmmaker, directed the film with a focus on capturing the journey of Pinki as she receives a life-changing surgery and experiences a transformation.
- Megan Mylan's direction skillfully portrays the emotional impact of Pinki's story and highlights the importance of providing medical care to children in need.
- The film received critical acclaim and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) in 2009.
- Megan Mylan's direction in 'Smile Pinki' helped bring attention to the issue of cleft lips and palates and shed light on the transformative power of medical intervention.
- Overall, Megan Mylan's directorial work in 'Smile Pinki' has left a lasting impact and continues to inspire audiences with its powerful storytelling.

Answer:
The first session of the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920 was presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai.
Explanation:
Lala Lajpat Rai, also known as Punjab Kesari, was a prominent Indian nationalist leader. He played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was one of the key figures in the formation of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC).
During the first session of the AITUC in 1920, Lala Lajpat Rai was chosen as the presiding officer. This session marked the beginning of organized trade unionism in India and aimed to address the issues and concerns of workers in the country.
Key Points:
- Lala Lajpat Rai presided over the first session of the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920.
- He was a prominent Indian nationalist leader.
- Lala Lajpat Rai played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- The first session of the AITUC marked the beginning of organized trade unionism in India.

Explanation:
The planet where the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east is Venus.
Reasoning:
Venus rotates on its axis from east to west, which is opposite to the rotation direction of most other planets in our solar system. This means that the Sun appears to rise in the west and set in the east on Venus.
Key Points:
- Venus has a retrograde rotation, meaning it rotates in the direction opposite to its orbit around the Sun.
- The retrograde rotation of Venus causes the Sun to appear to rise in the west and set in the east.
- This is the opposite of what we observe on Earth, where the Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.
Conclusion:
So, the correct answer is C: Venus.

Answer:
Introduction:
Madeleine Slade, a British lady, was a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. She is better known by the name Meera Ben.
Explanation:
Madeleine Slade adopted the name Meera Ben after she became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Background:
- Madeleine Slade was born in England and came from a privileged background.
- She developed an interest in India and its culture from a young age.
2. Encounter with Gandhi:
- In 1925, Slade met Mahatma Gandhi in London during one of his visits.
- Inspired by Gandhi's principles of non-violence and truth, she decided to dedicate her life to his cause.
3. Journey to India:
- Slade traveled to India in 1925 to join Gandhi's ashram (a spiritual community).
- She immersed herself in the Indian way of life and embraced Gandhi's teachings.
4. Renaming as Meera Ben:
- As a mark of her commitment and devotion to Gandhi's ideals, Slade adopted the name Meera Ben.
- This name change symbolized her transformation and alignment with Gandhi's philosophy.
5. Contribution and Influence:
- Meera Ben actively participated in various activities led by Gandhi, including protests and campaigns.
- She played a significant role in promoting Gandhi's principles of non-violence and communal harmony.
Conclusion:
Madeleine Slade, also known as Meera Ben, was a British lady who became a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. She adopted the name Meera Ben as a symbol of her dedication to Gandhi's principles and actively contributed to his movement.

The Father of Pentium
Vinod Dham, an Indian IT expert, is widely known as the "Father of Pentium" for his major role in the development of the computer chip. Here are the reasons why he earned this title:
1. Introduction of Pentium:
- Vinod Dham played a crucial role in the design and development of the Pentium microprocessor, which was a significant milestone in the field of computer technology.
- Pentium was a revolutionary chip introduced by Intel in 1993, offering increased performance and capabilities compared to its predecessors.
2. Contributions to Microprocessor Development:
- Dham's expertise and contributions to the microprocessor industry were instrumental in the success of the Pentium chip.
- He led teams of engineers and played a key role in microprocessor architecture, design, and manufacturing.
3. Impact on the Computing Industry:
- The introduction of the Pentium chip had a profound impact on the computing industry, as it set new standards for performance, power efficiency, and scalability.
- Pentium processors became widely adopted in personal computers, leading to significant advancements in computing capabilities for businesses and individuals.
4. Recognition and Legacy:
- Vinod Dham's contributions to the development of the Pentium chip earned him recognition and acclaim as the "Father of Pentium."
- His work has left a lasting legacy in the field of microprocessor technology, shaping the future of computing.
In conclusion, Vinod Dham, an Indian IT expert, is known as the "Father of Pentium" for his significant contributions to the design and development of the Pentium microprocessor, which had a profound impact on the computing industry.

Sport with Four Male and Four Female Players
There is one sport in which each team consists of four male and four female players. The sport is called Korfball.
Korfball:
- Korfball is a mixed-gender team sport that originated in the Netherlands.
- It is played by two teams, with each team having four male and four female players.
- The objective of the game is to score goals by throwing a ball into a basket-like structure called a korf.
- The korf is located at opposite ends of the playing field, and teams take turns attacking and defending.
- Korfball promotes gender equality as each team must have an equal number of male and female players on the field at all times.
- It requires teamwork, communication, and strategy to succeed in Korfball.
Other Options:
- Baseball: Baseball teams typically consist of nine players, and the number of male and female players can vary.
- Volleyball: Volleyball teams usually consist of six players, and again, the number of male and female players can vary.
- Hockey: Hockey teams can have different numbers of players, but the standard format includes six players per team.
- None of these sports have a set requirement for four male and four female players per team.
In conclusion:
The sport that fits the description of having four male and four female players per team is Korfball.

Term of a Member of Rajya Sabha:
The term of a member of Rajya Sabha refers to the duration for which a member holds office in the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of the Parliament of India. The term is determined by the Constitution of India.
Duration of the Term:
The term of a member of Rajya Sabha is 6 years.
Key Points:
- The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution.
- One-third of its members retire every two years, and their seats are filled through elections and appointments.
- Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
- The President of India can also nominate members to the Rajya Sabha.
- The members of Rajya Sabha are eligible for re-election and re-nomination.
- The retirement of one-third of the members ensures the continuity of the upper house.
Conclusion:
The term of a member of Rajya Sabha is 6 years. This provides stability and continuity to the upper house of the Parliament of India.

Location of Kanchenjunga, the second highest mountain peak in India
Kanchenjunga, the second highest mountain peak in India, is located in the state of Sikkim.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why Kanchenjunga is located in Sikkim:
- Kanchenjunga is part of the Himalayan mountain range, which stretches across several states in northern India and neighboring countries.
- It is situated in the eastern Himalayas, near the border of India and Nepal.
- Sikkim, a small state in northeastern India, shares its border with Nepal and Bhutan.
- The mountain peak is specifically located in the northern part of Sikkim.
- Kanchenjunga has an elevation of 8,586 meters (28,169 feet), making it the second highest peak in India and the third highest in the world.
- The name "Kanchenjunga" translates to "Five Treasures of Snow" in the local Limbu language, referring to its five prominent peaks.
In Summary:
- Kanchenjunga, the second highest mountain peak in India, is located in the state of Sikkim.
- Sikkim is a small state in northeastern India, sharing its border with Nepal and Bhutan.
- The mountain peak is situated in the northern part of Sikkim, near the India-Nepal border.

Pisciculture refers to the practice of Fish Farming. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish in controlled environments such as ponds, tanks, and cages. This activity is carried out for various purposes, including commercial production, research, and conservation.
Key Points:
- Pisciculture is an essential activity in the aquaculture industry, which aims to meet the increasing demand for fish and seafood.
- The practice of fish farming involves selecting suitable fish species, providing them with the necessary environmental conditions, and managing their growth and reproduction.
- Ponds, tanks, and cages are used to create artificial habitats for the fish, allowing them to grow in a controlled and protected environment.
- Pisciculture plays a crucial role in food security, as it helps in increasing fish production and reducing the pressure on wild fish populations.
- It also provides employment opportunities and contributes to the economic development of rural communities.
- Various techniques and technologies are used in pisciculture, including selective breeding, feeding management, disease control, and water quality monitoring.
- Sustainable practices such as integrated fish farming, where fish are raised alongside other aquatic organisms like shrimp or plants, are gaining popularity to maximize resource utilization and minimize environmental impacts.
- Pisciculture also plays a significant role in the conservation and restoration of fish populations, especially for endangered or threatened species.
- Overall, fish farming is an important practice that helps meet the global demand for fish, supports livelihoods, and contributes to the conservation of aquatic biodiversity.

Answer:
The first president of the All India Muslim League, elected at its founding session in Dhaka in 1906, was Nawab Salimullah Khan.
Explanation:
The All India Muslim League was established on December 30, 1906, in Dhaka, East Bengal (now Bangladesh). At this founding session, the following events took place:
- Election of the first president: Nawab Salimullah Khan was elected as the first president of the party. He was a prominent Muslim leader and a member of the landed aristocracy in Bengal. His election marked the beginning of the Muslim League's efforts to seek political representation and protect the rights and interests of Muslims in India.
- Goals and objectives: The party's main objective was to safeguard the political and educational rights of Muslims in India. They aimed to promote unity and cooperation among Muslims and to work towards the development and progress of the community.
- Representation: The Muslim League aimed to provide a platform for Muslims to voice their concerns and demands. They sought to ensure adequate representation for Muslims in the political process and decision-making bodies.
- Early activities: In the early years, the Muslim League primarily focused on issues such as the preservation of Muslim identity, protection of Muslim rights, and promotion of education among Muslims.
Overall, the election of Nawab Salimullah Khan as the first president of the All India Muslim League marked a significant milestone in the political representation and mobilization of Muslims in British India.

The longest National Highway in India is Varanasi - Kanyakumari (NH7).
Explanation:
- National Highway 7 (NH7) is the longest national highway in India, stretching from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
- It covers a total distance of about 2,369 kilometers.
- NH7 is a major north-south highway, passing through several important cities and states including Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
- It connects various cultural, historical, and religious sites such as Varanasi, Khajuraho, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Madurai.
- NH7 is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral project, which aims to connect the four major metro cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata through a network of highways.
- The highway is of strategic importance for transportation and trade, as it provides connectivity to major ports and industrial hubs.
- NH7 is known for its scenic beauty, passing through diverse landscapes, including plains, hills, and forests.
- The highway is well-maintained and facilitates smooth travel for both commercial and private vehicles.

Key Points:
- Gadadhar Chatterjee is better known as Ramakrishna Paramhans, a 19th-century spiritual guru.
- Ramakrishna Paramhans was born in 1836 in West Bengal, India.
- He is considered a highly influential figure in the spiritual and philosophical traditions of India.
- Ramakrishna Paramhans was known for his deep devotion and spiritual experiences, which attracted many followers.
- He practiced various spiritual disciplines, including Tantra, Bhakti, and Advaita Vedanta.
- Ramakrishna Paramhans had a close relationship with his disciple Swami Vivekananda, who later became a prominent spiritual leader himself.
- Ramakrishna Paramhans' teachings emphasized the universality of religions and the importance of direct experience of God.
- He is considered a symbol of religious harmony and tolerance.
- The Ramakrishna Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda, continues to propagate the teachings of Ramakrishna Paramhans and serve humanity through various educational, healthcare, and social service activities.

The stapes bone is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. It is located in the ear and is part of the auditory system. Here is a detailed explanation:
The Stapes Bone:
- The stapes bone, also known as the stirrup, is one of the three tiny bones in the middle ear.
- It is shaped like a stirrup and is approximately 3-4 millimeters in length.
- The stapes bone is located between the incus (anvil) bone and the oval window of the cochlea.
- It plays a crucial role in transmitting sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear.
Function:
- The stapes bone acts as a bridge between the middle ear and the inner ear.
- When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the eardrum to vibrate.
- These vibrations are then transferred to the malleus (hammer), which is connected to the incus bone.
- The incus bone, in turn, transfers the vibrations to the stapes bone.
- The stapes bone amplifies and transmits the vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea in the inner ear.
- This movement of the stapes bone helps convert sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain.
Importance:
- The stapes bone is essential for the process of hearing.
- Its small size and light weight allow for efficient transmission of sound vibrations.
- Any abnormalities or damage to the stapes bone can result in hearing loss or other auditory problems.
Conclusion:
- The stapes bone, located in the ear, is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body.
- It plays a crucial role in transmitting sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear.
- Its small size and efficient design contribute to the process of hearing.

Mineral mined at Jayamkondam in Tamil Nadu:
- Lignite
Explanation:
- Jayamkondam is a town located in the Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu, India.
- The main mineral that is mined at Jayamkondam is lignite.
- Lignite is a type of coal that is formed from peat and is considered the lowest rank of coal.
- It is a brownish-black sedimentary rock and is used primarily as a fuel for electricity generation and industrial processes.
- Lignite mining is an important industry in Jayamkondam, contributing to the economic development of the region.
- The lignite deposits in Jayamkondam are estimated to be significant and have attracted mining activities in the area.
- The lignite mines in Jayamkondam are operated by the Neyveli Lignite Corporation, a public sector undertaking.
- The mining of lignite provides employment opportunities to the local population and contributes to the overall energy production of Tamil Nadu.

Introduction:
The concept of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America.
Explanation:
The Indian Constitution, adopted on 26th November 1949, draws inspiration from various sources, including the Constitutions of other countries. The concept of Fundamental Rights, which guarantees certain basic rights and freedoms to the citizens, was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America. Here are the key points to support this answer:
1. Influence of the United States Constitution:
- The framers of the Indian Constitution, led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, were greatly influenced by the Constitution of the United States.
- They studied and analyzed the US Constitution to learn from its strengths and incorporate the relevant provisions into the Indian Constitution.
2. The Bill of Rights:
- The United States Constitution includes the first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, which enshrine fundamental rights and freedoms.
- These amendments protect individual liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial.
3. Incorporation into the Indian Constitution:
- The framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the importance of protecting fundamental rights and borrowed the concept from the United States.
- They included a separate chapter on Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 to 35) in the Indian Constitution.
4. Similarities and Adaptations:
- While borrowing the concept, the framers made certain adaptations to suit the Indian context.
- For example, the Indian Constitution expanded the scope of fundamental rights to include social, economic, and political rights, in addition to civil liberties.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the concept of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution was borrowed from the Constitution of the United States of America. The framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the importance of protecting individual liberties and incorporated a similar framework into the Indian Constitution, while also adapting it to suit the unique needs of the country.

Connecting the Pacific Ocean: Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is an artificial waterway that connects the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. It is situated in the country of Panama, Central America. The canal serves as a vital route for international maritime trade, allowing ships to pass through the continental divide.

Explanation:

• Location: The Panama Canal is located in the country of Panama, which connects North and South America.


• Geographical Position: The canal runs across the narrowest part of the land bridge between the two continents, known as the Isthmus of Panama.


• Connecting Oceans: The primary purpose of the Panama Canal is to connect the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean.


• Atlantic Ocean: The canal's eastern entrance is located in the Caribbean Sea, which is connected to the Atlantic Ocean.


• Pacific Ocean: The canal's western entrance is located in the Gulf of Panama, which is connected to the Pacific Ocean.


• Navigation: Ships passing through the Panama Canal enter the canal at one end, traverse a series of locks, and exit at the other end, allowing them to navigate between the two major oceans.


• Importance: The Panama Canal significantly reduces the distance and time it takes for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, providing a crucial shortcut for international trade.

In conclusion, the Panama Canal connects the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, thus providing a vital passage for ships traveling between these two major bodies of water.

By what name is Krishna Dvaipayana, author of the epic Mahabharat, better known?
The author of the epic Mahabharat, Krishna Dvaipayana, is better known as Ved Vyas.
Detailed
- Ved Vyas is the commonly known name for Krishna Dvaipayana, who is considered to be the author of the Mahabharat.
- Ved Vyas is also known as the compiler of the Vedas and is revered as one of the Chiranjivis (immortals) in Hindu mythology.
- He is believed to have divided the Vedic hymns into four parts - Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda.
- Ved Vyas is credited with writing the Mahabharat, which is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana.
- The Mahabharat is a vast epic that consists of over 200,000 verses and is divided into 18 books known as Parvas.
- It narrates the story of the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and the Kauravas, along with the teachings of Lord Krishna in the form of the Bhagavad Gita.
- Ved Vyas is considered to be a sage and a great scholar, who played a significant role in preserving and disseminating ancient knowledge and wisdom.
Answer: A. Ved Vyas

Location of Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI)
The Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) is located in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.
Explanation:
The Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) is a premier research organization in India that is dedicated to potato research and development. Here is a detailed explanation of the location of CPRI:
- City: Shimla
- State: Himachal Pradesh
- Country: India
Benefits of locating CPRI in Shimla:
- Agro-climatic conditions: Shimla's agro-climatic conditions are favorable for potato cultivation, making it an ideal location for CPRI.
- Research facilities: Shimla provides the necessary infrastructure and research facilities for conducting potato-related research.
- Collaboration: Being located in Shimla allows CPRI to collaborate with other agricultural research institutes and universities in the area, fostering knowledge exchange and cooperation.
- Access to potato-growing regions: Shimla's location provides easy access to various potato-growing regions in Himachal Pradesh and neighboring states, allowing CPRI to conduct field experiments and gather valuable data.
Overall, the location of CPRI in Shimla ensures that it is strategically positioned to carry out its research and development activities effectively and efficiently.

Indian Breeds of Horse:
- Bhutia
- Kathiawadi
- Marwari
- Manipuri
- Spiti
- Zanskari
Answer: B: Horse
Explanation:
- The Indian breeds mentioned, namely Bhutia, Kathiawadi, Marwari, Manipuri, Spiti, and Zanskari, are all breeds of horses.
- These breeds are native to different regions of India and are known for their distinct characteristics and qualities.
- Each breed has its own unique features and abilities, making them suitable for various purposes such as riding, racing, and working.
- The Bhutia horse is native to the Sikkim region and is known for its endurance and strength.
- The Kathiawadi horse is from the Kathiawar region of Gujarat and is known for its elegance and agility.
- The Marwari horse, originating from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, is famous for its inward-turning ears and bravery.
- Manipuri horses are from Manipur and are known for their versatility and agility.
- Spiti horses are found in the Spiti Valley of Himachal Pradesh and are well-adapted to high altitudes and harsh climates.
- Zanskari horses are native to the Zanskar region of Ladakh and are known for their stamina and endurance in mountainous terrains.
- These Indian horse breeds have cultural and historical significance and are valued for their contributions to various equestrian activities and traditional practices in India.

Introduction:
In 1921, the word 'robot' was introduced in the science fiction play R.U.R. The play was written by a Czech writer named Karel Capek. Capek's play explored the idea of artificial workers and their impact on society.
Explanation:
Karel Capek, a Czech writer, introduced the word 'robot' in his science fiction play R.U.R. in 1921. Here are some key details about his contribution:
- Background: Karel Capek was born on January 9, 1890, in Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic). He was a renowned Czech writer, playwright, and essayist. Capek's works often dealt with social and political issues, and he is considered one of the major figures in Czech literature.
- The Play R.U.R.: R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) is a science fiction play written by Karel Capek. It premiered in Prague in 1921 and gained international recognition. The play is set in a future where artificial workers called 'robots' are created to perform labor for humans.
- The Origin of the Word 'Robot': In R.U.R., Capek coined the term 'robot' to describe the artificial workers. The word 'robot' comes from the Czech word 'robota,' which means forced labor or serfdom. Capek's use of the word 'robot' popularized it and it soon became widely used to refer to artificial beings.
- Influence and Legacy: Capek's play and the introduction of the word 'robot' had a significant impact on science fiction literature and popular culture. The idea of robots as artificial workers became a recurring theme in science fiction, and the word 'robot' entered the English language and many others.
Conclusion:
Karel Capek is credited with introducing the word 'robot' in his science fiction play R.U.R. in 1921. His contribution to the field of science fiction and his exploration of the concept of artificial workers have had a lasting impact on literature and popular culture.

Explanation:
The correct answer is B: Commercial.
Reasoning:
When we see a domain name ending with '.com,' the 'com' is short for 'commercial.' This means that the website is associated with a business or commercial entity.
Details:
Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
A: Common
- This option is incorrect because the 'com' in '.com' does not stand for 'common.' It stands for 'commercial.'
B: Commercial
- This option is correct. The 'com' in '.com' stands for 'commercial,' indicating that the website is associated with a business or commercial entity.
C: Computer
- This option is incorrect because the 'com' in '.com' does not stand for 'computer.' It stands for 'commercial.'
D: Communication
- This option is incorrect because the 'com' in '.com' does not stand for 'communication.' It stands for 'commercial.'
In conclusion, the correct answer is B: Commercial.

The Grand Old Man of India
The freedom fighter who was popularly known as the 'Grand Old Man of India' was Dadabhai Naoroji.
Explanation
Dadabhai Naoroji was a prominent Indian political leader and social reformer during the Indian independence movement. He played a significant role in the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and served as its president in 1886. Naoroji was also the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament.
Here are some key points about Dadabhai Naoroji:
1. Early Life: Dadabhai Naoroji was born on September 4, 1825, in Bombay Presidency, British India. He belonged to a Parsi family and received his education in India and England.
2. Political Career: Naoroji actively participated in politics and advocated for various social and political reforms. He campaigned for the rights and welfare of Indians, including the demand for self-government and economic justice.
3. Economic Drain Theory: Naoroji is well-known for his theory of the "economic drain" on India. He argued that British colonial rule was causing immense economic exploitation and draining India of its wealth.
4. Poverty and Unemployment: Naoroji highlighted the issues of poverty and unemployment in India and emphasized the need for economic development and equitable distribution of resources.
5. Contributions to Education: Naoroji played a crucial role in the establishment of educational institutions, including the Elphinstone College in Bombay, to promote education among Indians.
6. Legacy: Dadabhai Naoroji's contributions to the Indian freedom struggle and his advocacy for economic and political rights have earned him the title of the 'Grand Old Man of India.'
In conclusion, Dadabhai Naoroji was a prominent freedom fighter and social reformer who fought for India's independence and was known as the 'Grand Old Man of India' for his significant contributions to the Indian nationalist movement.

The Indian state with the longest coastline is Gujarat.
Explanation:
- The coastline of a state refers to the length of its boundary that is in contact with the ocean or sea.
- Gujarat is located in the western part of India and is known for its extensive coastline along the Arabian Sea.
- The state is home to several prominent ports like Kandla, Mundra, and Pipavav, which contribute significantly to the country's maritime trade.
- The coastline of Gujarat stretches over 1,600 kilometers, making it the state with the longest coastline in India.
- This long coastline offers Gujarat abundant natural resources, including fisheries and opportunities for tourism and shipping.
- The coastal region of Gujarat is also known for its vibrant culture, historical sites, and beautiful beaches, attracting tourists from all over the world.
In summary, Gujarat has the longest coastline among all the Indian states, stretching over 1,600 kilometers along the Arabian Sea.

Answer:
Naxalbari village:
- Naxalbari village is the birthplace of the Naxalite Movement in India.
- It is located in the state of West Bengal.
Key points about Naxalbari village and the Naxalite Movement:
- The Naxalite Movement is a left-wing extremist movement that originated in the late 1960s.
- It takes its name from Naxalbari village, where the movement initially started.
- The movement was a response to the socio-economic disparities and injustices faced by marginalized sections of society, particularly the rural poor.
- It aimed to establish a classless society through armed revolution and the overthrow of the Indian state.
- The movement gained significant attention and support in the 1970s, but faced severe repression from the government, leading to a decline in its influence.
- Naxalite groups continue to exist in various parts of India, particularly in states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
Conclusion:
- Naxalbari village, the birthplace of the Naxalite Movement, is located in the state of West Bengal.

Roopavahini is the National Television Network of Sri Lanka.
Explanation:
- Roopavahini is the official national television network of Sri Lanka.
- It was established in 1982 and is owned and operated by the Government of Sri Lanka.
- Roopavahini broadcasts a wide range of programs including news, documentaries, dramas, entertainment shows, and sports.
- It is the primary source of news and information for the people of Sri Lanka.
- Roopavahini plays a crucial role in promoting the culture, traditions, and values of Sri Lanka.
- It provides a platform for local talent and showcases various aspects of Sri Lankan society.
- Roopavahini is available nationwide and reaches a large audience across the country.
- It has played a significant role in shaping the media landscape of Sri Lanka.
- Roopavahini is known for its high-quality programming and has won several awards for its contributions to the television industry in Sri Lanka.

Founder of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Kolkata:
The founder of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Kolkata is P.C. Mahalanobis.
Explanation:
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) is a renowned research institute in the field of statistics and related disciplines. It was founded on 17th December 1931 in Kolkata, India. P.C. Mahalanobis, a renowned statistician and scientist, played a pivotal role in establishing this institute.
Key Points:
- The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was founded on 17th December 1931.
- The institute is located in Kolkata, India.
- P.C. Mahalanobis is the founder of the Indian Statistical Institute.
- P.C. Mahalanobis was a prominent statistician and scientist.
- The institute is known for its contributions in the field of statistics and related disciplines.
Conclusion:
P.C. Mahalanobis founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) in Kolkata on 17th December 1931. The institute has since become a renowned research institution in the field of statistics and related disciplines.