Knowledge Package - 23 - SSC CHSL MCQ

The occurrence of Equinox:
- The equinox occurs when the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator.
- During this time, the day and night are approximately equal in length.
- There are two equinoxes in a year, known as the March equinox and the September equinox.
Explanation:
- The March equinox, also known as the vernal equinox, occurs around March 20th.
- During this time, the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, resulting in equal day and night lengths.
- The September equinox, also known as the autumnal equinox, occurs around September 22nd.
- Again, during this time, the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, resulting in equal day and night lengths.
Conclusion:
- In a year, there are two equinoxes.
- Therefore, the correct answer is A: Two.

Answer:
Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon 'Dharamachakra Pravartan' (set in motion Wheel of Law) at Sarnath (U.P.).
Explanation:
The first sermon of Gautama Buddha, known as 'Dharamachakra Pravartan', was delivered at Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh. This sermon is also referred to as the 'Turning of the Wheel of Law' as it marked the beginning of Buddha's teaching of the Dharma.
- Sarnath is located about 10 kilometers northeast of Varanasi, one of the holiest cities in Hinduism.
- It was in Sarnath that Gautama Buddha preached his first sermon after attaining enlightenment under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.
- In this sermon, Buddha shared the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which form the core teachings of Buddhism.
- Sarnath holds great significance in Buddhism as it is considered one of the four main pilgrimage sites related to the life of Buddha.
- The Dhamek Stupa, a massive cylindrical structure, stands at the site where the first sermon was delivered, marking its historical importance.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Sarnath (U.P.).

The Asian country known as the 'Land of the White Elephants' is Thailand.

Explanation:
- Thailand is commonly referred to as the 'Land of the White Elephants' due to its historical association with these majestic creatures.
- The white elephant holds a significant cultural and religious symbolism in Thailand, representing power, prosperity, and good fortune.
- In Thai culture, white elephants are considered sacred and are believed to be the incarnation of the Hindu god Indra.
- They have been traditionally associated with the Thai monarchy and have played a prominent role in royal ceremonies and rituals.
- The term 'Land of the White Elephants' reflects the country's rich cultural heritage and the reverence for these magnificent creatures.
- Thailand is also known for its diverse natural landscapes, vibrant cities, and ancient temples, making it a popular tourist destination in Southeast Asia.
- The country's official name, "The Kingdom of Thailand," translates to "Land of the Free," further emphasizing its unique identity and heritage.
In summary, Thailand is known as the 'Land of the White Elephants' due to its cultural significance and historical association with these revered animals.

The first chief of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) is Radha Vinod Raju.
Explanation:
The National Investigation Agency (NIA) was established on 31st December 2008 by the Government of India to investigate and combat terror-related cases across the country. Here is a detailed explanation of the first chief of the NIA:
- Radha Vinod Raju: Radha Vinod Raju was appointed as the first chief of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in 2009. He served as the Director-General of the NIA from 2009 to 2010. Raju is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of the 1976 batch from the Kerala cadre.
- Background: Before his appointment as the chief of the NIA, Radha Vinod Raju held various positions in the police department. He has served as the Director-General of Police in Kerala and has also held several key positions in the Intelligence Bureau (IB).
- Contributions: During his tenure as the chief of the NIA, Radha Vinod Raju played a crucial role in strengthening the agency's capabilities in investigating and preventing terror-related activities in the country. Under his leadership, the NIA successfully handled several high-profile cases and made significant breakthroughs in combating terrorism.
- Legacy: Radha Vinod Raju's tenure as the chief of the NIA set the foundation for the agency's operations and established its reputation as a leading investigative agency in the country. His expertise and leadership skills contributed to the agency's success in addressing the growing challenges of terrorism in India.
In conclusion, Radha Vinod Raju was the first chief of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) and played a pivotal role in establishing and shaping the agency's operations in combating terror-related cases across the country.

Edward Jenner invented the Smallpox Vaccine.
Explanation:
- Edward Jenner, an English physician, is credited with inventing the smallpox vaccine.
- He developed the concept of vaccination by observing that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox, a less severe disease, seemed to be immune to smallpox.
- In 1796, Jenner conducted an experiment where he took pus from a cowpox blister and inoculated it into a young boy, James Phipps.
- After the boy recovered from cowpox, Jenner exposed him to smallpox, but he did not develop the disease.
- This experiment led to the development of the smallpox vaccine, which was the first successful vaccine for a contagious disease.
- Jenner's discovery revolutionized the field of immunization and paved the way for the eradication of smallpox, which was declared eradicated in 1980 by the World Health Organization.
- His work laid the foundation for the development of other vaccines, protecting millions of people from various infectious diseases.
Key Points:
- Edward Jenner invented the smallpox vaccine.
- He observed that individuals who had contracted cowpox were immune to smallpox.
- Jenner conducted an experiment where he inoculated a boy with cowpox, making him immune to smallpox.
- This led to the development of the smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine for a contagious disease.
- Jenner's discovery revolutionized immunization and paved the way for the eradication of smallpox.

The freedom fighter who authored 'Gita Rahasya' during his imprisonment at Mandalay in Myanmar was Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Explanation:
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement and played a crucial role in mobilizing the masses against British rule.
- During his imprisonment at Mandalay Jail in Myanmar (then Burma) from 1908 to 1914, Tilak wrote his famous work 'Gita Rahasya' (The Secret of the Bhagavad Gita).
- 'Gita Rahasya' is a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, one of the most revered Hindu scriptures.
- In this work, Tilak explains the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita and interprets its hidden meanings.
- 'Gita Rahasya' is considered one of Tilak's most significant works and showcases his deep understanding of Hindu philosophy and spirituality.
- Tilak's 'Gita Rahasya' emphasizes the importance of selfless action and duty, which became a central theme in his political and social ideologies.
- The book was originally written in Marathi and later translated into several languages, gaining widespread popularity among scholars and spiritual seekers alike.
- Tilak's 'Gita Rahasya' continues to be studied and revered for its profound insights into the Bhagavad Gita and its relevance to human life and society.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

The answer is C: Olive.
Explanation:
The United Nations (UN) flag depicts two branches of the olive tree, which is considered a symbol of peace. Here is a detailed explanation of why the olive tree is depicted on the UN flag:
1. Symbol of Peace:
- The olive tree has long been recognized as a symbol of peace, dating back to ancient Greek and Roman cultures.
- The olive branch is often associated with peace, harmony, and reconciliation.
2. United Nations (UN) Flag:
- The UN flag consists of a light blue background with a white emblem in the center.
- The emblem features a world map surrounded by two olive branches.
3. Significance:
- The inclusion of the olive branches on the UN flag symbolizes the organization's commitment to promoting peace and resolving conflicts peacefully.
- It represents the UN's mission to maintain international peace and security and to foster cooperation among nations.
4. Cultural and Historical Context:
- The use of the olive branches on the UN flag reflects the widespread cultural and historical significance of the olive tree as a symbol of peace.
- The olive tree has deep roots in the Mediterranean region, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years.
Therefore, the two branches depicted on the United Nations (UN) flag belong to the olive tree, which is widely recognized as a symbol of peace.

City served by Veer Savarkar Airport: Port Blair
Explanation:
- Veer Savarkar Airport is located in Port Blair, which is the capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.
- The airport is named after Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, an Indian independence activist and politician.
- It is the main gateway to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, connecting the islands with major cities in India such as Chennai, Kolkata, and Delhi.
- The airport serves both domestic and international flights, with domestic airlines operating regular flights to and from various cities in India.
- It is an important airport for tourism as it provides access to the popular tourist destinations in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, including Havelock Island, Neil Island, and Ross Island.
- The airport has various facilities for passengers, including a terminal building, immigration counters, customs, baggage handling services, and parking facilities.
- It plays a crucial role in the economic development and connectivity of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the mainland of India.
- Veer Savarkar Airport is managed by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and is equipped with modern infrastructure and navigation systems to ensure safe and efficient operations.

Answer:
The domestic Cricket trophy for which the Ranji Trophy champions play against the Rest of India team is the Irani Trophy. Here is a detailed explanation:
Irani Trophy:
- The Irani Trophy is an annual first-class cricket match played between the Ranji Trophy champions and a Rest of India team.
- It was named after the late Z.R. Irani, who was associated with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the Mumbai Cricket Association.
- The purpose of the Irani Trophy is to provide an additional opportunity for the Ranji Trophy champions to showcase their skills against a strong Rest of India team.
- The Rest of India team consists of top-performing players from other domestic teams in India, who have not been a part of the Ranji Trophy-winning team.
- The match is played over a duration of five days and follows the traditional format of Test cricket.
- The Irani Trophy has been played since 1959-60, making it one of the oldest domestic cricket tournaments in India.
Other Domestic Cricket Trophies:
Although the Ranji Trophy champions play against the Rest of India team in the Irani Trophy, there are other domestic cricket trophies as well. Here are a few examples:
Duleep Trophy:
- The Duleep Trophy is a first-class cricket tournament played between teams representing different geographical zones of India.
- It was named after Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji, one of the greatest batsmen in Indian cricket history.
- The Duleep Trophy was first played in 1961-62 and is held annually.
- The teams participating in the Duleep Trophy are Central Zone, East Zone, North Zone, South Zone, and West Zone.
Deodhar Trophy:
- The Deodhar Trophy is a limited-overs cricket tournament played between three teams representing different regions of India.
- It was named after the late Prof. D.B. Deodhar, a well-known cricketer and administrator.
- The Deodhar Trophy was first played in 1973-74 and is held annually.
- The teams participating in the Deodhar Trophy are India A, India B, and India C.
Nissar Trophy:
- The Nissar Trophy is a bilateral cricket series played between India and Pakistan's Under-19 teams.
- It was named after Mohammed Nissar, one of the first Indian fast bowlers.
- The Nissar Trophy was first played in 2003 and is not directly related to the Ranji Trophy champions or the Rest of India team.
In conclusion, the Ranji Trophy champions play against the Rest of India team in the Irani Trophy, which is an annual first-class cricket match.

The garden near Chandigarh built by Aurangzeb's foster brother Fidai Khan is:


D. Pinjore Gardens
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Background:
- The garden in question was built by Fidai Khan, the foster brother of Aurangzeb.
- It is located near Chandigarh, a city in the northern part of India.
2. Pinjore Gardens:
- The Pinjore Gardens, also known as Yadavindra Gardens, is a historic garden located in Pinjore, Haryana.
- It was built by Fidai Khan during the 17th century.
3. Architectural Features:
- The Pinjore Gardens showcase a blend of Mughal and Rajasthani architectural styles.
- The garden is spread over an area of 100 acres and is divided into seven terraces.
4. Terraces:
- Each terrace has its own unique features, including fountains, pavilions, and colorful flower beds.
- The lowermost terrace houses the main entrance, while the upper terraces offer panoramic views of the surrounding landscape.
5. Attractions:
- Some of the key attractions within the Pinjore Gardens include the Rang Mahal, Sheesh Mahal, and Jal Mahal.
- These structures are known for their intricate designs and beautiful frescoes.
6. Cultural Significance:
- The Pinjore Gardens are not only a popular tourist destination but also a venue for cultural events and festivals.
- The garden hosts the annual Pinjore Heritage Festival, which showcases the rich cultural heritage of the region.
7. Accessibility:
- The Pinjore Gardens are easily accessible from Chandigarh and other nearby cities.
- Visitors can enjoy a leisurely stroll through the garden or relax in its tranquil surroundings.
In conclusion, the garden near Chandigarh built by Aurangzeb's foster brother Fidai Khan is the Pinjore Gardens. This historic garden is known for its Mughal and Rajasthani architectural styles, stunning terraces, and cultural significance. It is a popular tourist attraction in the region and offers a serene and beautiful environment for visitors to explore.

The first education minister of independent India was Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
Key Points:
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad served as the education minister of India from 1947 to 1958.
- He played a crucial role in shaping the educational policies and infrastructure of independent India.
- Azad believed in the importance of education for the overall development and progress of the nation.
- He promoted the idea of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14.
- Azad established several educational institutions, including the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the University Grants Commission (UGC).
- He also emphasized the need for promoting scientific and technical education in the country.
- Azad actively worked towards promoting literacy and education among women and marginalized communities.
- He believed in the integration of modern education with traditional Indian values and culture.
- Azad's contributions to the education sector have had a lasting impact on the development of the Indian education system.

The headquarters of the United Nations (UN) is located in New York City, USA.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II. Its main objectives include promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
- The headquarters of the UN is situated in New York City, USA. It is located on a complex of buildings that cover an area of 18 acres along the East River in Manhattan.
- The complex includes the iconic Secretariat building, which serves as the administrative center of the UN. It is also home to the General Assembly Hall, where representatives from member states gather to discuss and make decisions on various global issues.
- The choice of New York City as the headquarters of the UN was influenced by several factors, including the city's status as a major international hub, its accessibility, and its symbolic significance as a place where nations can come together to address global challenges.
- The UN headquarters in New York City serves as a platform for diplomatic negotiations, policy discussions, and the coordination of international efforts to address issues such as peacekeeping, human rights, sustainable development, and climate change.
- The headquarters also houses various UN specialized agencies, programs, and funds, such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- The presence of the UN headquarters in New York City has made the city a global center for diplomacy and a hub for international events and conferences.
- The headquarters complex is a symbol of international cooperation and serves as a reminder of the importance of diplomacy and dialogue in resolving global challenges.
In conclusion, the headquarters of the United Nations (UN) is located in New York City, USA. It serves as a central hub for diplomacy and international cooperation, bringing together representatives from member states to address global issues and promote peace and security.

The Measuring Unit of Electric Current
The measuring unit of electric current is the Ampere (A).
Explanation:
Electric current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit. The unit used to measure electric current is the Ampere, which is named after the French physicist André-Marie Ampère. Here is a detailed explanation of the measuring unit of electric current:
- Ampere (A): The Ampere is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as one coulomb of charge passing through a point in a conductor per second. The symbol used to represent Ampere is 'A'.
- The Ampere is commonly used to measure the current flowing in electrical circuits. It indicates the rate at which electric charges flow through a conductor.
- In practical terms, 1 Ampere is equivalent to 1 Coulomb of charge passing through a point in a conductor in 1 second.
- Electric current is typically measured using a device called an ammeter, which is connected in series with the circuit to measure the flow of current.
- The Ampere is an essential unit in various fields, including electrical engineering, electronics, and physics, as it helps in understanding and quantifying the behavior of electric circuits.
In summary, the measuring unit of electric current is Ampere (A), which represents the flow of electric charge through a conductor.

Angkor Wat Temple - Dedicated to Lord Vishnu
- Angkor Wat temple, located in Cambodia, is the largest Hindu temple in the world.
- It was built in the 12th century by the Khmer king Suryavarman II.
- The temple complex spans over 400 acres and is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, one of the principal deities of Hinduism.
- Lord Vishnu is considered the preserver and protector of the universe.
- The temple's architectural design and sculptures depict various scenes from Hindu mythology, including stories of Lord Vishnu's avatars such as Rama and Krishna.
- The central tower of the temple represents Mount Meru, the mythical abode of the gods in Hindu cosmology.
- The temple complex also includes other smaller temples and structures dedicated to different Hindu gods and goddesses.
- Angkor Wat is not only an important religious site but also a significant symbol of Khmer culture and history.
- It attracts millions of visitors every year who come to admire its stunning architecture and learn about the rich heritage of Cambodia.

Location of Satish Dhawan Space Centre:
- The Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) is located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.
- It is the primary spaceport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
- The SDSC serves as the launching site for various Indian space missions, including the Chandrayaan-I mission.
About Chandrayaan-I:
- Chandrayaan-I was India's first lunar probe mission.
- It was launched on 22nd October 2008 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.
- The primary objective of the mission was to study the lunar surface and gather scientific information about the Moon.
Importance of Satish Dhawan Space Centre:
- The SDSC is strategically located on the east coast of India, near the Bay of Bengal.
- Its location provides the advantage of launching satellites in an eastward direction over the ocean, which helps in maximizing payload capacity.
- The centre has state-of-the-art facilities for spacecraft assembly, integration, and testing.
- It also houses the mission control centre and various tracking and telemetry stations.
Other Missions from Satish Dhawan Space Centre:
- Apart from the Chandrayaan-I mission, the SDSC has been the launch site for numerous other significant Indian space missions.
- Notable missions include the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), the Chandrayaan-2 mission, and various satellite launches.
In conclusion, the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, is the launching site of the Chandrayaan-I mission. It is a key facility of ISRO and has played a crucial role in India's space exploration endeavors.

Former Name of Nyasaland
- Nyasaland was the former name of a country in Africa.
- The country is now known as Malawi.
Explanation
- Nyasaland was a British protectorate in southeastern Africa.
- It was established in 1907 and was under British rule until it gained independence in 1964.
- After independence, the country changed its name from Nyasaland to Malawi.
- The name "Malawi" was derived from the Maravi people who were the original inhabitants of the region.
- The decision to change the name was made to reflect the country's African identity and to break away from its colonial past.
- Since gaining independence, Malawi has made significant progress in various fields, including education, healthcare, and economic development.
Conclusion
- The African country that was formerly known as Nyasaland is now called Malawi.
- The name change was a symbol of the country's independence and its commitment to its African heritage.

Autobiography of Nelson Mandela - 'Long Walk to Freedom'
Introduction:
- 'Long Walk to Freedom' is an autobiography written by Nelson Mandela, a prominent anti-apartheid activist and political leader.
- It provides a detailed account of Mandela's life, including his early years, his activism against apartheid, and his imprisonment.
Bharat Ratna Recipient:
- The Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award in India, given for exceptional service towards the advancement of art, literature, science, and public service.
- Nelson Mandela, the author of 'Long Walk to Freedom,' was not a recipient of the Bharat Ratna.
Options:
A: Jawaharlal Nehru - The first Prime Minister of India, played a crucial role in the country's independence movement.
B: S. Radhakrishnan - Second President of India and a renowned philosopher.
C: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan - Also known as the Frontier Gandhi, a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement.
D: Nelson Mandela - South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist.
Correct Answer:
- The correct answer is option D: Nelson Mandela.
Conclusion:
- 'Long Walk to Freedom' is an autobiography written by Nelson Mandela.
- Mandela was not a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.
- The book provides valuable insights into Mandela's life and his fight against apartheid in South Africa.

Answer:
The island nation in the Indian Ocean that is the world's largest producer and exporter of Vanilla is Madagascar.
Explanation:
- Madagascar, located off the southeast coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is known for its vast vanilla plantations.
- The country produces over 80% of the world's vanilla, making it the largest producer and exporter of this popular flavoring agent.
- The climate and soil conditions in Madagascar are ideal for vanilla cultivation, allowing the country to grow high-quality beans.
- Vanilla farming is a significant source of income for many Malagasy farmers and contributes to the country's economy.
- The vanilla beans are hand-pollinated and harvested before being dried and processed for export.
- Madagascar's vanilla is highly sought after due to its rich flavor profile and aromatic properties.
- The country's vanilla industry faces challenges such as fluctuating market prices and competition from synthetic vanilla substitutes.
- However, Madagascar's reputation as a top vanilla producer remains strong, and its beans are widely used in the food, beverage, and fragrance industries worldwide.

GolGhar, a beehive shaped structure built in 1786 to store grains for the British Army, is located in Patna.
Explanation:
- GolGhar is a historic structure located in the city of Patna in the state of Bihar, India.
- It was built in 1786 by the British Army under the supervision of Captain John Garstin.
- The purpose of building GolGhar was to serve as a granary or a storage facility for grains during times of famine.
- The unique beehive shape of the structure was designed to prevent the grains from being damaged by wind and rain.
- GolGhar is made of bricks and stands at a height of 29 meters (98 feet).
- It has a capacity to store up to 140,000 tons of grains.
- The structure has a spiral staircase around its outer circumference which leads to the top, offering a panoramic view of the city.
- Despite its original purpose, GolGhar never fulfilled its intended function as the granary because of its faulty design.
- Today, GolGhar is a popular tourist attraction and a symbol of the city of Patna's rich history.

Explanation:
The dark brown pigment responsible for skin color in Inhumans is called melanin. Melanin is a pigment produced by specialized cells called melanocytes, which are located in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Melanin is responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes.
Key Points:
- Melanin is a dark brown pigment responsible for skin color in Inhumans.
- Melanin is produced by melanocytes, specialized cells in the epidermis.
- The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes determine the specific skin color.
- Melanin protects the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
- The more melanin a person has, the darker their skin color will be.
- Skin color is a result of a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences such as sun exposure.

Devdas: A Famous Novel
Introduction:
Devdas is a famous Indian novel that has been widely acclaimed for its portrayal of love, loss, and tragedy. It was written by a renowned Bengali author and has since been adapted into several movies and theatrical productions.
Author:
The author of the famous novel 'Devdas' is Sharat Chandra Chatterjee.
About Sharat Chandra Chatterjee:
- Sharat Chandra Chatterjee, also known as Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, was a prominent Bengali writer from India.
- He was born on September 15, 1876, in Debanandapur village in Bengal.
- Chatterjee is considered one of the greatest novelists in Indian literature and is known for his realistic portrayal of social issues and human emotions.
- Along with 'Devdas,' he wrote several other notable novels and short stories, including 'Parineeta' and 'Pather Dabi.'
Summary:
- 'Devdas' is a tragic love story that revolves around the central character, Devdas, and his unrequited love for Paro.
- The novel explores themes of love, societal norms, and the devastating consequences of addiction and despair.
- It presents a poignant portrayal of human emotions and the complexities of relationships.
Conclusion:
Sharat Chandra Chatterjee's 'Devdas' is a classic novel that continues to captivate readers with its emotional depth and timeless themes. Its popularity has led to numerous adaptations in different forms of media, making it a significant contribution to Indian literature.

The freedom fighter popularly known as 'Lokpriya' is Gopinath Bordoloi.
Explanation:
- Gopinath Bordoloi was a prominent Indian freedom fighter and political leader from Assam.
- He was actively involved in the Indian National Congress and played a crucial role in the freedom struggle.
- Bordoloi is known for his efforts in promoting Assamese nationalism and for his contribution to the formation of the state of Assam.
- He served as the first Chief Minister of Assam from 1946 until his death in 1950.
- Bordoloi was widely respected and loved by the people of Assam, which earned him the title of 'Lokpriya,' meaning 'beloved of the people.'
- He dedicated his life to the welfare of the people and worked towards the development and upliftment of Assam.
- Gopinath Bordoloi's contributions to the freedom struggle and his role in shaping the state of Assam have made him a revered figure in Indian history.

Author of the book 'A Brief History of Time':
Stephen Hawking
Explanation:
- The book 'A Brief History of Time' was authored by Stephen Hawking.
- Stephen Hawking was a renowned theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author.
- He was known for his contributions to the understanding of black holes, the Big Bang theory, and the nature of the universe.
- 'A Brief History of Time' was first published in 1988 and became an international bestseller.
- The book explores various concepts in physics, such as space, time, gravity, and the origin and fate of the universe.
- It presents complex scientific ideas in a way that is accessible to the general audience, making it a popular book for both scientists and non-scientists alike.
- Stephen Hawking's ability to explain complex theories in simple terms contributed to the book's success and widespread popularity.
- 'A Brief History of Time' is considered one of the most influential science books of all time and has sold millions of copies worldwide.

Engineers Day in India

Engineers Day in India is celebrated on the birthday of Bharat Ratna Recipient M. Visvesvaraya. He was a renowned Indian engineer, scholar, and statesman who played a key role in the development of modern India.

Date of Celebration

The Engineers Day in India is celebrated on 15th September every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of M. Visvesvaraya.

Significance of the Date

M. Visvesvaraya was born on 15th September 1861 in Muddenahalli, a small village in Karnataka, India. He made significant contributions to various fields such as engineering, education, and public welfare. He was known for his contributions to the construction of dams, irrigation systems, and urban planning.

Reason for Celebration

The celebration of Engineers Day in India is a tribute to M. Visvesvaraya's remarkable achievements and his contributions to the field of engineering. It is a day to honor all the engineers who have made significant contributions to the development of the country.

Activities and Events

On Engineers Day, various activities and events are organized to acknowledge the importance of engineering in society. These may include:

• Seminars and workshops on engineering advancements and innovations


• Awards and felicitation ceremonies to recognize outstanding engineers


• Engineering competitions and quizzes


• Public lectures on the role of engineering in nation-building


• Exhibitions showcasing engineering projects and technologies

Conclusion

Engineers Day in India is a day to celebrate the contributions of engineers and to inspire young minds to pursue careers in engineering. It is a fitting tribute to M. Visvesvaraya and his remarkable legacy in the field of engineering.

Answer:

The varieties 'Muga', 'Eri', 'Tussar', and 'Mulberry' are all types of silk.

• Muga: Muga silk is a type of silk produced by the silkworm Antheraea assamensis. It is known for its golden-yellow color and has a glossy texture.


• Eri: Eri silk, also known as endi or errandi silk, is produced by the silkworm Philosamia ricini. It is known for its creamy-white color and is often used to make warm fabrics.


• Tussar: Tussar silk is produced by several species of silk moths belonging to the genus Antheraea. It is known for its natural beige or pale gold color and has a coarse texture.


• Mulberry: Mulberry silk is the most common type of silk and is produced by the silkworm Bombyx mori. It is known for its white color and fine texture.

These different varieties of silk are widely used in the textile industry for making various products such as clothing, scarves, sarees, and home furnishings.

Answer:
The pilgrimage city in India where you would come across the world's longest corridor is Rameshwaram.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why Rameshwaram is the correct answer:
1. Rameshwaram:
- Rameshwaram is a famous pilgrimage city located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
- It is considered one of the holiest places in Hinduism and attracts thousands of devotees every year.
- Rameshwaram is known for its ancient temples, spiritual significance, and its association with Lord Rama and the epic Ramayana.
2. World's Longest Corridor:
- The Ramanathaswamy Temple in Rameshwaram is renowned for its grand architecture and religious importance.
- The temple complex is spread over 15 acres and is famous for its long corridor, also known as the 'Pillared Hall'.
- This corridor is considered the world's longest corridor and stretches for about 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles).
- The corridor is adorned with intricately carved pillars on both sides, creating a mesmerizing architectural spectacle.
3. Pilgrimage Importance:
- The Ramanathaswamy Temple holds immense significance for Hindu pilgrims.
- It is believed to be one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Lord Shiva and is associated with various legends and mythological tales.
- Devotees visit Rameshwaram to seek blessings, perform religious rituals, and take a holy dip in the sacred waters of the Agni Theertham.
In conclusion, the world's longest corridor can be found in the Ramanathaswamy Temple in Rameshwaram, making it the pilgrimage city in India where you would come across this architectural marvel.

The founder of the non-violent movement 'Khudai Khidmatgar', also known as 'Red Shirts', is Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.
Explanation:
The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was founded in 1929 by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a Pashtun political and spiritual leader from British India, now Pakistan. The movement aimed to bring about social and political change through non-violent means. Here is a detailed explanation of the key points:
- Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: He was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. He was popularly known as "Frontier Gandhi" for his non-violent activism in the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).
- Non-violent movement: The Khudai Khidmatgar movement, also known as the "Red Shirts" due to the red clothing worn by its members, advocated for non-violence and civil disobedience as a means to achieve political and social justice. The movement was inspired by the principles of non-violence and peaceful resistance propagated by Mahatma Gandhi.
- Objectives: The movement aimed to challenge the oppressive British colonial rule and fight for the rights and interests of the Pashtun community. It focused on issues such as land reforms, education, and political representation.
- Activism and sacrifices: The Khudai Khidmatgar members actively participated in protests, strikes, and boycotts against British rule. They faced severe repression and violence from the authorities, with many members being imprisoned, tortured, and killed for their involvement in the movement.
- Legacy: The Khudai Khidmatgar movement played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of British India. It contributed to the mobilization of the Pashtun community and the broader struggle for independence. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan's commitment to non-violence and social justice continues to inspire activists and leaders around the world.
In conclusion, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan founded the non-violent movement 'Khudai Khidmatgar', also known as 'Red Shirts', in 1929. His leadership and the principles of non-violence advocated by the movement had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement.

Location of Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education:
Answer: B. Gwalior
Explanation:
- Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education is located in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- It is a deemed university that offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in physical education and sports.
- The institute is named after Rani Lakshmibai, the queen of Jhansi, who was a prominent figure in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
- Gwalior is a historic city in Madhya Pradesh, known for its rich cultural heritage and historical monuments like Gwalior Fort and Jai Vilas Palace.
- The institute is situated in the heart of Gwalior, providing a conducive environment for sports education and training.
- The campus of Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education is equipped with modern sports facilities, including a multipurpose indoor stadium, swimming pool, athletic track, and gymnasium.
- The institute aims to promote physical education and sports in the country by providing quality education and training to aspiring athletes and sports professionals.
Key Points:
- Located in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Named after Rani Lakshmibai.
- Offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in physical education and sports.
- Situated in the heart of Gwalior.
- Equipped with modern sports facilities.
- Aims to promote physical education and sports in the country.

Athlete's Foot: Causes and Agents
Introduction:
Athlete's Foot is a common fungal infection that affects the skin of the feet, particularly between the toes. It is highly contagious and can spread easily in warm and moist environments such as locker rooms, public showers, and swimming pools. Understanding the causative agent of Athlete's Foot is essential in its prevention and treatment.
Causative Agent:
The infectious disease, Athlete's Foot, is caused by a specific agent. The agent responsible for Athlete's Foot is:
Fungi
Explanation:
Fungi are microscopic organisms that can live on the skin, nails, and hair of humans. They thrive in warm and humid environments, making the feet an ideal breeding ground for fungal infections like Athlete's Foot. Fungi can be classified into different types, including dermatophytes, which are the most common cause of Athlete's Foot.
Key Points:
- Athlete's Foot is caused by fungi, specifically dermatophytes.
- Fungi are microscopic organisms that thrive in warm and humid environments.
- Fungi can live on the skin, nails, and hair of humans.
- Fungal infections like Athlete's Foot are highly contagious and can spread easily in public places.
- Proper hygiene, such as keeping the feet clean and dry, is essential in preventing and treating Athlete's Foot.

Author of the book 'Hindu View of Life:
There is no doubt that the author of the book 'Hindu View of Life' is S. Radhakrishnan. He was a renowned Indian philosopher, statesman, and the second President of India.
Explanation:
- S. Radhakrishnan wrote the book 'Hindu View of Life' which was published in 1926.
- The book explores various aspects of Hinduism, including its philosophy, spirituality, and cultural practices.
- Radhakrishnan delves into the core beliefs and values of Hinduism, highlighting its emphasis on self-realization, karma, and the pursuit of truth.
- He also discusses the role of Hinduism in shaping Indian society and its contribution to the world's spiritual heritage.
- Radhakrishnan's book provides a comprehensive understanding of Hinduism, making it accessible to both Hindus and non-Hindus alike.
- The book has been widely acclaimed for its scholarly approach and insightful analysis of Hindu philosophy and spirituality.
- S. Radhakrishnan's 'Hindu View of Life' remains a significant contribution to the study of Hinduism and continues to be read and appreciated by scholars and readers interested in Indian philosophy and spirituality.
In conclusion, S. Radhakrishnan is the author of the book 'Hindu View of Life,' which offers a profound exploration of Hinduism's philosophy and cultural practices.