Knowledge Package - 24 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Hill Station as Summer Capital of British India:
The summer capital of British India was Shimla. The British chose Shimla as their summer capital due to its pleasant climate and picturesque surroundings. Here is a detailed explanation:
Reasons for Choosing Shimla:
- Pleasant Climate: Shimla has a cool and pleasant climate during the summer months, making it an ideal escape from the scorching heat of the plains.
- Accessibility: Shimla is located in the foothills of the Himalayas and was easily accessible from major cities like Delhi and Kolkata, making it convenient for the British officials to travel.
- Stunning Scenery: The hill station offered breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains, valleys, and lush greenery, providing a serene and peaceful environment.
- Health Benefits: Shimla's high altitude and clean air were believed to have health benefits, attracting the British officials who sought relief from tropical diseases prevalent in the plains.
Implications of Shimla as the Summer Capital:
- Administrative Headquarters: During the summer months, the Viceroy and other top British officials would shift their administrative headquarters from Delhi to Shimla.
- Establishment of Infrastructure: The British developed Shimla as a summer capital and invested in the construction of buildings, roads, water supply systems, and other essential infrastructure.
- Social and Cultural Hub: Shimla became a social and cultural hub, with the British elite organizing parties, balls, and other events in the hill station.
Legacy of British Influence:
- Architecture: Shimla showcases a blend of British colonial architecture with Indian elements, with many buildings reflecting the colonial era.
- Educational Institutions: The British established prestigious educational institutions in Shimla, such as Bishop Cotton School and St. Bede's College.
- Tourism: Shimla's history as the summer capital of British India has contributed to its popularity as a tourist destination, attracting visitors who are interested in its colonial past.
Overall, Shimla's selection as the summer capital of British India was based on its favorable climate, accessibility, scenic beauty, and health benefits. The legacy of British influence can still be seen in the city's architecture, institutions, and its status as a popular tourist destination.

'Hematite' and 'Magnetite' are the principal ores of which metal?
The principal ores of 'Hematite' and 'Magnetite' are related to the metal:
A: Iron
- Hematite and magnetite are two common iron ores found in nature.
- Both hematite and magnetite are oxides of iron.
- Hematite (Fe2O3) contains iron in its +3 oxidation state, while magnetite (Fe3O4) contains iron in both +2 and +3 oxidation states.
- These ores are widely mined for the extraction of iron metal.
- Iron is a versatile and widely used metal in various industries due to its strength, durability, and ability to be magnetized.
- It is used in the production of steel, which is essential for construction, transportation, and manufacturing.
- Iron is also used in the production of various tools, machinery, and appliances.
- The extraction of iron from hematite and magnetite involves processes such as crushing, grinding, magnetic separation, and smelting.
Therefore, the principal metal extracted from 'Hematite' and 'Magnetite' ores is Iron.

Ganymede, the largest natural satellite in the Solar System, is a natural satellite (moon) of which planet?

• Answer: B. Jupiter

Detailed

• Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System and is a natural satellite of the planet Jupiter.


• It was discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610, along with three other large moons of Jupiter known as the Galilean moons.


• Ganymede is even larger than the planet Mercury, making it the largest moon in the Solar System.


• It has a diameter of about 5,268 kilometers, which is larger than the dwarf planet Pluto.


• Ganymede is composed primarily of silicate rock and water ice.


• It has a thin atmosphere composed mainly of oxygen, with traces of other gases.


• Ganymede is known for its complex geology, with a mix of cratered terrain, grooved terrain, and regions with tectonic activity.


• The presence of water ice on Ganymede's surface suggests the possibility of a subsurface ocean, making it a potential habitat for life.

Therefore, the correct answer is B: Jupiter.

Princely State Annexed under Doctrine of Lapse
The princely state that was the first to be annexed to the British East India Company under the Doctrine of Lapse policy, devised by Lord Dalhousie, was Satara.
Explanation:
- The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy implemented by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.
- According to this policy, any Indian princely state that did not have a male heir would be annexed by the British East India Company.
- Satara was the first princely state to be annexed under this policy in 1848.
- The ruler of Satara, Pratap Singh, did not have a male heir, and therefore, the state was annexed to the British East India Company.
- This policy was highly controversial and led to the annexation of several other princely states, including Jhansi and Awadh, during Lord Dalhousie's tenure.
- The Doctrine of Lapse was seen as a way for the British to expand their control over Indian territories and weaken the power of the princely states.
Conclusion:
The first princely state to be annexed to the British East India Company under the Doctrine of Lapse policy was Satara. This policy, devised by Lord Dalhousie, aimed to annex princely states that did not have a male heir, thereby expanding British control over Indian territories.

Water Body Separating Africa from Europe: Strait of Gibraltar
The water body that separates Africa from Europe is the Strait of Gibraltar. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Location:
The Strait of Gibraltar is located between the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula (Europe) and the northwestern coast of Africa. It connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea.
2. Physical Characteristics:
- The strait is approximately 14.3 kilometers (8.9 miles) wide at its narrowest point.
- It has a maximum depth of around 900 meters (2,950 feet).
- The strait is known for its strong currents and variable winds.
3. Importance:
- The Strait of Gibraltar acts as a strategic chokepoint for maritime traffic between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
- It is a major shipping route for international trade, connecting the western Mediterranean with the rest of the world.
- The strait also serves as a natural boundary between the continents of Africa and Europe.
4. Historical Significance:
- The strait has played a significant role in the history of human migration and cultural exchange.
- It has been a gateway between Africa and Europe, facilitating the movement of people, goods, and ideas for centuries.
- The proximity of the strait has influenced the cultural, economic, and political dynamics of both regions.
In conclusion, the Strait of Gibraltar is the water body that separates Africa from Europe. It is an important and historically significant strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and serves as a natural boundary between the two continents.

The American President who defined democracy as 'government of the people, by the people, for the people' in his famous Gettysburg speech was Abraham Lincoln. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Introduction:
- The Gettysburg Address was a speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War.
- It was given at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
2. The Definition of Democracy:
- In his speech, Lincoln defined democracy as 'government of the people, by the people, for the people.'
- This concise and powerful statement expresses the idea that the government should exist to serve the people and be accountable to them.
3. Importance of the Gettysburg Address:
- The Gettysburg Address is considered one of the most famous speeches in American history.
- It emphasized the principles of equality and freedom that the United States was founded upon.
- Lincoln's words resonated with the nation and became a defining moment in American history.
4. Legacy of Abraham Lincoln:
- Abraham Lincoln is widely regarded as one of the greatest presidents in American history.
- He played a pivotal role in the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union during the Civil War.
- His leadership and commitment to democratic principles continue to inspire generations of Americans.
Therefore, it was Abraham Lincoln who, in his famous Gettysburg speech, defined democracy as 'government of the people, by the people, for the people.'

The popular name of Sodium Chloride is Common Salt.
Some key points to note about Sodium Chloride:
- Sodium Chloride is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl.
- It is commonly known as table salt or common salt.
- Sodium Chloride is a white crystalline solid with a characteristic salty taste.
- It is widely used as a seasoning and food preservative.
- Sodium Chloride is essential for maintaining the electrolyte balance in the body and is necessary for various bodily functions.
- It is also used in various industries such as chemical, pharmaceutical, and water treatment.
- Sodium Chloride is obtained from salt mines or by evaporating seawater.
- It has many other applications, including as a de-icer for roads and in the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
- Sodium Chloride has been used by humans for thousands of years and is one of the most commonly used and widely available minerals.
In conclusion, Sodium Chloride is commonly known as Common Salt due to its widespread use as a seasoning and food preservative.

Answer:
The national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate," has been taken from the Mundaka Upanishad. Here is a detailed explanation:
Upanishads:
- The Upanishads are ancient texts that form the basis of Hindu philosophy and spirituality.
- They are a collection of teachings and discussions between sages and students, exploring profound concepts of reality, consciousness, and the nature of the self.
Mundaka Upanishad:
- The Mundaka Upanishad is one of the important Upanishads, composed in Sanskrit.
- It is part of the Atharva Veda and consists of three chapters with various verses.
Meaning of "Satyameva Jayate":
- "Satyameva Jayate" is a Sanskrit phrase that translates to "Truth alone triumphs" in English.
- It signifies the importance of truth and righteousness in life, emphasizing that ultimately truth prevails over falsehood.
Connection to the Mundaka Upanishad:
- The phrase "Satyameva Jayate" is mentioned in the Mundaka Upanishad in the second chapter, which is known as the "Mundaka" or "Brahmananda Valli."
- In this chapter, the Upanishad discusses the nature of reality and the path to spiritual enlightenment.
- The verse containing the phrase "Satyameva Jayate" emphasizes the significance of truth and encourages individuals to follow the path of truth and righteousness.
Conclusion:
- The national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate," has been taken from the Mundaka Upanishad.
- This motto reflects the timeless wisdom of the Upanishads and the importance of truth in personal and societal life.

Answer:
The city of Jammu, the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir, is situated on the banks of the Tawi River.
Explanation:
The Tawi River is a major river in the region of Jammu and Kashmir. It originates from the Kali Kund glacier in the Doda district and flows through the city of Jammu before eventually joining the Chenab River.
The Tawi River is an important water source for the city of Jammu and its surrounding areas. It not only provides water for irrigation and domestic use but also adds to the scenic beauty of the region.
Key Points:
- The city of Jammu, the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir, is situated on the banks of the Tawi River.
- The Tawi River originates from the Kali Kund glacier in the Doda district.
- The river flows through the city of Jammu before joining the Chenab River.
- The Tawi River is an important water source for the city of Jammu and its surrounding areas.

Introduction:
Murlidhar Devidas, also known as Baba Amte, was a renowned social activist and the founder of the leprosy rehabilitation center 'Anandvan' in Maharashtra, India. He dedicated his life to serving the marginalized and advocating for their rights. Let us explore his contributions and achievements in detail.
Baba Amte's Life and Work:
- Born on December 26, 1914, in Maharashtra, Baba Amte was deeply influenced by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave.
- He started his career as a lawyer but soon realized his true calling to help the leprosy-affected individuals who were ostracized by society.
- In 1949, Baba Amte established the Anandwan ashram in the Warora district of Maharashtra.
- Anandwan aimed to provide rehabilitation and holistic support to people affected by leprosy and other disabilities.
- Baba Amte believed in the principles of self-sufficiency, and under his guidance, Anandwan became a self-sustaining community.
- The ashram provided medical care, vocational training, education, and employment opportunities to the residents.
- Baba Amte actively worked towards destigmatizing leprosy and promoting the inclusion of disabled individuals in society.
- He received several accolades for his remarkable work, including the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1985) and the Padma Vibhushan (2008).
Legacy and Impact:
- Baba Amte's dedication and relentless efforts in improving the lives of leprosy patients and the disabled have left an indelible mark on Indian society.
- He inspired numerous individuals to join the cause and work for the upliftment of marginalized communities.
- Anandwan continues to thrive and serve as a model for sustainable rehabilitation centers worldwide.
- Baba Amte's work has highlighted the importance of compassion, empathy, and social justice in creating an inclusive society.
Conclusion:
Murlidhar Devidas, popularly known as Baba Amte, was an exemplary social activist who founded the leprosy rehabilitation center 'Anandvan' in Maharashtra. His selfless dedication to the cause of helping the marginalized and destigmatizing leprosy has made a significant impact on Indian society. Baba Amte's legacy continues to inspire generations to work towards creating a more inclusive and compassionate world.

Sandrokottos: The Maurya Ruler Known to the Greeks
- The Maurya ruler known as "Sandrokottos" to the Greeks is Chandragupta Maurya.
Explanation:
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire and ruled from 322 BCE to 298 BCE. He is known for his military campaigns and the establishment of a centralized and powerful empire in ancient India. Here is a detailed explanation of his identification as "Sandrokottos" by the Greeks:
- Greek Accounts: The identification of Chandragupta Maurya as "Sandrokottos" comes from the accounts of Greek historians. The most prominent among them is Megasthenes, who served as a Greek ambassador to the Maurya court.
- Megasthenes' Account: Megasthenes wrote a book called "Indica," which provided valuable information about ancient India. In his account, Megasthenes referred to Chandragupta Maurya as "Sandrokottos."
- Trade Relations: The Greeks had trade relations with the Maurya Empire, and Chandragupta Maurya had diplomatic exchanges with Greek rulers. These interactions led to the Greeks adopting a Greek version of his name, which resulted in "Sandrokottos."
- Historical References: Apart from Megasthenes, other Greek historians such as Diodorus Siculus and Strabo also mentioned "Sandrokottos" in their works. These references further validate the identification of Chandragupta Maurya as "Sandrokottos."
- Importance: The Greek accounts of Chandragupta Maurya provide valuable insights into the political, cultural, and social aspects of ancient India. They contribute to our understanding of the Maurya Empire and its interactions with the Hellenistic world.
In conclusion, Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya Empire, is known as "Sandrokottos" to the Greeks. This identification is based on the accounts of Greek historians, including Megasthenes, who served as a Greek ambassador to the Maurya court. The Greek version of his name, "Sandrokottos," was used due to trade relations and diplomatic exchanges between the Maurya Empire and the Greek rulers.

The Internet Search Engine Company Co-founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998: Google
- Larry Page and Sergey Brin co-founded Google in 1998 as a research project when they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University.
- Initially, it was called "Backrub," but later they renamed it to "Google," inspired by the mathematical term "googol," which represents the number 1 followed by 100 zeros.
- Google started as a search engine that aimed to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful.
- The search engine used a unique algorithm called PageRank, which analyzed the number and quality of backlinks to determine the relevance and importance of webpages.
- Google quickly gained popularity due to its efficient search results and user-friendly interface.
- In 2000, Google introduced its advertising program, Google AdWords, which allowed businesses to display ads alongside search results.
- Over the years, Google expanded its services and products, including Gmail, Google Maps, Google Drive, YouTube, and Android.
- Today, Google is one of the leading technology companies globally, providing a wide range of products, services, and innovations.
- Larry Page served as the CEO of Google from its inception until 2011, and Sergey Brin served as the President of Alphabet Inc., Google's parent company, until 2019.

Autobiographies of Indian Cricketer:
- 'By God's Decree' is the autobiography of Kapil Dev.
- 'Cricket My Style' is the autobiography of Sunil Gavaskar.
- 'Straight from the Heart' is the autobiography of Ajit Wadekar.
Explanation:
- 'By God's Decree' is the autobiography of Kapil Dev, who is a former Indian cricketer and the captain of the Indian cricket team that won the 1983 Cricket World Cup.
- 'Cricket My Style' is the autobiography of Sunil Gavaskar, who is a former Indian cricketer and one of the greatest opening batsmen in the history of cricket.
- 'Straight from the Heart' is the autobiography of Ajit Wadekar, who was a former Indian cricketer and the captain of the Indian cricket team in the 1970s.
Conclusion:
- The autobiographies 'By God's Decree', 'Cricket My Style', and 'Straight from the Heart' are written by Indian cricketers Kapil Dev, Sunil Gavaskar, and Ajit Wadekar respectively.

Neil Armstrong's Moon Landing Site: Sea of Tranquility
- On July 21, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission.
- Armstrong set his foot on the Moon at a site known as the Sea of Tranquility.
- The Sea of Tranquility, also known as Mare Tranquillitatis, is a large area on the Moon's surface that appears smooth and flat.
- It is located on the northeastern part of the Moon's near side.
- The landing site was carefully chosen by NASA because it provided a relatively flat and safe area for the Apollo 11 spacecraft to touch down.
- The Sea of Tranquility is named after the feeling of calmness and serenity it evokes.
- It is one of the most famous locations on the Moon due to its association with the first human lunar landing.
- Armstrong and his fellow astronaut, Buzz Aldrin, spent about two and a half hours outside the Lunar Module, conducting experiments and collecting samples before returning to the spacecraft.
- The successful landing and moonwalk of Apollo 11 marked a significant milestone in human history and the advancement of space exploration.

The Acid That Is Not Kept in a Glass Container: Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrofluoric acid is a highly corrosive and toxic acid that is not stored in glass containers due to its ability to dissolve glass. This is because hydrofluoric acid reacts with the silicon dioxide (SiO2) present in glass, forming silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4), which is a gas. This reaction weakens the glass and can lead to its breakage or leakage.
Reasons for not keeping hydrofluoric acid in a glass container:
1. Corrosive nature: Hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns on contact with the skin. Storing it in a glass container can lead to the acid coming into contact with the user if the glass breaks or leaks.
2. Glass dissolution: Hydrofluoric acid reacts with the silicon dioxide in glass, dissolving it and weakening the container. Over time, this can lead to the glass container breaking or leaking, posing a safety hazard.
3. Toxic gas formation: The reaction between hydrofluoric acid and glass produces silicon tetrafluoride, which is a toxic gas. Storing hydrofluoric acid in a glass container can result in the release of this gas, which can be harmful to the environment and anyone nearby.
Alternative storage options for hydrofluoric acid:
1. Plastic containers: Hydrofluoric acid can be stored in containers made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene (PP), which are resistant to the corrosive nature of the acid.
2. Teflon containers: Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) containers are also suitable for storing hydrofluoric acid as Teflon has excellent resistance to corrosion from the acid.
3. Specialized acid storage containers: There are specific containers designed for storing corrosive acids, including hydrofluoric acid. These containers are made of materials that are resistant to the acid's corrosive properties, ensuring safe storage.
It is important to handle hydrofluoric acid with extreme caution and follow proper safety protocols when storing and using it due to its highly corrosive and toxic nature.

Which state is known as the 'Spice Garden of India'?

The state known as the 'Spice Garden of India' is Kerala.

Reasons why Kerala is known as the 'Spice Garden of India':

• Kerala is renowned for its rich and diverse spice cultivation.


• The state's tropical climate, abundant rainfall, and fertile soil provide favorable conditions for spice cultivation.


• Kerala's spice trade dates back to ancient times, and it has been a major center for spice production and export.


• The state is known for producing a wide variety of spices, including pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and turmeric.


• Spices are an integral part of Kerala's cuisine and culture, and they are used extensively in traditional dishes.


• Kerala's spice markets, such as the famous Mattancherry Spice Market in Kochi, attract tourists from around the world.


• The state's spice plantations, spread across the Western Ghats, offer visitors an opportunity to explore and learn about various spices.

Overall, Kerala's natural resources, climate, and historical significance in the spice trade make it deserving of the title 'Spice Garden of India'.

Which Marathi newspaper is the mouthpiece of Shiv Sena?


Answer: A. Saamna
Explanation:
- Saamna is the Marathi newspaper that is considered the mouthpiece of Shiv Sena, a regional political party in Maharashtra, India.
- Saamna was founded in 1988 by Balasaheb Thackeray, the founder of Shiv Sena, and it has been the party's official newspaper ever since.
- The newspaper is known for its bold and aggressive editorial stance, often reflecting the party's ideology and viewpoints.
- Saamna covers a wide range of topics including politics, social issues, and sports, and it has a significant influence on public opinion in Maharashtra.
- The newspaper is published daily and has a large readership in the state.
- Saamna has played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of Maharashtra and is highly regarded by Shiv Sena supporters.
Therefore, Saamna is the Marathi newspaper that serves as the mouthpiece of Shiv Sena.

The most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere is:
- Nitrogen

- Nitrogen constitutes about 78% by volume of the Earth's atmosphere.
- It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas.
- Nitrogen is a non-reactive gas and does not readily react with other substances.
- It is an essential element for life and is a key component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological molecules.
- Nitrogen is also used in various industrial processes, including the production of fertilizers, explosives, and electronics.
- It is obtained from the air through processes such as fractional distillation and cryogenic distillation.

Location of Koyna Hydroelectric Power Project:

• The Koyna Hydroelectric Power Project is located in the state of Maharashtra, India.


• It is situated over the Koyna River, which is a tributary of the Krishna River.

Answer:
The President of India nominates members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha. The number of members nominated is determined by the President based on the representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha. Currently, the Constitution provides for the nomination of two members from the Anglo-Indian community.
Key Points:
- The President of India nominates members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha.
- The number of members nominated is determined by the President.
- Currently, the Constitution provides for the nomination of two members from the Anglo-Indian community.

The Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) and its Builder
Introduction:
The Grand Trunk Road (GT Road) is one of the oldest and longest roads in South Asia, spanning over 2,500 kilometers. It connects the cities of Peshawar in Pakistan to Sonargaon in Bangladesh. Constructed centuries ago, it has played a significant role in trade, transportation, and cultural exchange throughout history.
The Builder of the Grand Trunk Road:
The GT Road was built by Sher Shah Suri, making option C the correct answer. Sher Shah Suri was the founder of the Sur Empire in northern India during the 16th century. He ruled from 1540 to 1545 and is known for his administrative reforms and infrastructure development projects.
Significance of the Grand Trunk Road:
The construction of the GT Road was a monumental achievement in terms of infrastructure development during that era. Here are some key points highlighting the significance of the Grand Trunk Road:
- Trade and Commerce: The road served as a major trade route, facilitating the movement of goods between different regions. It played a crucial role in promoting economic activities and cultural exchange along its route.
- Military and Strategic Importance: The GT Road provided a strategic advantage for rulers to maintain control over their vast territories. It allowed for the efficient movement of troops and supplies during times of conflict.
- Cultural Exchange: The road served as a conduit for cultural exchange, connecting diverse regions and allowing for the spread of ideas, languages, and traditions. It contributed to the multicultural fabric of the Indian subcontinent.
- Historical Landmarks: Over the centuries, numerous historical landmarks, including forts, palaces, and monuments, were built along the GT Road. These landmarks are a testament to the rich history and architectural heritage of the regions it traverses.
- Symbol of Unity: The GT Road has played a unifying role, connecting different provinces, cities, and communities. It has acted as a symbol of national integration and cultural diversity.
Conclusion:
The Grand Trunk Road, spanning from Peshawar in Pakistan to Sonargaon in Bangladesh, was built by Sher Shah Suri. This ancient road holds great historical and cultural significance, serving as a trade route, military artery, and promoter of cultural exchange. Its construction by Sher Shah Suri is a testament to the vision and engineering prowess of this influential ruler.

The American swimmer who created history by winning 8 gold medals in the Beijing Olympic 2008 is Michael Phelps.
Explanation:

• Michael Phelps is widely regarded as one of the greatest swimmers of all time. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he had an extraordinary performance, winning a total of 8 gold medals.


• This achievement broke the previous record set by Mark Spitz in 1972, where he won 7 gold medals in a single Olympic Games.


• Phelps won gold in the following events: 400m individual medley, 4x100m freestyle relay, 200m freestyle, 200m butterfly, 4x200m freestyle relay, 200m individual medley, 100m butterfly, and 4x100m medley relay.


• This incredible feat showcased Phelps' exceptional talent, dedication, and dominance in the sport of swimming.


• Phelps continued his success in the subsequent Olympic Games, eventually earning a total of 23 gold medals throughout his career.

In conclusion, Michael Phelps made history by winning 8 gold medals in the Beijing Olympic 2008, surpassing the previous record and solidifying his status as one of the greatest athletes in Olympic history.

Battle of Talikota (1565)
The battle of Talikota, which took place in 1565, resulted in the disintegration of the Vijayanagar Empire of South India. Here is a detailed explanation of the battle and its consequences:
Background:
- The Vijayanagar Empire was a powerful Hindu kingdom that ruled over South India from the 14th to the 17th century.
- It had successfully resisted invasions from the Delhi Sultanate and other neighboring kingdoms, establishing itself as a major power in the region.
- However, internal conflicts and external pressures weakened the empire over time.
Causes of the Battle:
- The rise of the Bahmani Sultanate, a Muslim kingdom in the Deccan region, posed a significant threat to the Vijayanagar Empire.
- The Bahmani Sultanate was supported by other Muslim kingdoms in the region, and they aimed to expand their territories at the expense of the Vijayanagar Empire.
- The empire was also plagued by internal divisions and power struggles, leading to a weakened state.
The Battle:
- The Battle of Talikota was fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and an alliance of Deccan Sultanates led by the Sultanates of Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golconda.
- The Vijayanagar forces, led by Rama Raya, were initially successful in repelling the enemy attacks.
- However, a betrayal within the Vijayanagar ranks led to a disastrous defeat.
- The Sultanates managed to capture and kill Rama Raya, causing a collapse in the Vijayanagar defense.
Consequences:
- The defeat at Talikota was a severe blow to the Vijayanagar Empire, leading to its disintegration.
- The victorious Sultanates looted and destroyed the capital city of Vijayanagar, Hampi, reducing it to ruins.
- The empire was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the power of the Vijayanagar dynasty was significantly diminished.
- The battle marked a turning point in South Indian history, with Muslim powers gaining dominance in the region.
Therefore, it was the Battle of Talikota in 1565 that led to the disintegration of the Vijayanagar Empire of South India.

Indian Institute of Pulses Research Location
The Indian Institute of Pulses Research is located in the city of Kanpur.
Explanation:
- The Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR) is a premier national research institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
- It is dedicated to the research and development of pulses, which are an important source of protein and nutrients in the Indian diet.
- The institute is located in Kanpur, a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Kanpur is known for its industrial and educational institutions, and it is well-connected by road, rail, and air transport.
- The Indian Institute of Pulses Research conducts research on various aspects of pulses, including breeding, cultivation techniques, disease management, and post-harvest processing.
- The institute also provides training and extension services to farmers and stakeholders in the pulses sector.
- Kanpur, with its favorable climate and agricultural resources, is an ideal location for the institute to carry out its research and development activities.
- The Indian Institute of Pulses Research plays a crucial role in enhancing the productivity and quality of pulses in India, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability.
Therefore, the Indian Institute of Pulses Research is located in the city of Kanpur.

PINAKA: THE MULTI BARREL ROCKET LAUNCHER
The Pinaka is a multi barrel rocket launcher system that is produced in India. It is a highly effective weapon used by the Indian Armed Forces. The name "Pinaka" is derived from Hindu mythology and is associated with a specific Hindu god's bow. Let's explore which Hindu god's bow the Pinaka is named after.
THE NAME "PINAKA"
The Pinaka rocket launcher system is named after the bow of Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism. In Hindu mythology, Lord Shiva is often depicted carrying a bow called "Pinaka". This bow is said to be extremely powerful and capable of causing great destruction.
SIGNIFICANCE OF LORD SHIVA'S BOW
The name "Pinaka" holds great significance in Hindu mythology and symbolizes the power and strength of Lord Shiva. The bow is believed to represent Lord Shiva's ability to destroy evil forces and restore balance in the universe. It is a weapon of immense power and is often associated with Lord Shiva's role as the destroyer and transformer.
INDIAN DEFENSE INDUSTRY
The Indian defense industry has a rich history of naming its weapons and systems after mythological and historical references. The choice to name the multi barrel rocket launcher system as "Pinaka" reflects the cultural and religious significance of Lord Shiva in Indian society.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Pinaka multi barrel rocket launcher system produced in India is named after Lord Shiva's bow, which holds great importance in Hindu mythology. The name "Pinaka" symbolizes power, destruction, and the ability to restore balance, all of which are integral to Lord Shiva's character.

The pH scale is used to measure the Acid or Alkali (Base) content of a substance.
Explanation:
The pH scale is a measurement system used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. It measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. The scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Key points:
- The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each unit represents a tenfold difference in acidity or alkalinity.
- Values below 7 indicate acidity, with lower numbers indicating stronger acidity.
- Values above 7 indicate alkalinity, with higher numbers indicating stronger alkalinity.
- The scale is based on a mathematical formula using the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
- The pH scale is important in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science as it helps determine the suitability of substances for specific purposes.
- pH testing is commonly done using pH strips, pH meters, or indicators.
- Some common substances and their pH values include lemon juice (pH 2), pure water (pH 7), and bleach (pH 12).
- The pH scale is crucial for maintaining the balance in chemical reactions, biological processes, and environmental conditions.

Disease caused by severe Mercury poisoning:
The disease caused by severe Mercury poisoning, named after a Japanese city where it was first observed, is called Minamata disease.
Explanation:
Minamata disease is a neurological disorder caused by the ingestion of seafood contaminated with methylmercury. It was first identified in Minamata, a city in Japan, in the 1950s and 1960s. The disease is a result of industrial pollution that released mercury compounds into the environment, contaminating the water bodies.
Key points:
- Minamata disease is caused by severe Mercury poisoning.
- The disease was first observed in the city of Minamata, Japan.
- It is a neurological disorder.
- Ingestion of seafood contaminated with methylmercury is the primary cause.
- Industrial pollution released mercury compounds into the environment, contaminating water bodies.
- Minamata disease has various symptoms, including neurological impairments, muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and cognitive dysfunction.
- The severity of the symptoms can vary depending on the level and duration of mercury exposure.
- Efforts have been made to reduce mercury pollution and prevent Minamata disease through regulations and awareness campaigns.

First Indian to be elected a Fellow of Royal Society (FRS)

• Answer: B - Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia

Explanation:

Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia was the first Indian to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).

• He was elected as a Fellow in the year 1841.


• Wadia was a prominent Parsi merchant and philanthropist from Bombay (now Mumbai), India.


• He was known for his contributions to the fields of marine engineering and shipbuilding.


• Wadia played a significant role in the development of the Indian shipbuilding industry.


• His election as a Fellow of the Royal Society was a recognition of his scientific and technical contributions.

Therefore, Ardaseer Cursetjee Wadia holds the distinction of being the first Indian to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).

Answer:
The crop that is not a Kharif crop among the given options is Mustard (option A).
Explanation:
Kharif crops are crops that are sown in the monsoon season and harvested in the winter season. They require warm and wet weather conditions to grow properly. On the other hand, Rabi crops are sown in the winter season and harvested in the summer season.
Kharif crops:
- Sugarcane (option B): Sugarcane is a Kharif crop that requires warm and moist weather conditions for its growth.
- Groundnut (option C): Groundnut is a Kharif crop that grows well in warm and rainy weather conditions.
- Maize (option D): Maize is a Kharif crop that is sown during the monsoon season and harvested in the winter season.
Non-Kharif crop:
- Mustard (option A): Mustard is a Rabi crop that is sown in the winter season and harvested in the summer season. It requires cool and dry weather conditions for its growth.
Therefore, among the given options, Mustard is not a Kharif crop.

Monument built by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah

• Charminar, Hyderabad was built by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591.


• It was constructed to commemorate the end of the plague in his capital.


• Charminar is a symbolic representation of the city of Hyderabad and has become an iconic landmark.


• It is a square-shaped monument with four minarets and arches on each side.


• The structure is made of granite and lime mortar, and it stands at a height of approximately 56 meters.


• The minarets offer a panoramic view of the city.


• Inspired by Persian and Indian architectural styles, Charminar is a fine example of Indo-Islamic architecture.


• The monument is known for its intricate carvings, stucco work, and decorative motifs.


• Charminar is surrounded by a bustling market, known as Laad Bazaar, famous for its pearl and bangle shops.

Conclusion: The monument built by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 to commemorate the end of the plague in his capital is the Charminar in Hyderabad.