Knowledge Package - 25 - SSC CHSL MCQ

The only woman ruler of Delhi was Razia Sultan.
- Razia Sultan was the first and only woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate.
- She ascended to the throne in 1236 after the death of her father, Sultan Iltutmish.
- Razia Sultan was known for her intelligence, courage, and administrative skills.
- During her reign, she implemented various reforms and policies to strengthen the empire.
- She appointed capable officials based on merit, regardless of their religion or background.
- Razia Sultan was also known for her military leadership and successfully defended her empire against external threats.
- However, her rule faced opposition from conservative elements within the nobility who were not accepting of a female ruler.
- After a turbulent reign of around four years, Razia Sultan was eventually overthrown and killed in 1240.
- Despite the challenges she faced, Razia Sultan remains a significant figure in Indian history as a pioneering female ruler.

Oscar award-winning lyricist Sampooran Singh Kalra, also known as Gulzar
- Sampooran Singh Kalra is better known by his pen name Gulzar.
- He is an Indian lyricist, poet, and film director.
- Gulzar has written lyrics for several Bollywood films and has won numerous awards for his work.
- He won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the song "Jai Ho" from the film "Slumdog Millionaire" in 2009.
- Gulzar has also been honored with several National Film Awards, Filmfare Awards, and Grammy Awards.
- He is known for his poetic and soulful lyrics, which often convey deep emotions and social messages.
- Gulzar has collaborated with many renowned composers and singers in the Indian film industry.
- Apart from his work in the film industry, Gulzar has published several collections of poetry and has written books for children.
- His contributions to Indian cinema and literature have made him one of the most respected and celebrated artists in the country.

Lord Mahavira's Attainment of Nirvana
Introduction:
Lord Mahavira was the last of the 24 tirthankars in the Jain tradition. He was a spiritual teacher and a key figure in Jainism. He made significant contributions to the philosophy and teachings of Jainism.
Location of Lord Mahavira's Nirvana:
Lord Mahavira attained Nirvana in Pawapuri, Bihar.
Details:
Here are some key points about Lord Mahavira's attainment of Nirvana in Pawapuri, Bihar:
- Pawapuri is a small town located in the Nalanda district of Bihar, India.
- It is believed to be the place where Lord Mahavira breathed his last and attained Nirvana.
- Nirvana is the ultimate goal in Jainism, representing the liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death.
- Lord Mahavira attained Nirvana on the day of Diwali, which is celebrated as Kartik Purnima in Jainism.
- Pawapuri is also known as Apapuri, which means "sinless town." It is considered a sacred place for Jains.
- The Jal Mandir (Water Temple) in Pawapuri is built on a lotus pond, where Lord Mahavira is believed to have attained Nirvana.
- The temple is surrounded by a white marble corridor and is adorned with beautiful carvings and sculptures.
- Devotees from all over the world visit Pawapuri to pay their respects to Lord Mahavira and seek spiritual solace.
Conclusion:
Lord Mahavira, the last of the 24 tirthankars in Jain tradition, attained Nirvana in Pawapuri, Bihar. This small town holds great significance for Jains and is considered a sacred place. The Jal Mandir in Pawapuri is a popular pilgrimage site, attracting devotees from far and wide.

Abhinav Bharat Society:
- The Abhinav Bharat Society was founded in 1904 by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, also known as Veer Savarkar.
- It was a secret revolutionary society that aimed to overthrow British rule in India and establish a free and independent nation.
- The society played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was known for its radical ideas and activities.
- Savarkar believed in the use of armed resistance and terrorism as means to achieve independence.
- The society sought to unite young revolutionaries and train them in guerrilla warfare and nationalist ideologies.
- It advocated for the use of violence against the British government and was involved in various acts of rebellion and sabotage.
- The society promoted Hindu nationalism and aimed to create a Hindu rashtra (nation) in India.
- Savarkar's ideas and the activities of the Abhinav Bharat Society had a profound influence on later revolutionary movements in India.
- Veer Savarkar himself became one of the prominent leaders of the Hindu nationalist movement and played a crucial role in shaping India's political landscape.

Headquarters of International Olympic Committee (IOC)
The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Viceroy Assassination in 1872:
Background:
- The Andaman Islands were under British control during the 19th century.
- The islands served as a penal colony for convicts during this period.
Assassination:
- In 1872, Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, was assassinated at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands.
- Lord Mayo had visited the islands to inspect the penal colony and explore the potential for economic development.
- On February 8, 1872, Mayo decided to go for a walk on the beach accompanied by his private secretary, a few officers, and convicts serving as guards.
- One of the convicts, Sher Ali, suddenly attacked Lord Mayo with a knife, fatally wounding him.
- The Viceroy was rushed back to the ship, but unfortunately, he succumbed to his injuries and died on board.
Aftermath:
- The assassin, Sher Ali, was captured and later executed.
- The incident had a significant impact on British policies in the Andaman Islands.
- The penal colony was eventually closed, and the focus shifted towards establishing a proper administration and developing the islands' resources.
- Lord Mayo's assassination served as a turning point in the history of the Andaman Islands.
Overall, Lord Mayo's assassination in 1872 at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands marked a tragic event during the British colonial era in India.

Greenland is a part of Denmark

• Greenland, the largest island in the world, is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark.


• While Greenland has its own government and controls most of its domestic affairs, Denmark handles its foreign policy, defense, and monetary matters.


• Greenland's relationship with Denmark is based on the 1953 Danish Constitution, which granted Greenland self-governance and limited autonomy.


• The official language of Greenland is Greenlandic, but Danish is also widely spoken.


• Greenland's economy is heavily dependent on fishing, mineral resources, and tourism.


• The island is known for its stunning natural landscapes, including glaciers, fjords, and the Northern Lights.


• Greenland is sparsely populated, with the majority of its population residing in the capital city of Nuuk.


• The indigenous Inuit people make up a significant portion of the population and have their own distinct culture and traditions.


• Greenland is also a popular destination for adventure tourism, attracting visitors who are interested in activities such as hiking, kayaking, and wildlife watching.

In conclusion, Greenland is a part of Denmark and enjoys a certain level of autonomy within the Kingdom.

Who created the first cloned sheep Dolly?
The first cloned sheep, Dolly, was created by Ian Wilmut.
Explanation:
- Ian Wilmut, a British embryologist, led the team of researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland who created Dolly the sheep.
- Dolly was born on July 5, 1996, and was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.
- The process involved taking a mammary gland cell from a Finn Dorset sheep and transferring its nucleus to an egg cell from a Scottish Blackface ewe.
- The egg cell was then stimulated to divide and develop into an embryo, which was then implanted into a surrogate mother sheep.
- Dolly's creation marked a significant breakthrough in the field of cloning and opened up possibilities for cloning other animals.
- The success of Dolly's cloning raised ethical concerns and sparked debates about the implications of cloning technology.
- Dolly lived a relatively normal life but developed health issues later in life and was euthanized on February 14, 2003, due to a progressive lung disease.
- Ian Wilmut's work on cloning has contributed to advancements in cloning technology and has paved the way for further research in the field.

The Gateway to Jaffna: Elephant Pass
Elephant Pass is referred to as the "Gateway to Jaffna" as it is the main land route connecting the Sri Lankan mainland with the Jaffna Peninsula. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Location: Elephant Pass is located in the northern part of Sri Lanka, specifically in the Mannar District.
2. Importance: Elephant Pass holds significant strategic importance as it is the only land route connecting the Jaffna Peninsula with the rest of Sri Lanka.
3. Historical Significance: During the Sri Lankan Civil War, Elephant Pass was a major military stronghold. It was fiercely contested between the Sri Lankan Army and the Tamil Tigers (LTTE). The control of Elephant Pass determined access to the Jaffna Peninsula.
4. Transportation: Elephant Pass is crossed by the A32 highway, which connects the cities of Jaffna and Mannar. This road is vital for the movement of people, goods, and services between the mainland and the Jaffna Peninsula.
5. Landmark: Elephant Pass is named after the Elephant Pass Lagoon, which is situated nearby. The lagoon is home to diverse wildlife, including elephants, hence the name.
Overall, Elephant Pass serves as a crucial passageway to Jaffna, facilitating economic, social, and cultural exchanges between the mainland and the Jaffna Peninsula.

Second Cricketer to Receive the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

• After Sachin Tendulkar, the second cricketer to receive the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award is Mahendra Singh Dhoni.

Mahendra Singh Dhoni, also known as MS Dhoni, is a former Indian cricketer and captain of the Indian national cricket team. He is regarded as one of the greatest wicket-keeper batsmen in the history of cricket.

About the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

• The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award is the highest sporting honor in India, given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.


• It was instituted in the year 1991-92 to recognize outstanding achievements in sports by individuals or teams.


• The award is named after Rajiv Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India.


• It is presented annually on National Sports Day, which is celebrated on 29th August.

Mahendra Singh Dhoni received the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in the year 2007 for his exceptional performance and leadership in cricket.

Other Cricketers who have received the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

• Sachin Tendulkar: Sachin Tendulkar, also known as the "Master Blaster," was the first cricketer to receive the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in the year 1997-98.


• Virat Kohli: Virat Kohli, the current captain of the Indian cricket team, received the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in the year 2018.

The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award recognizes the outstanding contributions of cricketers and other athletes in promoting sports and bringing glory to the nation.

Headquarters of Central Railway
The headquarters of Central Railway is located in Mumbai.
Explanation
Central Railway is one of the 18 railway zones in India. It is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Here are some key points about the headquarters of Central Railway:
- Location: The headquarters of Central Railway is situated in Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly known as Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai.
- Importance: As the headquarters of Central Railway, it serves as the administrative center for the railway zone. It is responsible for the overall management and coordination of railway operations within its jurisdiction.
- Jurisdiction: Central Railway covers a large part of the Indian states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and parts of North-East Karnataka. It operates train services on various routes within this region.
- Infrastructure: The headquarters at Mumbai houses various departments and divisions, including the General Manager's office, Engineering, Operations, Commercial, Personnel, Finance, and other supporting departments.
- Historical Significance: Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, where the headquarters is located, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a magnificent Victorian Gothic-style building that serves as both a railway station and the administrative center of Central Railway.
In conclusion, the headquarters of Central Railway is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It plays a crucial role in managing and coordinating railway operations within its jurisdiction, covering parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and North-East Karnataka.

First Indian Governor-General of independent India:
- The first Indian Governor-General of independent India was C. Rajagopalachari.
- He served as the Governor-General from June 1948 to January 1950.
- Rajagopalachari was a prominent Indian politician and independence activist.
- He was also known as Rajaji and played a key role in the Indian independence movement.
- Rajagopalachari was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and served as the Premier of the Madras Presidency during the British rule.
- After India gained independence, he was appointed as the Governor-General by the ruling Congress party.
- Rajagopalachari was responsible for the integration of the princely state of Travancore into the Indian Union.
- He advocated for the decentralization of political power and supported the idea of a village-based economy.
- Rajagopalachari was succeeded by Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the first President of India after the country became a republic in 1950.
- His tenure as the Governor-General was marked by his efforts to bridge the gap between Hindus and Muslims and promote religious harmony in the country.
Overall, C. Rajagopalachari played a significant role in shaping the early years of independent India as the first Indian Governor-General.

The four daylong harvest festival of Tamilnadu is called Pongal. The festival is celebrated in the month of January and is dedicated to the Sun God. Each day of the festival has its own significance and rituals. Here is a detailed explanation of each day:
1. 'Bhogi':
- It is the first day of the Pongal festival.
- On this day, people clean their houses and get rid of old and unused items.
- A bonfire is lit to burn the old belongings, symbolizing the removal of negativity and welcoming new beginnings.
2. 'Surya':
- Also known as Thai Pongal, it is the second day of the festival.
- People wake up early and offer a special dish called 'Pongal' to the Sun God.
- The dish is made by boiling newly harvested rice, jaggery, and milk together in a clay pot.
- It is believed that offering Pongal to the Sun God brings prosperity and good fortune.
3. 'Mattu':
- This is the third day of Pongal.
- It is dedicated to the worship of cows and other livestock, as they play a vital role in agriculture.
- Cows are decorated with colorful accessories and worshipped.
- There are also bull-taming events and traditional games associated with this day.
4. 'Kanum':
- Kanum means 'to visit' in Tamil.
- It is the fourth and final day of Pongal.
- On this day, people visit their relatives and friends to strengthen their bond.
- It is also a day for outdoor activities like picnics and outings.
Pongal is a time of joy and celebration, where people come together to express gratitude for the bountiful harvest and pray for a prosperous year ahead. The festival showcases the rich cultural heritage of Tamilnadu and the importance of agriculture in the lives of its people.

The answer is: Orissa
Explanation:
The Wheeler Island is located in the state of Orissa in India. It serves as the site for India's missile testing facility, Integrated Test Range (ITR). Here are some key points about Wheeler Island and its significance:
- Location: Wheeler Island is situated off the coast of Orissa in the Bay of Bengal. It is approximately 150 km northeast of Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa.
- Integrated Test Range (ITR): The Wheeler Island is home to the Integrated Test Range (ITR), which is a premier missile testing facility of India. It is managed by the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO).
- Missile Testing: The ITR at Wheeler Island is primarily used for conducting missile tests and trials. It provides a controlled environment for evaluating the performance, accuracy, and effectiveness of various types of missiles developed by India.
- Strategic Importance: The Wheeler Island's location in the Bay of Bengal offers strategic advantages for conducting missile tests. Its isolated and uninhabited nature ensures the safety of nearby civilian populations while allowing for comprehensive testing of missiles.
- Notable Tests: Over the years, Wheeler Island has witnessed several significant missile tests, including the successful launch of the Agni series of ballistic missiles, Prithvi missiles, and various other strategic and tactical missiles.
In conclusion, Wheeler Island, located in the state of Orissa, serves as India's missile testing facility, Integrated Test Range (ITR). It plays a vital role in the development and evaluation of various types of missiles in India's defense system.

The President of India addresses his resignation to the Vice President of India. Here is a detailed explanation of why:
1. Role of the President: The President of India is the head of state and the first citizen of the country. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament and state legislatures.
2. Resignation process: If the President wishes to resign from his position, he must address his resignation letter to the Vice President. This is in accordance with Article 56(1) of the Indian Constitution, which states that the President shall hold office until his successor assumes office.
3. Vice President's role: The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country. In the event of a President's resignation, the Vice President assumes the responsibilities of the President until a new President is elected.
4. Presidential succession: Once the President's resignation is received by the Vice President, the Vice President becomes the Acting President until a new President is elected. The Vice President then discharges all the duties and functions of the President until the new President assumes office.
In conclusion, the President of India addresses his resignation to the Vice President, who then assumes the responsibilities of the President until a new President is elected.

Country with territory in both Europe and Asia:
- Turkey
Explanation:
- Turkey is the country that lies in both Europe and Asia continents. It is known as a transcontinental country.
- The majority of Turkey's land area lies in the Asian continent, while a smaller portion occupies the southeastern part of Europe.
- The European part of Turkey is called Eastern Thrace, and it is separated from the Asian part by the Bosphorus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles Strait.
- Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey, is located partly in Europe and partly in Asia, with the Bosphorus Strait dividing the city into the European and Asian sides.
- The Asian part of Turkey is much larger in terms of land area and population compared to its European counterpart.
- Turkey's unique geographical location has given it cultural influences from both Europe and Asia, making it a fascinating blend of Eastern and Western traditions.
Conclusion:
- The country whose territory lies in both Europe and Asia continents is Turkey.

Wharton School Dean's Medal

• In 1998, the first Indian ever to be awarded the Wharton School Dean's Medal was Dhirubhai Ambani.

About Dhirubhai Ambani

• Dhirubhai Ambani was an Indian business tycoon and founder of Reliance Industries.


• He played a major role in shaping India's private sector and is considered one of the greatest entrepreneurs in Indian history.


• He revolutionized the Indian textile industry and expanded his business to various sectors, including petrochemicals, refining, and telecommunications.

The Wharton School Dean's Medal

• The Wharton School Dean's Medal is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the business world and society.


• It is one of the highest honors bestowed by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.


• The medal recognizes exceptional leadership, entrepreneurial spirit, and innovation.

Significance of Dhirubhai Ambani's Award

• Dhirubhai Ambani's recognition as the first Indian recipient of the Wharton School Dean's Medal highlights his remarkable achievements and contributions to the business world.


• It showcases his entrepreneurial vision, determination, and success in building a global conglomerate.


• The award also reflects India's growing prominence in the global business landscape.

Legacy of Dhirubhai Ambani

• Dhirubhai Ambani's legacy continues to inspire future generations of entrepreneurs in India and beyond.


• His entrepreneurial journey and success story serve as a testament to the power of vision, hard work, and perseverance.


• Today, Reliance Industries, founded by Dhirubhai Ambani, is one of the largest and most valuable companies in India.

In conclusion, Dhirubhai Ambani became the first Indian to be awarded the Wharton School Dean's Medal in 1998. His achievements and contributions to the business world have left a lasting impact and serve as an inspiration for aspiring entrepreneurs.

Who is known as the 'Father of Medicine'?
The answer is Hippocrates.
Explanation:
Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, is widely known as the "Father of Medicine" due to his significant contributions to the field. Here are some key points about Hippocrates and his influence:
1. Historical Significance:
- Hippocrates lived during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of medicine.
- He founded the Hippocratic School of Medicine, which laid the foundation for Western medicine and influenced medical practice for centuries.
2. Hippocratic Oath:
- One of Hippocrates' most famous contributions is the Hippocratic Oath, an ethical code for physicians that emphasizes patient care, confidentiality, and professional conduct.
- The Hippocratic Oath is still recited by medical graduates today, highlighting the enduring impact of his teachings.
3. Medical Treatises:
- Hippocrates wrote numerous medical treatises, known collectively as the Corpus Hippocraticum.
- These writings cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, treatment, surgery, and ethics, and provided a systematic approach to medicine.
4. Approach to Medicine:
- Hippocrates believed in a holistic approach to medicine, focusing on observing and understanding the patient's symptoms and natural healing processes.
- He emphasized the importance of diet, exercise, and maintaining a balanced lifestyle for overall well-being.
5. Observational Approach:
- Hippocrates introduced the concept of clinical observation, emphasizing the need for physicians to carefully observe patients' symptoms and record detailed case histories.
- This approach laid the groundwork for evidence-based medicine and the scientific method in healthcare.
Conclusion:
Hippocrates, with his significant contributions to medical practice, ethics, and knowledge, earned the title of the "Father of Medicine." His teachings and principles continue to influence modern medicine, making him a highly respected figure in the field.

Razmnama - The Persian Translation of Indian Epic

The Answer: B. Mahabharata
Explanation:
- The Persian translation of the Indian epic is called "Razmnama".
- The Razmnama is a Persian translation of the Mahabharata, one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India.
- "Razmnama" literally translates to "Book of War" in Persian.
- The translation was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great in the 16th century.
- The Persian translation was done by several Persian scholars under the supervision of Abu'l Fazl, one of the most important ministers in Akbar's court.
- The Razmnama contains the stories and narratives of the Mahabharata, but with certain adaptations and additions to suit the Persian literary and cultural context.
- The Persian translation played a significant role in introducing the Mahabharata and its characters to Persian-speaking audiences.
- The Razmnama also includes beautiful illustrations depicting the scenes and characters from the Mahabharata.
- Today, the Razmnama is considered a valuable cultural and literary artifact that reflects the cross-cultural exchange between India and Persia during the Mughal period.

The second most spoken language in India after Hindi is Bengali.
Explanation:
- India is a linguistically diverse country with many regional languages spoken across different states.
- While Hindi is the most widely spoken language in India, Bengali is the second most spoken language.
- Bengali is primarily spoken in the state of West Bengal and also in the neighboring country of Bangladesh.
- It is estimated that around 9.7% of the Indian population speaks Bengali, making it a significant language in terms of speakers.
- Bengali is an Indo-Aryan language and has its own unique script called the Bengali script.
- It is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and has been recognized as an official language in the state of West Bengal.
- Bengali has a rich literary tradition, with many renowned poets, writers, and intellectuals contributing to its literature.
- The language has also made significant contributions to the fields of music, art, and cinema.
In conclusion, the second most spoken language in India after Hindi is Bengali.

Area of the Largest Country

• Introduction: Determining the largest country based on area


• Comparison: Comparing the areas of Russia, Canada, China, and the United States of America


• Analysis: Analyzing the area of each country


• Conclusion: Identifying the largest country based on area

Introduction:
Determining the largest country based on area is a common question in geography. In this case, we will compare the areas of Russia, Canada, China, and the United States of America to identify which country is the largest.
Comparison:
To determine the largest country based on area, we will compare the following countries:

• Russia


• Canada


• China


• United States of America

Analysis:
Now let's analyze the area of each country:

• Russia: Russia is the largest country in the world, covering an area of approximately 17.1 million square kilometers.


• Canada: Canada is the second-largest country in the world, with an area of around 9.98 million square kilometers.


• China: China is the third-largest country, covering an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers.


• United States of America: The United States of America is the fourth-largest country, with an area of approximately 9.5 million square kilometers.

Conclusion:
Based on the analysis above, we can conclude that Russia is the largest country among the options given, with an area of approximately 17.1 million square kilometers.

First Woman to Receive Bharat Ratna
The first woman to receive the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was Indira Gandhi. Here are the details:
About Bharat Ratna:
- Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award in India.
- It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service or performance of the highest order in any field.
- The award was established in 1954 and is conferred by the President of India.
Indira Gandhi:
- Indira Gandhi was the first and, so far, the only woman to have served as the Prime Minister of India.
- She held the position from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984.
- Indira Gandhi played a significant role in shaping India's political landscape.
- She implemented various policies and programs, including the nationalization of banks and the Green Revolution.
- Her leadership during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.
- In recognition of her contributions, Indira Gandhi was honored with the Bharat Ratna in 1971.
Other Options:
- Mother Teresa, a renowned humanitarian and founder of the Missionaries of Charity, received the Bharat Ratna in 1980.
- Aruna Asaf Ali, an Indian independence activist, was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1997.
- M.S. Subbulakshmi, a Carnatic vocalist, was honored with the Bharat Ratna in 1998.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Indira Gandhi.

Explanation:
The element whose atoms have no neutron is Hydrogen.
Reasoning:
- An atom is composed of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
- The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number and the element it belongs to.
- Neutrons help stabilize the nucleus of an atom and contribute to its mass.
- Most elements have neutrons in their atoms, except for Hydrogen.
- Hydrogen is the simplest element, with only one proton and one electron in its atomic structure.
- Since hydrogen has no neutrons, its atomic mass is equal to its atomic number, which is 1.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
D: Hydrogen

Challenger Deep, the Deepest Point in the Oceans
The Challenger Deep is a part of the Mariana Trench and is known as the deepest point in the oceans. It was named after the British ship Challenger II, which first surveyed it in 1951. To answer the question, we need to determine in which ocean the Challenger Deep is located. The answer is the Pacific Ocean.
Explanation
- The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean.
- The Challenger Deep is the lowest point in the Mariana Trench and is estimated to be around 36,070 feet (10,994 meters) deep.
- The Mariana Trench stretches for approximately 1,550 miles (2,500 kilometers) and is known for its extreme depth.
- The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean on Earth, covering about one-third of the planet's surface.
- The trench is situated near the Mariana Islands, which are in the western part of the Pacific Ocean.
- The Challenger II, a British survey ship, conducted the first detailed survey of the Challenger Deep in 1951, leading to its naming in honor of the ship.
Therefore, the Challenger Deep is located in the Pacific Ocean.

In 1922, Chittarajnan Das and Motilal Nehru founded the Swaraj Party.



The Swaraj Party was a political party in India that aimed to achieve self-government or Swaraj. Here are some key points about the Swaraj Party:




1. Formation:
- The Swaraj Party was formed in 1922 by Chittarajnan Das and Motilal Nehru.
- The party was established after a split within the Indian National Congress.




2. Objective:
- The main objective of the Swaraj Party was to fight for self-government and to oppose the British Raj in India.
- The party aimed to bring about constitutional reforms and push for the attainment of Swaraj.




3. Participation in Elections:
- The Swaraj Party participated in the elections to the Legislative Councils established under the Government of India Act, 1919.
- They aimed to use these platforms to voice their demands for self-government and to work towards achieving their objectives.




4. Role and Influence:
- The Swaraj Party played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- They used their presence in the Legislative Councils to challenge the policies of the British government and advocate for self-rule.
- Their efforts helped in mobilizing public opinion and building support for the cause of independence.




5. Dissolution:
- The Swaraj Party dissolved in 1934 after a series of setbacks and disagreements within the party.
- Many members of the party later joined the Indian National Congress and continued their fight for independence under its banner.

According to Hindu mythology, the possessor of 'Chandrahas' sword is Ravana.
Explanation:
- In Hindu mythology, Ravana is known as a powerful and formidable character.
- Ravana was the king of Lanka and the main antagonist in the epic Ramayana.
- According to the story, Ravana was granted immense powers by Lord Shiva, and he possessed a special sword called 'Chandrahas'.
- The 'Chandrahas' sword was said to have been crafted by the gods and had the power to unleash devastating attacks.
- Ravana's possession of the 'Chandrahas' sword symbolized his strength and prowess as a warrior.
- The sword played a significant role in various battles fought by Ravana, including his encounters with Lord Rama and other divine beings.
- Ravana's possession of the 'Chandrahas' sword is a testament to his status as a powerful and fearsome warrior in Hindu mythology.
In summary, Ravana, the king of Lanka in Hindu mythology, was the possessor of the 'Chandrahas' sword, a powerful weapon granted to him by Lord Shiva. The sword symbolized Ravana's strength and played a significant role in his battles and encounters with divine beings.

Dachigam National Park: Famous for Hangul (Red Deer)
Location: Jammu & Kashmir
Explanation:
Dachigam National Park is located in the state of Jammu & Kashmir in India.
Key Points:
- Dachigam National Park is famous for its population of Hangul, also known as the Kashmiri stag or the Red Deer.
- It is spread over an area of 141 sq. km and is located in the Zabarwan Range of the Himalayas.
- The park was initially established to protect the Hangul population, which was on the verge of extinction.
- Apart from the Hangul, the park is also home to several other species of wildlife, including Himalayan black bear, leopard, musk deer, serow, and several species of birds.
- The park is characterized by steep slopes, deep valleys, and dense forests, making it an ideal habitat for these animals.
- Dachigam National Park is a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts, nature lovers, and photographers who visit to witness the beauty of the Hangul and other wildlife species in their natural habitat.
Conclusion:
In summary, the Dachigam National Park, famous for Hangul (Red Deer), is located in the state of Jammu & Kashmir in India.

Author of 'Tahqiq-i-Hind' and 'Kitab-ul-Hind'
The correct answer is C: Al Beruni.
Details:
- Al Beruni was an early 11th-century traveler and scholar from Central Asia.
- He authored the books 'Tahqiq-i-Hind' (The History of India) and 'Kitab-ul-Hind' (The Book of India).
- These books are considered significant contributions to the understanding of Indian culture, religion, and society during that time.
- 'Tahqiq-i-Hind' provides a detailed account of the history, geography, and customs of India.
- 'Kitab-ul-Hind' focuses on Indian philosophy, science, and mathematics.
- Al Beruni's works were based on his personal observations, as well as information gathered from Indian scholars and texts.
- His writings serve as valuable historical and cultural references for studying ancient India.
In summary, Al Beruni, an early 11th-century traveler to India, authored the books 'Tahqiq-i-Hind' and 'Kitab-ul-Hind', which provide valuable insights into the history, culture, and philosophy of India during that period.

Answer:
First President of Pakistan: Iskandar Mirza
Explanation:
Iskandar Mirza served as the first President of Pakistan from 1956 to 1958. Here is a detailed explanation of his presidency:
Background:
- Iskandar Mirza was born in Murshidabad, Bengal Presidency, British India in 1899.
- He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1920 and served in various administrative positions during the British rule in India.
- After the partition of India in 1947, Iskandar Mirza opted for Pakistan and continued serving in the civil service.
Presidency:
- Iskandar Mirza was appointed as the Governor-General of Pakistan when the country became a republic in 1956.
- He played a key role in the drafting and promulgation of the 1956 constitution of Pakistan.
- In the same year, he became the first President of Pakistan after the country transitioned from a Dominion to an Islamic Republic.
- As President, Iskandar Mirza had executive powers and served as the head of state.
- His presidency was marked by political instability and conflicts between political parties.
Dismissal:
- In 1958, Iskandar Mirza declared martial law and appointed General Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator.
- However, this move backfired as General Ayub Khan took control and soon dismissed Iskandar Mirza from the presidency.
- Iskandar Mirza was sent into exile in London and lived there until his death in 1969.
Thus, Iskandar Mirza holds the distinction of being the first President of Pakistan, serving from 1956 to 1958 before being dismissed by General Ayub Khan.

The heaviest organ in the human body is the liver.
Reasons:
- The liver is the largest solid organ in the body and is located on the right side of the abdomen.
- It plays a vital role in various bodily functions such as metabolism, detoxification, and synthesis of proteins.
- The average weight of the liver in an adult is about 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds).
- The liver is responsible for producing bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.
- It also stores vitamins, minerals, and glucose for future use.
- The liver performs over 500 different functions, making it one of the busiest organs in the body.
Comparison with other organs:
- The heart, while an important organ, is not the heaviest. It weighs around 250-300 grams.
- The kidneys, which filter waste products from the blood, weigh about 150 grams each.
- The stomach, which aids in digestion, weighs about 55 grams.
Conclusion:
- The liver is the heaviest organ in the human body, weighing around 1.4 kilograms.
- It is responsible for numerous essential functions and is crucial for overall health and well-being.