Knowledge Package - 4 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Architect of Chandigarh: Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier, a renowned Swiss-French architect, was responsible for the design of the city of Chandigarh. He was appointed by the Indian government to create a new capital for the state of Punjab after the partition of India in 1947.
Key Points:
- Le Corbusier was selected among several architects, including Edwin Lutyens, Charles Correa, and Herbert Baker, to design the city.
- His vision for Chandigarh was to create a modern and functional city that would serve as a symbol of India's post-independence progress.
- Le Corbusier's design principles focused on a grid-based layout, with separate sectors for housing, commercial, and institutional purposes.
- One of the notable landmarks in Chandigarh is the Capitol Complex, which includes the High Court, Secretariat, and Legislative Assembly buildings, all designed by Le Corbusier.
- The city's urban planning and architecture reflect Le Corbusier's modernist style, characterized by the use of geometric forms, reinforced concrete, and open green spaces.
- Chandigarh is often considered a masterpiece of modern urban planning and continues to be admired for its well-designed infrastructure and aesthetic appeal.
Conclusion:
Le Corbusier, the Swiss-French architect, designed the city of Chandigarh. His vision and modernist approach have shaped the city's urban planning and architecture, making it a renowned example of modern town planning.

Answer:
Introduction:
Peter Parker is the original name of the fictional superhero known as Spiderman. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, Spiderman made his first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 in 1962.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of the question:
1. Peter Parker:
- Peter Parker is the alter ego of Spiderman, a fictional character in the Marvel Comics.
- He was bitten by a radioactive spider, which granted him superhuman abilities such as enhanced strength, agility, and the ability to cling to walls.
- Peter Parker is a high school student who balances his life as a superhero with his personal life.
2. The Original Name:
- The question asks for the original name of the superhero, which is Peter Parker.
- Peter Parker is the civilian identity of Spiderman, and he is known by this name in the comic books, movies, and other media.
3. Other Options:
- The other options given in the question are Phantom, Batman, and Superman.
- Phantom is a different superhero created by Lee Falk in 1936, and he is not related to Spiderman.
- Batman, created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger, is another popular superhero in the DC Comics universe, but he is not the original name of Spiderman.
- Superman, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, is also a well-known superhero in DC Comics but has no connection to Spiderman.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the original name of the fictional superhero known as Spiderman is Peter Parker. He is a beloved character in the Marvel Comics universe, known for his iconic red and blue costume and his ability to shoot webs from his wrists.

Answer:
The planet that is referred to as both the Morning Star and the Evening Star is Venus.
Explanation:
- Venus is often called the Morning Star when it is visible in the eastern sky before sunrise.
- It is also referred to as the Evening Star when it is visible in the western sky after sunset.
- This is because Venus is one of the brightest objects in the night sky and can be easily seen during these times.
- The planet's proximity to the Sun allows it to be visible during both the early morning and evening hours.
- Venus is the second planet from the Sun in our solar system and is known for its thick atmosphere and intense greenhouse effect.
- It is often called Earth's sister planet because of its similar size and composition.
- Venus has a slow rotation, taking longer to rotate on its axis than it does to orbit around the Sun.
- This means that a Venusian day is longer than its year, with one day on Venus lasting 243 Earth days.
- The planet's dense atmosphere traps heat, resulting in surface temperatures that can reach up to 900 degrees Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius).
- Venus is also known for its phases, similar to the Moon, as it orbits the Sun.
- When Venus is at its brightest, it can cast a shadow and even be seen during daylight hours.
In conclusion, Venus is referred to as both the Morning Star and the Evening Star due to its visibility in the early morning and evening skies.

Introduction:
Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautam Buddha, is a historically significant site. It is located in the present country of Nepal.
Detailed Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of Lumbini's location:
1. Significance of Lumbini:
- Lumbini is the birthplace of Gautam Buddha, the founder of Buddhism.
- It is considered one of the most important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists worldwide.
2. Location of Lumbini:
- Lumbini is situated in the southwestern part of Nepal, near the Indian border.
- It is located in the Rupandehi district of Nepal's Lumbini zone.
3. Geographic features:
- Lumbini is situated in the fertile plains of the Terai region of Nepal.
- It is surrounded by beautiful landscapes and peaceful surroundings.
4. Access to Lumbini:
- Lumbini is easily accessible by air, road, and rail.
- The nearest airport is Gautam Buddha Airport in Bhairahawa, which is just a short distance away.
- It is also well connected by road networks and can be reached by buses or private vehicles.
- There is a railway station in Nautanwa, India, which is close to the Indian border.
5. Lumbini Development Project:
- The Government of Nepal, along with international support, has undertaken the Lumbini Development Project.
- The project aims to preserve and develop the birthplace of Buddha as a major religious and cultural site.
Conclusion:
Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautam Buddha, is located in Nepal. It holds immense religious and historical significance for Buddhists worldwide. The site is easily accessible, and efforts are being made to develop and preserve it for future generations.

Who was the first Indian woman to scale the Mount Everest?
The first Indian woman to scale the Mount Everest is Bachendri Pal.
Explanation:
- Bachendri Pal is a mountaineer from Uttarakhand, India.
- On May 23, 1984, she became the first Indian woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
- She was a part of the Indo-Nepalese Women's Everest Expedition.
- Bachendri Pal started her mountaineering journey in 1982 when she participated in a basic mountaineering course at the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering.
- After successfully scaling several peaks in India and abroad, she was selected for the Everest expedition.
- Bachendri Pal's achievement was a significant milestone for Indian women in mountaineering and inspired many others to take up the sport.
- She has received several awards and recognition for her contribution to mountaineering, including the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award.
- Bachendri Pal continues to be actively involved in promoting mountaineering and adventure sports in India.

The option that is not a part of our parliament is the Supreme Court.
Explanation:

• President: The President of India is the head of the state and is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. The President's role includes giving assent to bills passed by the Parliament and addressing the Parliament at the beginning of each session.


• Lok Sabha: Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India. It consists of elected representatives from various constituencies across the country. The Lok Sabha is responsible for making laws, discussing and debating important issues, and representing the interests of the people.


• Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India. It represents the states and union territories of India. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies. The Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in the legislative process, including the passage of bills.


• Supreme Court: The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the country. It is separate from the Parliament and is responsible for interpreting and upholding the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court ensures the protection of fundamental rights and acts as the final court of appeal in the country.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Supreme Court, as it is not a part of the Indian Parliament.

Aquaphobia (Hydrophobia) - The Fear of Water
Aquaphobia, also known as hydrophobia, is a specific phobia characterized by an intense and irrational fear of water. Individuals with aquaphobia often experience extreme anxiety and panic attacks when exposed to water-related situations or even the thought of being near water. This fear can vary in severity from person to person and may be triggered by different factors such as deep water, swimming pools, or even small amounts of water like rain or a bathtub.
Causes of Aquaphobia:
- Traumatic experiences: Previous traumatic experiences like near-drowning incidents, witnessing someone else in distress in water, or a specific water-related accident can contribute to the development of aquaphobia.
- Learned behavior: Observing others displaying fear or anxiety towards water can lead to the development of aquaphobia, especially in childhood.
- Evolutionary response: Some researchers believe that the fear of water may be an evolutionary response, as drowning is a significant cause of death in humans.
Symptoms of Aquaphobia:
- Intense fear or anxiety when exposed to water or water-related situations.
- Avoidance of activities involving water, such as swimming, boating, or even taking a bath.
- Panic attacks, including rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, sweating, trembling, and a strong desire to escape the situation.
- Physical symptoms like nausea, dizziness, chest pain, or feeling faint.
Treatment for Aquaphobia:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): This therapy aims to help individuals identify and challenge irrational thoughts and beliefs about water. It involves gradual exposure to water-related situations to desensitize the fear response.
- Virtual reality exposure therapy: Virtual reality technology can be used to simulate water-related situations in a controlled environment, allowing individuals to gradually confront their fears.
- Medications: In some cases, medications such as anti-anxiety or antidepressant medications may be prescribed to help manage the symptoms of aquaphobia.
Conclusion:
Aquaphobia, or the fear of water, can significantly impact a person's life and daily activities. However, with appropriate treatment and support, individuals with aquaphobia can learn to manage their fear and lead a fulfilling life. It is important to seek professional help if aquaphobia is causing significant distress or interfering with daily functioning.

The author of the book "Discovery of India" is Jawaharlal Nehru.
- Jawaharlal Nehru, who later became the first Prime Minister of India, wrote the book "Discovery of India" during his imprisonment in 1942-1946.
- The book is an extensive account of India's history, culture, philosophy, and civilization.
- Nehru's aim in writing this book was to provide an understanding of India's rich heritage and its contribution to the world.
- "Discovery of India" covers various topics such as ancient Indian history, the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic period, Buddhism, the Mughal Empire, the British rule in India, and the freedom struggle.
- Nehru's writing style is engaging and informative, making the book accessible to a wide range of readers.
- The book highlights the diversity and unity of India and emphasizes the need for India to embrace modernity while retaining its cultural roots.
- "Discovery of India" has been widely acclaimed and is considered one of the finest works on Indian history and culture. It continues to be a popular read for those interested in understanding India's past and present.

Mughal Ruler who built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri:
The Mughal ruler who built Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri to commemorate his conquest of the Ranthambhor fort and Khandesh in Gujarat was Akbar.
Explanation:
Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, built the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri in 1576. This grand gateway was constructed to celebrate Akbar's successful military campaigns in Ranthambhor and Khandesh. Here's a breakdown of the key points:
- Introduction: The Buland Darwaza is a monumental gateway located in Fatehpur Sikri, near Agra, India. It is one of the most significant architectural structures built during the Mughal era.
- Akbar's Conquest: Akbar, known for his military prowess and expansionist policies, conquered the Ranthambhor fort in Rajasthan and the region of Khandesh in Gujarat.
- Commendation: To commemorate his victories and showcase his power, Akbar ordered the construction of the Buland Darwaza. The word "Buland" means "victory" or "high" in Persian, signifying the triumph and grandeur associated with the structure.
- Architectural Marvel: The Buland Darwaza is an imposing structure built in red sandstone and embellished with intricate carvings and calligraphy. It stands at a height of 54 meters and is adorned with Persian inscriptions from the Quran.
- Symbol of Akbar's Reign: The Buland Darwaza not only served as a gateway but also as a symbol of Akbar's imperial power and religious tolerance. It reflects the architectural brilliance and cultural fusion prevalent during the Mughal era.
In conclusion, the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar to commemorate his conquest of the Ranthambhor fort and Khandesh in Gujarat. It stands as a testament to his military achievements and architectural legacy.

Principal Ore of Mercury - Cinnabar
Explanation:
- Cinnabar is the principal ore of mercury.
- It is a bright red mineral composed of mercury (II) sulfide, HgS.
- Cinnabar is commonly found in volcanic or hot spring deposits and is often associated with deposits of mercury ore.
- It has been used for thousands of years as a pigment for painting and as a source of mercury for various industrial applications.
- Cinnabar is also a valuable mineral in the field of medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
- The largest deposits of cinnabar can be found in China, Spain, and the United States.
Key Points:
- Principal ore of mercury: Cinnabar (Option C)
- Composition: Mercury (II) sulfide, HgS
- Color: Bright red
- Occurrence: Volcanic or hot spring deposits
- Uses: Pigment, industrial applications, medicine
- Major deposits: China, Spain, United States

The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is situated in Bengaluru.
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a premier public research institution for scientific and technological research and education in India. It is located in Bengaluru, the capital city of the state of Karnataka.
Key Points:
- Bengaluru, also known as Bangalore, is the city where the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is situated.
- Bengaluru is the capital city of the state of Karnataka, which is located in the southern part of India.
- The IISc campus is spread over 440 acres and is located in the north-western part of Bengaluru.
- The institute is well-known for its research contributions in various fields such as engineering, sciences, and management.
- It offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in various disciplines.
- The institute has state-of-the-art research facilities and collaborates with leading international institutions for research and development.
- IISc has a rich history and has been instrumental in producing some of the finest scientists, engineers, and researchers in India.
Conclusion:
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is situated in Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka, in the southern part of India. It is a premier research institution known for its contributions in various fields of science, engineering, and management.

Motto of the National Cadet Corps (NCC):
- The motto of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) is "Ekta Aur Anushasan", which translates to "Unity and Discipline" in English.
- This motto reflects the core values and principles that the NCC aims to instill in its cadets.
- The NCC is a youth organization in India that aims to develop qualities of character, leadership, and service among the youth of the country.
- The motto "Ekta Aur Anushasan" emphasizes the importance of unity and discipline in achieving personal and collective goals.
Significance of the motto:
- Unity: The NCC believes in fostering a sense of unity among its cadets. By promoting teamwork, cooperation, and camaraderie, the NCC aims to build a strong and united nation.
- Discipline: Discipline is a key aspect of the NCC's training program. It teaches cadets the importance of self-control, obedience, and adherence to rules and regulations. Discipline helps in developing responsible and accountable citizens.
Implications of the motto:
- Personal development: The motto encourages individual cadets to develop a disciplined and unified approach towards their personal growth and aspirations.
- Nation-building: By instilling the values of unity and discipline in the youth, the NCC contributes to the overall development and progress of the nation.
- Leadership: The motto inspires cadets to become effective leaders who can lead by example and motivate others through unity and discipline.
- Service: The NCC encourages cadets to actively participate in community service activities, thereby fostering a sense of responsibility towards society.
In conclusion, the motto of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) is "Ekta Aur Anushasan" which emphasizes the values of unity and discipline. This motto plays a crucial role in shaping the character, leadership skills, and overall development of the cadets, contributing to their personal growth and the progress of the nation.

Nifty is the main share index of which stock exchange?

The main share index of Nifty is the National Stock Exchange (NSE).

Explanation:

• Nifty: Nifty is a stock market index in India that represents the weighted average of 50 of the largest and most actively traded stocks on the National Stock Exchange (NSE).


• National Stock Exchange (NSE): The NSE is the leading stock exchange in India, located in Mumbai. It was established in 1992 and is owned and operated by the Indian government and other financial institutions.


• Role of NSE: The NSE provides a platform for trading various financial instruments, including equities, derivatives, and currency futures. It facilitates transparent and efficient trading, clearing, and settlement of transactions.


• Nifty 50: Nifty 50 is the flagship index of the NSE and is widely regarded as one of the key benchmarks for the Indian equity market. It represents the performance of the top 50 companies listed on the NSE based on market capitalization.


• Importance of Nifty: Nifty serves as a barometer of the Indian stock market and reflects the overall market sentiment and performance. It is widely used by investors, traders, and financial institutions for benchmarking, index-based products, and investment analysis.

Therefore, Nifty is the main share index of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in India.

The planet nearest to the Sun is Mercury.
Explanation:
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in our solar system. Here are some key points to support this answer:
- Distance from the Sun: Mercury is located at an average distance of about 36 million miles (58 million kilometers) from the Sun. This makes it the closest planet to the Sun compared to other planets in our solar system.
- Orbital Period: Mercury completes one orbit around the Sun in about 88 Earth days. Its close proximity to the Sun results in a relatively short orbital period compared to other planets.
- Size and Composition: Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system, with a diameter of about 3,032 miles (4,879 kilometers). It is primarily composed of rocky material and has a thin atmosphere.
- Surface Temperature: Due to its close proximity to the Sun, Mercury experiences extreme temperatures. The side facing the Sun can reach temperatures of up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit (430 degrees Celsius), while the side facing away from the Sun can drop to around -290 degrees Fahrenheit (-180 degrees Celsius).
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Mercury is the planet nearest to the Sun in our solar system. Its close proximity to the Sun results in a short orbital period and extreme temperatures.

Abhimanyu's Mother in Mahabharat:
According to the Mahabharat, Abhimanyu's mother is Subhadra.
Explanation:
- Abhimanyu was the son of Arjuna and Subhadra, who was the sister of Lord Krishna.
- Subhadra was married to Arjuna during his exile in Dwarka.
- Abhimanyu was born during the period when the Pandavas were living incognito under the name of the Kuru prince, Brihannala.
- Abhimanyu grew up to be a skilled warrior and played a significant role in the Kurukshetra war.
- He was known for his exceptional skills in warfare, especially in the art of breaking through the Chakravyuh, a complex formation of the enemy army.
- Unfortunately, Abhimanyu's life was cut short, as he was killed unfairly in the Chakravyuh by multiple warriors who attacked him simultaneously.
In summary, Abhimanyu's mother in the Mahabharat was Subhadra, the sister of Lord Krishna and the wife of Arjuna.

The planet nearest to the Sun is Mercury.
Explanation:
- Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun in our solar system.
- It is named after the Roman god of speed and commerce.
- Here are some key points about Mercury:
- Distance from the Sun: Mercury is located at an average distance of about 36 million miles (58 million kilometers) from the Sun.
- Orbit: It takes Mercury approximately 88 Earth days to complete one orbit around the Sun.
- Size: Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system, with a diameter of about 3,032 miles (4,879 kilometers).
- Surface: The planet's surface is covered in craters, similar to the Moon. It has a thin atmosphere and no moons.
- Temperature: Due to its proximity to the Sun, Mercury experiences extreme temperatures. The side facing the Sun can reach up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit (430 degrees Celsius), while the side facing away from the Sun can drop to around -290 degrees Fahrenheit (-180 degrees Celsius).
- Mercury's proximity to the Sun makes it a challenging planet to observe from Earth, as it is often obscured by the Sun's glare.
- The next closest planet to the Sun is Venus, followed by Earth and Mars.
- The order of the planets from the Sun outward is: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Abhimanyu's Mother in Mahabharat:
Abhimanyu's mother in Mahabharat was Subhadra. Here is a detailed explanation:

• Introduction: Mahabharat is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India. It narrates the story of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and Pandava princes.


• Abhimanyu: Abhimanyu was the son of Arjuna, one of the Pandava princes, and Subhadra, who was Arjuna's wife and Krishna's sister.


• Subhadra: Subhadra was the daughter of Vasudeva and Rohini. She was Krishna's half-sister and married Arjuna during his exile.

Conclusion: According to Mahabharat, Abhimanyu's mother was Subhadra, the wife of Arjuna and Krishna's sister.

Boundary Line Demarcating India and Pakistan:
The boundary line demarcating India and Pakistan is known as the Radcliffe Line. It was named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a British lawyer who was appointed by the British government to draw the boundary between India and Pakistan during the partition in 1947.
Explanation:
The Radcliffe Line was drawn as part of the partition plan to divide British India into two separate countries, India and Pakistan. The line served as the boundary between the two nations and was intended to separate the predominantly Hindu regions of India from the predominantly Muslim regions of Pakistan.
Key points to note about the Radcliffe Line:
1. Named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe: The boundary line was named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who was given the difficult task of drawing the border in a very short span of time.
2. Partition of British India: The Radcliffe Line was drawn during the partition of British India in 1947, which resulted in the creation of two separate nations, India and Pakistan.
3. Hindu-Muslim division: The boundary line aimed to separate the Hindu-majority regions of India from the Muslim-majority regions of Pakistan, in order to create two separate nations based on religious demographics.
4. Controversies and disputes: The drawing of the Radcliffe Line was a complex and challenging process, with many disputes and controversies arising. The line divided regions that had mixed populations and led to mass migrations, violence, and displacement.
5. Impact on border disputes: The Radcliffe Line has had a significant impact on the ongoing border disputes between India and Pakistan. The line has been a subject of contention and has led to conflicts over territorial claims in certain regions, such as Kashmir.
In conclusion, the boundary line demarcating India and Pakistan is known as the Radcliffe Line. It was named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe and was drawn during the partition of British India in 1947. The line aimed to separate the Hindu-majority regions of India from the Muslim-majority regions of Pakistan, but it has also been a source of disputes and conflicts between the two nations.

Indian Classical Dance Style: Kathak
Kathak is an Indian classical dance style that originated in north India. The word "Kathak" is derived from the Sanskrit word "Katha," which means story, and "Kathakar," which means storyteller.
Origin:
- Kathak originated in the northern regions of India, particularly in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
- It evolved as a form of storytelling through dance, where the dancers would use mime, gestures, and facial expressions to convey stories from ancient epics and mythology.
Characteristics:
- Kathak is known for its intricate footwork, rhythmic patterns, and graceful movements.
- The dancers often wear ankle bells, known as ghungroos, which create a rhythmic sound as they perform.
- The style incorporates both fast-paced movements, called "tatkars," and slower, more expressive movements, known as "abhinaya."
- Kathak also incorporates elements of Persian and Central Asian dance traditions, which were influenced by Mughal courts.
Performance:
- Kathak performances are typically accompanied by live music, including tabla (Indian drums), sarangi (string instrument), and vocals.
- The dance style includes solo performances, as well as group or ensemble pieces.
- The dancers often engage in improvisation, displaying their skill and creativity in interpreting the music and rhythm.
Costumes:
- Kathak dancers usually wear colorful, flowing costumes, such as a lehenga-choli or a ghagra-choli (long skirt and blouse).
- The costumes may be adorned with intricate embroidery, mirror work, or sequins.
Prominent Exponents:
- Some of the renowned Kathak exponents include Birju Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj, Sitara Devi, and Uma Sharma.
- These artists have not only contributed to the preservation and promotion of Kathak but have also played a vital role in popularizing the dance form internationally.
In conclusion, Kathak is an Indian classical dance style that originated in north India and is known for its storytelling aspect. It showcases intricate footwork, graceful movements, and expressive gestures. Kathak performances are accompanied by live music and often involve improvisation. The dance style has gained recognition and popularity both within India and internationally.

Jama Masjid at Delhi, the largest in India, was built by which Mughal emperor?
The Jama Masjid in Delhi, India, which is the largest mosque in India, was built by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- The Jama Masjid is located in Old Delhi and was completed in 1656 AD.
- It is a prominent symbol of Mughal architecture and is considered one of the finest examples of Islamic architecture in India.
Construction:
- The construction of the Jama Masjid began in 1644 AD and took around 6 years to complete.
- It was built under the supervision of Shahjahan, the fifth Mughal emperor of India.
- The mosque was constructed using red sandstone and white marble, giving it a majestic appearance.
- It was designed by the architect Ustad Khalil, who incorporated elements of Persian and Mughal architectural styles.
Features:
- The Jama Masjid has three gateways, four towers, and two minarets.
- The main prayer hall can accommodate up to 25,000 worshippers at a time.
- The central courtyard is adorned with a large marble tank for ablution purposes.
- The mosque also houses several relics, including a copy of the Quran written on deer skin.
Significance:
- The Jama Masjid is not only a place of worship but also a major tourist attraction in Delhi.
- It holds great historical and cultural importance, reflecting the grandeur of the Mughal era.
- The mosque serves as a reminder of the religious diversity and architectural brilliance of the Mughal Empire.
In conclusion, the Jama Masjid in Delhi, India, the largest mosque in India, was built by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan. It stands as a magnificent example of Mughal architecture and continues to be a significant religious and cultural landmark in the country.

Renowned Vocalist awarded Bharat Ratna in 2008:

• Lata Mangeshkar: Not awarded Bharat Ratna in 2008


• Pt. Bhimsen Joshi: Awarded Bharat Ratna in 2008


• Gangubai Hangal: Not awarded Bharat Ratna in 2008


• Pt. Ravi Shankar: Not awarded Bharat Ratna in 2008

Based on the options provided, the renowned vocalist who was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2008 is Pt. Bhimsen Joshi.

The Althing, the oldest functioning legislative assembly in the world, is the parliament of Iceland.
Explanation:
The Althing is the national parliament of Iceland and is considered to be the oldest functioning legislative assembly in the world. It was established in 930 AD and has remained active ever since. Here is some additional information about the Althing:
- History: The Althing was founded during the Viking Age and served as a gathering place for the early settlers of Iceland. It was initially convened as a general assembly where laws were passed, disputes were settled, and important decisions were made.
- Location: The Althing was originally held at Thingvellir (Þingvellir) in southwestern Iceland, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, it has since moved to Reykjavik, the capital city of Iceland.
- Structure: The Althing is a unicameral parliament, meaning it consists of a single chamber. It is made up of 63 members who are elected by the people through proportional representation.
- Powers and Responsibilities: The Althing is responsible for making and amending laws, approving the national budget, overseeing the government, and representing the interests of the Icelandic people.
- Importance: The Althing holds great historical and cultural significance for Iceland. It played a crucial role in the development of Iceland as a nation and has served as a symbol of democracy and national unity.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Althing is the parliament of Iceland and holds the distinction of being the oldest functioning legislative assembly in the world. It has a rich history, important powers and responsibilities, and serves as a symbol of Icelandic democracy and national identity.

Scale Used to Measure Hardness of Minerals: Mohs Scale
- The Mohs scale is a scale used to measure the hardness of minerals.
- It was developed by Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, in 1812.
- The scale ranks minerals based on their scratch resistance, with the hardest mineral being ranked the highest.
- The scale consists of 10 minerals, each assigned a number from 1 to 10, with 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest.
- The minerals used in the scale are talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and diamond.
- Talc, with a hardness of 1, is the softest mineral on the scale, while diamond, with a hardness of 10, is the hardest.
- The scale is based on the principle that a harder mineral can scratch a softer mineral, but not vice versa.
- By using the Mohs scale, geologists and mineralogists can quickly and easily determine the relative hardness of different minerals.
- The scale is widely used in various fields, including geology, mineralogy, and gemology, to identify and classify minerals based on their hardness.

Question: Out of four Hindu Dhams, three are dedicated to lord Vishnu & one to lord Shiva. Which one is dedicated to lord Shiva?
Answer:
The Hindu Dhams are four sacred pilgrimage sites in India. Three of them are dedicated to Lord Vishnu, and one is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The pilgrimage sites are:
1. Puri: Puri, located in the state of Odisha, is dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu. It is famous for the Jagannath Temple, which attracts millions of devotees every year.
2. Dwarka: Dwarka, situated in the state of Gujarat, is dedicated to Lord Krishna, an avatar of Lord Vishnu. The Dwarkadhish Temple is the main pilgrimage site in Dwarka.
3. Badrinath: Badrinath, located in the state of Uttarakhand, is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in his form as Lord Badri. The Badrinath Temple is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites and is considered highly sacred by Hindus.
4. Rameshwaram: Rameshwaram, situated in the state of Tamil Nadu, is the pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Shiva. The Ramanathaswamy Temple is the main attraction and holds immense significance in Hindu mythology.
Therefore, out of the four Hindu Dhams, the one dedicated to Lord Shiva is Rameshwaram. It is a place of great religious importance for devotees of Lord Shiva.

Mixing Blue and Yellow Colors

When equal amounts of blue and yellow colors are mixed together, the resulting color is:

• Green

Explanation:

• Blue and yellow are primary colors.


• When these two primary colors are mixed together, they create a secondary color.


• The primary colors are arranged in a color wheel, with blue and yellow located on opposite sides.


• When mixed together, blue and yellow combine to produce green.

Therefore, the resulting color of mixing equal amounts of blue and yellow is green.

The freedom fighter known as Lokmanya is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

• Gopal Krishan Gokhle


• Jai Praksha Narain


• Bal Gangadhar Tilak


• Lala Lajpat Rai

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, also known as Lokmanya Tilak, was a prominent freedom fighter and social reformer in India. He played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and was one of the first leaders to demand complete independence from British rule.

Here are some key points about Bal Gangadhar Tilak:

• Tilak was born on July 23, 1856, in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.


• He was a strong advocate for Swaraj (self-rule) and believed in the power of the masses.


• Tilak popularized the slogan "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it" during the freedom struggle.


• He was the co-founder of the Deccan Education Society and worked towards promoting education among the masses.


• Tilak was a prolific writer and journalist. He started the newspapers Kesari and Maratha, which played a significant role in spreading nationalist ideas.


• He was arrested multiple times by the British government for his nationalist activities and was imprisoned for six years.


• Tilak's contributions to the freedom movement and his efforts to unite people across different regions and communities earned him the title of "Lokmanya," meaning "beloved leader of the people."

Overall, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a highly respected and influential freedom fighter who dedicated his life to the cause of Indian independence.

Indian Standard Time (IST) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Indian Standard Time (IST) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) are two different time standards used in different parts of the world. GMT is the time standard based on the location of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, while IST is the time standard used in India.
Time Difference between IST and GMT
The time difference between IST and GMT is calculated by taking into account the longitude difference between the two locations. India is located approximately 82.5 degrees east of the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, London.
To determine the time difference, we need to convert the longitude difference into hours. Since the Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours, each degree of longitude corresponds to 4 minutes of time. Therefore, the time difference between IST and GMT can be calculated as follows:
Longitude difference = 82.5 degrees
Time difference = 82.5 degrees * 4 minutes/degree = 330 minutes = 5 hours and 30 minutes
Answer: D. 5:30 Hours
Therefore, Indian Standard Time (IST) is ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) by 5 hours and 30 minutes.

Answer:
Jagadish Chandra Bose invented the Crescograph, a device for measuring growth in plants. Here is a detailed explanation of his invention:
Background:
- Jagadish Chandra Bose was an Indian scientist and polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including physics, biology, and botany.
- He conducted extensive research on the response of plants to various stimuli, such as light, heat, and electricity.
Invention of the Crescograph:
- In the early 20th century, Bose invented the Crescograph, a device that helped measure and record the growth of plants.
- The Crescograph was designed to amplify the minute movements and responses of plants, making them visible and measurable.
- It consisted of a series of delicate levers and a smoked glass plate that recorded the movements of the plant.
- The device also had a clockwork mechanism that allowed for the precise measurement of time intervals.
Significance of the Crescograph:
- The Crescograph provided a groundbreaking tool for studying plant physiology and understanding the mechanisms of growth.
- It allowed Bose to observe and measure the responses of plants to different stimuli, such as light, gravity, and chemicals.
- With the Crescograph, Bose was able to demonstrate that plants have similar responses to external stimuli as animals, challenging the prevailing belief that plants were passive organisms.
- His research with the Crescograph contributed to the field of plant physiology and laid the foundation for future studies in plant growth and development.
Conclusion:
- Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian scientist, invented the Crescograph, a device for measuring growth in plants.
- His invention revolutionized the study of plant physiology and contributed significantly to our understanding of plant growth and responses to stimuli.

Quit India Resolution passed in Mumbai

• Date: August 8, 1942


• City: Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay)

The Quit India Resolution, also known as the August Movement or Bharat Chodo Andolan, was passed by the Indian National Congress in Mumbai on August 8, 1942. This resolution called for the immediate end to British colonial rule in India and urged the Indian population to engage in a nonviolent struggle for independence.

Here are some key points to note:

• The Quit India Resolution was a significant turning point in the Indian independence movement.


• It was a culmination of growing discontent and frustration among Indians with British rule.


• The Indian National Congress, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, played a crucial role in initiating and leading this movement.


• The resolution demanded the British government to "quit India" and transfer power to the Indian people.


• As a response to the resolution, the British colonial authorities arrested many Congress leaders and suppressed the movement through force.


• However, the Quit India Movement inspired and mobilized millions of Indians to actively participate in the struggle for freedom.

The Quit India Resolution marked a significant milestone in India's fight for independence and paved the way for the eventual liberation of the country from British colonial rule in 1947.

Indira Point, the southernmost point of land in the territory of India, is situated in the:
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
- The Andaman & Nicobar Islands is a group of islands located in the Bay of Bengal, India.
- Indira Point is located on Great Nicobar Island, which is the southernmost island in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
- It is named after former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
- Indira Point is situated at a latitude of 6° 45' 10" N and a longitude of 93° 49' 36" E.
- It marks the southernmost point of the Indian subcontinent.
- The area surrounding Indira Point is a biodiversity hotspot and is home to various rare and endangered species of flora and fauna.
- Due to its remote location and difficult terrain, it is not easily accessible to tourists.
- The area is prone to natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis.
In conclusion, Indira Point, the southernmost point of land in the territory of India, is situated in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.