Knowledge Package - 5 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Mughal Empress Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz:
- Arjumand Banu Begum was a Mughal empress and the chief wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
- She is better known by her title Mumtaz Mahal, meaning "the chosen one of the palace," given to her by Shah Jahan.
- Mumtaz Mahal was born in 1593 in Agra, India, and was the daughter of Mughal noble Asaf Khan.
- She married Shah Jahan in 1612 and became his favorite wife. She bore him fourteen children, including their famous son Aurangzeb.
- Mumtaz Mahal played a significant role in Shah Jahan's reign, accompanying him on military campaigns and providing advice on matters of state.
- Tragically, Mumtaz Mahal died in 1631 while giving birth to her fourteenth child. This event devastated Shah Jahan, and he commissioned the construction of the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum to honor her memory.
- The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in the world and is a symbol of eternal love.
- Mumtaz Mahal's influence extended beyond her lifetime, as she inspired the construction of numerous other monuments and buildings during the Mughal era.
- Her legacy as the beloved wife of Shah Jahan and the inspiration behind the Taj Mahal has made Mumtaz Mahal an iconic figure in history.

The line that connects the points on a map that have the same temperature is called an Isotherm.
Explanation:
An isotherm is a line that connects points on a map that have the same temperature. It is a useful tool in meteorology and climatology to visualize the distribution of temperature across a given area. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Definition: An isotherm is a line on a map that connects points with equal temperature values.
2. Temperature Distribution: Isotherms are used to represent the distribution of temperatures across a geographical area. They allow us to identify areas with similar temperature patterns.
3. Temperature Contour Lines: Isotherms are similar to contour lines on a topographic map. They connect points of equal value, in this case, temperature. Each isotherm represents a specific temperature value.
4. Spacing and Patterns: The spacing between isotherms can provide information about the rate of temperature change across the map. Closer isotherms indicate a steep temperature gradient, while widely spaced isotherms indicate a more gradual change in temperature.
5. Visualization: By connecting points with the same temperature, isotherms create a visual representation of temperature patterns. This allows meteorologists and climatologists to analyze and interpret temperature data more easily.
In conclusion, an isotherm is the line that connects points on a map with the same temperature. It helps visualize temperature patterns and provides valuable information for weather forecasting and climate analysis.

Answer:
India's largest riverine island Majuli is situated in the Brahmaputra river.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Introduction:
Majuli is a river island located in the state of Assam in India. It is often referred to as the "Cultural Capital of Assam" due to its rich cultural heritage. The island is formed by the Brahmaputra river, one of the major rivers in India.
Brahmaputra River:
- The Brahmaputra river is one of the major rivers in India and is considered as the lifeline of Assam.
- It is a trans-boundary river that flows through China, India, and Bangladesh.
- The river originates from the Tibetan plateau and enters India through Arunachal Pradesh.
- It then flows through Assam, where it forms the largest riverine island in India, Majuli.
- The Brahmaputra river is known for its strong currents and high discharge, making it an important waterway for transportation and irrigation in the region.
Majuli - India's Largest Riverine Island:
- Majuli is located in the Brahmaputra river in Assam and is spread over an area of approximately 880 square kilometers.
- It is formed by the river's braided channels and is known for its scenic beauty, lush green landscapes, and vibrant culture.
- Majuli is home to several Hindu monasteries known as "Satras," which are centers of art, music, dance, and religious teachings.
- The island is also famous for its traditional handicrafts, pottery, mask-making, and handloom products.
- Due to erosion caused by the Brahmaputra river, Majuli has been shrinking in size over the years, leading to efforts for its conservation and protection.
Conclusion:
India's largest riverine island, Majuli, is situated in the Brahmaputra river. Known for its cultural significance and natural beauty, Majuli attracts tourists and researchers from around the world. However, it is also facing challenges due to erosion, emphasizing the need for conservation measures to preserve this unique island.

Observation:
The observation that "Supply creates its own demand" is popularly called:

The correct answer is C: Say's Law. Say's Law is an economic principle that states that the production of goods and services generates income which creates a demand for those goods and services. This principle is often summarized as "supply creates its own demand".
Here is a detailed explanation of Say's Law:
1. Say's Law:
- Say's Law is named after the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say, who first stated this principle in the early 19th century.
- According to Say's Law, the act of producing goods and services creates income for individuals, which in turn creates a demand for other goods and services.
- In other words, the production and supply of goods and services automatically generate the purchasing power necessary to buy those goods and services.
2. Supply Creates Demand:
- Say's Law is often summarized as "supply creates its own demand" or "supply creates its own purchasing power".
- This means that the production and supply of goods and services will automatically create a demand for those goods and services.
- When producers produce goods and services, they earn income, which enables them to demand other goods and services in the market.
3. Criticisms and Relevance:
- Say's Law has been subject to various criticisms over time. Some argue that it oversimplifies the complex nature of economic activity and does not take into account factors such as saving, investment, and the role of money.
- However, the principle of supply and demand remains a fundamental concept in economics, and Say's Law provides insights into the relationship between production, income, and demand in an economy.
In conclusion, the observation that "Supply creates its own demand" is popularly known as Say's Law. This principle highlights the relationship between production, income, and demand in an economy.

Founder of Banaras Hindu University:
The founder of Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi, established in 1916, was Madan Mohan Malaviya.
Detailed
Here is a detailed explanation of the founder of Banaras Hindu University:
1. Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was founded in 1916 in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2. The university was founded by Madan Mohan Malaviya, a prominent Indian educationist, freedom fighter, and politician.
3. Malaviya was born on December 25, 1861, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
4. He was a strong advocate for education and worked towards promoting quality education in India.
5. Malaviya played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress.
6. He also served as the President of the Indian National Congress for four terms.
7. The establishment of Banaras Hindu University was one of Malaviya's notable contributions to education in India.
8. The university was envisioned as a center for the study of Hindu philosophy, literature, and culture.
9. It aimed to provide modern education while preserving and promoting traditional Indian values.
10. Today, Banaras Hindu University is one of the largest residential universities in Asia, offering a wide range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs.
Conclusion:
Madan Mohan Malaviya, a prominent educationist and freedom fighter, founded Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi in 1916. The university continues to be a prestigious institution for higher education in India, blending modern education with traditional Indian values.

The First Jain Tirthankar: Rishabh Dev

The first Jain Tirthankar, also known as the Adinath or Rishabh Nath, holds great significance in Jainism. Here are some key points to understand about the first Tirthankar:

• Origin: Rishabh Dev was born in the Ikshvaku dynasty in Ayodhya, the ancient city in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India.



• Teachings: Rishabh Dev preached the principles of non-violence, truth, celibacy, non-stealing, and non-attachment.



• Renunciation: After ruling as a king for thousands of years, Rishabh Dev renounced his kingdom and embraced asceticism.



• Ascetic Life: Rishabh Dev practiced intense meditation, self-control, and austerities during his ascetic life.



• Disciples: Rishabh Dev had many disciples who followed his teachings and attained spiritual enlightenment.



• Symbol: The symbol associated with Rishabh Dev is a bull, representing his spiritual power and strength.



• Legacy: Rishabh Dev is considered the founder of Jainism and is revered by Jains as the first Tirthankar.

It is important to note that while Rishabh Dev was the first Tirthankar in Jainism, there have been 24 Tirthankars in total, with Mahavir being the 24th and the most recent one.

Headquarters of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
The headquarters of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is located in Vienna, Austria.
Key Points:
- OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was founded in 1960 by five major oil-producing countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
- It was established to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets.
- OPEC currently has 13 member countries, including Algeria, Angola, Congo, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
- The headquarters in Vienna serves as the central hub for the organization's decision-making, policy coordination, and administrative functions.
- The headquarters complex is located in the city's first district, and it houses various departments and committees responsible for monitoring global oil markets, analyzing data, conducting research, and formulating policies.
- OPEC meetings, which are attended by ministers from member countries, are regularly held in Vienna to discuss and decide on important oil production and pricing strategies.
- The headquarters also serves as a platform for dialogue and cooperation between OPEC and other oil-producing and consuming nations, as well as international organizations.
In conclusion, the headquarters of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is situated in Vienna, Austria.

The universal donor blood group is O.
- Blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
- The ABO blood group system categorizes blood into four main groups: A, B, AB, and O.
- When it comes to blood transfusions, compatibility between the donor and recipient blood types is essential to avoid adverse reactions.
- The universal donor is the blood type that can be safely transfused to individuals with any other blood type.
- The universal donor blood group is O because it lacks both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
- Since there are no A or B antigens, the O blood type does not trigger an immune response in recipients with any other blood type.
- In addition to being the universal donor, the O blood type can only receive blood from other O blood types.
- It is important to note that while O- (O negative) is considered the true universal donor because it can be transfused to any blood type, O+ (O positive) is also commonly used as a universal donor in situations where O- blood is not available.
- Individuals with the O blood type are encouraged to consider donating blood as their blood can potentially be used to save lives in emergencies and surgeries.

Danny Boyle directed the 8 Oscar awards winning film 'Slumdog Millionaire'. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- 'Slumdog Millionaire' is a British drama film released in 2008.
- The film was based on the novel 'Q & A' by Indian author Vikas Swarup.
- It follows the story of a young man from the slums of Mumbai, Jamal Malik, who participates in the Indian version of the game show 'Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'.
Danny Boyle:
- Danny Boyle is a British film director and producer.
- He was born on October 20, 1956, in Radcliffe, Greater Manchester, England.
- Boyle gained international recognition for his work on 'Trainspotting' (1996) and '28 Days Later' (2002).
- He is known for his versatile directing style and ability to tell compelling and visually stunning stories.
Directing 'Slumdog Millionaire':
- Danny Boyle was chosen to direct 'Slumdog Millionaire' due to his ability to handle diverse and complex narratives.
- He was able to capture the essence of the story and bring it to life on the screen.
- Boyle's direction in the film showcased the vibrant and chaotic atmosphere of Mumbai, immersing the audience in the protagonist's journey.
- His innovative storytelling techniques, including the use of non-linear narrative and dynamic camera work, added depth and excitement to the film.
Awards and Recognition:
- 'Slumdog Millionaire' gained critical acclaim and received numerous awards.
- It won a total of 8 Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Danny Boyle), and Best Adapted Screenplay.
- The film also received four Golden Globe Awards and seven BAFTA Awards, among others.
- Danny Boyle's direction played a crucial role in the film's success, elevating it to international acclaim.
Conclusion:
- Danny Boyle directed the award-winning film 'Slumdog Millionaire'.
- His unique vision and storytelling techniques contributed to the film's success and recognition.
- Boyle's exceptional direction brought the characters and the vibrant setting of Mumbai to life, making 'Slumdog Millionaire' a memorable cinematic experience.

Answer:
Dennis Tito became the first space tourist on 28 April 2001.
Explanation:
To provide a detailed solution, let's break down the information into bullet points:
- On 28 April 2001, the first space tourist was launched into space.
- The first space tourist was Dennis Tito.
- Dennis Tito is an American engineer and multimillionaire who financed his own trip to the International Space Station (ISS).
- He paid Russia's space agency, Roscosmos, around $20 million for the opportunity to become the first space tourist.
- Tito's mission, known as Soyuz TM-32, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
- He spent a total of 7 days, 22 hours, and 4 minutes in space, orbiting the Earth aboard the ISS.
- Tito's journey marked the beginning of space tourism, opening up opportunities for private individuals to travel to space.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Dennis Tito.

Khajuraho temples were built by rulers of which dynasty?
The Khajuraho temples were built by the rulers of the Chandela dynasty.
Explanation:
The Khajuraho temples are a group of Hindu and Jain temples located in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. They were built during the reign of the Chandela dynasty, which was a medieval Indian dynasty that ruled in the central and northern parts of India from the 9th to the 13th century.
The temples were constructed between the 10th and 12th centuries and are known for their exquisite sculptures, intricate carvings, and architectural brilliance. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and are considered one of the finest examples of medieval Hindu and Jain architecture in India.
The Chandela rulers were known for their patronage of the arts and religion, and the construction of the Khajuraho temples was a testament to their devotion and artistic prowess. The temples were dedicated to various Hindu deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi, as well as Jain Tirthankaras.
The Chandela dynasty gradually declined in power and influence, and the temples were eventually abandoned and lost to the surrounding vegetation. They were rediscovered in the 19th century and have since been restored and preserved.
In conclusion, the Khajuraho temples were built by the rulers of the Chandela dynasty, who left behind a remarkable architectural legacy that continues to awe and inspire visitors to this day.

Book: Beyond The Last Blue Mountain
Author: R.M. Lala
Biography of: J.R.D. Tata
Detailed
The book "Beyond The Last Blue Mountain" is a biography written by R.M. Lala. It focuses on the life and achievements of J.R.D. Tata, making him the subject of the book.
Here are the key points about the biography:
1. Author: The book is written by R.M. Lala, an acclaimed author known for his writings on Indian industrialists and business leaders.
2. Subject: The biography primarily revolves around the life of J.R.D. Tata, who was one of the most influential and pioneering industrialists in India.
3. Industrialist: J.R.D. Tata was the industrialist featured in the biography. He was the chairman of Tata Sons and played a significant role in the growth and expansion of the Tata Group.
4. Contributions: The book explores J.R.D. Tata's journey as an industrialist and sheds light on his contributions to various sectors, including aviation, steel, and philanthropy.
5. Influence: J.R.D. Tata was not only a successful businessman but also a visionary leader who played a pivotal role in shaping India's industrial landscape. His emphasis on ethical business practices and corporate social responsibility continues to inspire generations.
In conclusion, the book "Beyond The Last Blue Mountain" by R.M. Lala is a biography that delves into the life and accomplishments of J.R.D. Tata, highlighting his significant contributions to the industrial and business sectors in India.

Answer:

City that hosted Winter Olympics in 2010: Vancouver (Canada)

Explanation:
- Winter Olympics in 2010 were held in the city of Vancouver, Canada.
- Vancouver is located in the province of British Columbia on the west coast of Canada.
- The Winter Olympics took place from February 12 to February 28, 2010.
- Vancouver became the third Canadian city to host the Winter Olympics, following Calgary in 1988 and Montreal in 1976 (which hosted the Summer Olympics).
- The 2010 Winter Olympics featured various winter sports disciplines, including skiing, figure skating, ice hockey, snowboarding, and many more.
- The venues for the events were spread across Vancouver, Whistler, and Richmond.
- The opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics took place at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, while the closing ceremony was held at BC Place Stadium as well.
- The Winter Olympics in 2010 were highly successful, with athletes from all over the world showcasing their skills and competing for medals.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Vancouver (Canada).

Term used to describe the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk:
The term used to describe the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk is Sericulture.
Here is a detailed explanation of the term and its significance:
1. Sericulture:
- Sericulture refers to the cultivation of silkworms for the production of silk.
- It involves the entire process from the hatching of silkworm eggs to the harvesting of silk cocoons.
- The primary objective of sericulture is to obtain silk fibers from the cocoons to be used for various purposes, such as textile production.
2. Viticulture:
- Viticulture refers to the cultivation of grapes for winemaking or grape production.
- It is specifically focused on the cultivation of grapevines and the production of grapes for wine production.
3. Horticulture:
- Horticulture refers to the cultivation of plants, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants.
- It encompasses various practices such as planting, growing, and maintaining plants for aesthetic or functional purposes.
4. Apiculture:
- Apiculture refers to the practice of raising honeybees for the production of honey and other bee-related products.
- It involves the management of beehives and the collection of honey, beeswax, royal jelly, and other bee-derived substances.
To summarize, sericulture is the specific term used to describe the rearing of silkworms for the production of raw silk. Other terms such as viticulture, horticulture, and apiculture are used to describe the cultivation and production of grapes, plants, and honeybees, respectively.

Popular Name of Ascorbic Acid:
Ascorbic acid is commonly known as Vitamin C. It is an essential nutrient for the human body and plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Some key points regarding the popular name of ascorbic acid are:
- Vitamin C: The most widely recognized and popular name for ascorbic acid is Vitamin C.
- Importance: Vitamin C is known for its antioxidant properties and is essential for the growth, development, and repair of body tissues.
- Sources: It is found in various fruits and vegetables such as citrus fruits (oranges, lemons), strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach.
- Deficiency: Lack of Vitamin C in the diet can lead to scurvy, a disease characterized by weakness, fatigue, bleeding gums, and impaired wound healing.
- Supplementation: Vitamin C supplements are commonly available and often recommended to meet the daily requirements, especially for individuals who have difficulty obtaining enough from their diet.
- Health Benefits: Adequate intake of Vitamin C is associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer.
- Recommended Daily Intake: The recommended daily intake of Vitamin C varies depending on age, sex, and specific health conditions.
In conclusion, the popular name of ascorbic acid is Vitamin C, which is well-known for its essential role in maintaining overall health and preventing various diseases.

Who was the first person to address the United Nations in Hindi?
Answer: Atal Behari Vajpayee
Detailed
Atal Behari Vajpayee, the former Prime Minister of India, was the first person to address the United Nations in Hindi. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Atal Behari Vajpayee served as the Prime Minister of India from 1998 to 2004.
- On September 14, 1977, Atal Behari Vajpayee addressed the United Nations General Assembly in Hindi.
- This historic speech marked the first time that Hindi, one of the official languages of India, was used to address the international community at the United Nations.
- Vajpayee's speech focused on global disarmament and peace initiatives.
- His address showcased India's commitment to multilingualism and cultural diversity.
- Vajpayee's speech in Hindi at the United Nations was a significant step in promoting the importance of regional languages and their representation on a global platform.
Therefore, Atal Behari Vajpayee was the first person to address the United Nations in Hindi.

Answer:

Equator

The imaginary line located at zero degrees latitude that divides the earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres is the equator.

Explanation:

The equator is an imaginary line that circles the Earth halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. It divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Here are some key points to understand:

• The equator is located at zero degrees latitude.


• It is the longest line of latitude, measuring approximately 40,075 kilometers (24,901 miles).


• The equator is an important reference point for navigation and geography.


• It experiences the most direct sunlight, making it generally warmer than other regions.


• The equator also influences weather patterns and the distribution of ecosystems.


• Countries that lie on or near the equator include Brazil, Ecuador, Kenya, and Indonesia.

Therefore, the correct answer is the Equator (B) as it is the imaginary line located at zero degrees latitude that divides the Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres.

City Founded by Sikandar Lodi:

Sikandar Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, founded the city of Agra in 1504 on the banks of the Yamuna river.

Explanation:

• Sikandar Lodi was the second ruler of the Lodi dynasty, which ruled over Delhi Sultanate in the 15th and 16th centuries.


• In 1504, Sikandar Lodi decided to establish a new capital city and chose a location on the banks of the Yamuna river.


• This city was strategically located between Delhi and Mathura, two important cities at that time.


• Sikandar Lodi named the new city "Agra" and it became the capital of the Lodi dynasty.


• Agra remained the capital of the Lodi dynasty until it was overthrown by the Mughals in 1526.


• Under the Mughal rule, Agra further flourished and became a major center of art, culture, and architecture.


• Today, Agra is famous for its iconic monument, the Taj Mahal, which was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century.

In conclusion, Sikandar Lodi founded the city of Agra in 1504 on the banks of the Yamuna river.

The name 'Pakistan' was coined by Chaudhary Rahmat Ali.

• Chaudhary Rahmat Ali was a Pakistani nationalist who is credited with coming up with the idea of a separate nation for Muslims in British India.


• In 1933, Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet titled "Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" in which he proposed the name 'Pakistan' for a separate Muslim nation.


• The name 'Pakistan' is an acronym derived from the names of the Muslim-majority regions that were part of British India at that time, including Punjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, Sindh, and Balochistan.


• Rahmat Ali's proposal gained traction and support among the Muslim community, and the name 'Pakistan' became widely accepted as a symbol of Muslim identity and a demand for a separate nation.


• However, it is important to note that while Chaudhary Rahmat Ali coined the name 'Pakistan', it was Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the All India Muslim League, who led the movement for the creation of Pakistan and eventually became its first Governor-General.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Chaudhary Rahmat Ali.

Vishvambhar Mishra was the original name of the spiritual guru Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Here is a detailed explanation:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu:
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was a 16th-century spiritual leader and the founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition.
- He is considered to be an incarnation of Lord Krishna by his followers.
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu spread the practice of congregational chanting of the holy names of God, specifically the Hare Krishna mantra.
- He emphasized the importance of devotion and love for God in attaining spiritual enlightenment.
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings and influence had a significant impact on the Bhakti movement in India.
Vishvambhar Mishra:
- Vishvambhar Mishra was the birth name of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
- He was born in Mayapur, West Bengal, India, in the year 1486.
- Vishvambhar Mishra was a brilliant scholar and showed great intellectual prowess from a young age.
- At the age of 24, he took sannyasa (renounced order of life) and became known as Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
- Chaitanya means "consciousness" and Mahaprabhu means "great master."
- Chaitanya Mahaprabhu dedicated his life to spreading the message of love and devotion to God.
In conclusion, Vishvambhar Mishra was the original name of the spiritual guru Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He played a significant role in promoting devotion and love for God, especially through the congregational chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra.

Answer:

The president of the Indian National Congress at the time of independence was J.B. Kriplani.

Explanation:

• Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and played a crucial role in the independence movement. However, he was not the president of the party at the time of independence.


• Jawaharlal Nehru: Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India, but he was not the president of the Indian National Congress at the time of independence.


• Sardar Patel: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress and played a crucial role in the integration of princely states into India. However, he was not the president of the party at the time of independence.


• J.B. Kriplani: J.B. Kriplani was an important leader of the Indian National Congress and served as the party's president from 1946 to 1947. He was the president of the party at the time of independence.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D: J.B. Kriplani.

First Indian to receive the Raman Magsaysay Award

Vinoba Bhave became the first Indian to receive the Raman Magsaysay Award in 1958. The Raman Magsaysay Award is an annual award established to honor individuals and organizations in Asia who have shown exemplary service and leadership.

Explanation:

Here is a detailed explanation as to why Vinoba Bhave received the Raman Magsaysay Award:

• Vinoba Bhave: Vinoba Bhave was an Indian advocate of nonviolence and social reform. He is best known for his Bhoodan (Land Gift) movement, in which he persuaded wealthy landowners to voluntarily give land to the landless.


• Recognition: Vinoba Bhave's efforts in promoting land reform and social justice in India were recognized internationally. His dedication to the welfare of the poor and his nonviolent approach made a significant impact.


• Raman Magsaysay Award: The Raman Magsaysay Award was established in 1957 in memory of the late Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay. It is awarded to individuals and organizations in Asia who have made outstanding contributions in their respective fields.


• Significance: Vinoba Bhave's selection as the first Indian recipient of the Raman Magsaysay Award highlights his exceptional work and influence in the field of social reform.

Thus, Vinoba Bhave became the first Indian to receive the prestigious Raman Magsaysay Award in 1958 for his remarkable contributions to land reform and social justice in India.

Co-founder of Infosys:
- N.R. Narayan Murthy
- N.S. Raghavan
- Nandan Nilekani
- Kris Gopalakrishnan
Book:
- 'Imagining India: Ideas for the New Century'
Correct Answer: C: Nandan Nilekani

Scientific Name of Vinegar: Acetic Acid
Explanation:
- The scientific name of vinegar is Acetic Acid.
- Vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of water and acetic acid produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria.
- Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH, and it is also known as ethanoic acid.
- It is a weak acid with a pungent smell and a sour taste.
- Acetic acid is widely used in the food industry as a preservative, flavoring agent, and condiment.
- It is also used for various household purposes, such as cleaning, disinfecting, and cooking.
- The acidity of vinegar is due to the presence of acetic acid.
- Other acids, such as citric acid, lactic acid, and tartaric acid, are found in various fruits and foods but are not the main component of vinegar.
- Therefore, the correct answer is B: Acetic Acid.

The ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha is the Vice President of India.
Explanation:
- The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Parliament of India, and the Vice President of India is the ex-officio chairman of this house.
- The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament.
- The Vice President presides over the sessions of the Rajya Sabha and is responsible for maintaining order and decorum in the house.
- The Vice President also has the power to cast the deciding vote in case of a tie on any matter being voted upon in the Rajya Sabha.
- The Vice President acts as a link between the President and the Rajya Sabha, and represents the house in its relations with the President.
- However, it should be noted that the Vice President does not have any voting rights in the Rajya Sabha, except in the case of a tie.
- The current Vice President of India and ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha is M. Venkaiah Naidu.

Answer:
Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal in the Olympic Games in 2008. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- The 2008 Olympic Games were held in Beijing, China.
- Abhinav Bindra is an Indian shooter and has represented India in multiple Olympic Games.
Achievement:
- Abhinav Bindra won the gold medal in the Men's 10-meter Air Rifle event at the 2008 Olympic Games.
- With this victory, he became the first Indian athlete to win an individual gold medal in the Olympic Games.
Significance:
- Abhinav Bindra's achievement was historic for Indian sports.
- His gold medal brought immense pride to the nation and inspired many aspiring athletes.
- It showcased India's potential in the field of shooting and encouraged the development of sports infrastructure and training facilities.
Legacy:
- Abhinav Bindra's success paved the way for more Indian athletes to excel in international competitions.
- His dedication, focus, and perseverance continue to be an inspiration for young athletes in India.
- He remains an iconic figure in Indian sports and is remembered as a trailblazer who broke barriers and achieved greatness in the Olympics.
In conclusion, Abhinav Bindra became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal in the Olympic Games in 2008. His achievement had a significant impact on Indian sports and continues to inspire athletes to strive for excellence.

Film star who founded the Telugu Desham Party:

N.T.Rama Rao

Explanation:

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, popularly known as N.T.Rama Rao, was a renowned film star in Telugu cinema. He founded the Telugu Desham Party (TDP) in the year 1982. Here is a detailed explanation:

1. N.T.Rama Rao:
- N.T.Rama Rao was an iconic film actor, director, producer, and politician.
- He was born on May 28, 1923, in Nimmakuru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
- N.T.Rama Rao gained immense popularity and was considered one of the greatest actors in Telugu cinema.
- He acted in more than 320 films in Telugu and other languages.
- He received numerous awards and accolades for his contributions to the film industry.
2. Telugu Desham Party (TDP):
- In 1982, N.T.Rama Rao founded the Telugu Desham Party (TDP).
- The party was established with the aim of addressing the issues and concerns of the people of Andhra Pradesh, especially the Telugu-speaking population.
- TDP emerged as a major political force in the state and played a significant role in shaping its politics.
- N.T.Rama Rao served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for three terms (1983-1984, 1985-1989, and 1994-1995) under the TDP banner.
- TDP has been an influential political party in Andhra Pradesh and has had a significant impact on the state's governance and policies.
Conclusion:
N.T.Rama Rao, the famous film star, founded the Telugu Desham Party (TDP) in 1982. He established the party to address the concerns of the people of Andhra Pradesh and played a significant role in the state's politics.

The first Indian woman to win the Miss Universe title in 1994 was Sushmita Sen.

• Sushmita Sen: Sushmita Sen, an Indian actress and model, was crowned Miss Universe in 1994 at the age of 18. She was the first Indian woman to win this prestigious title.


• Lara Dutta: Lara Dutta, also an Indian actress and model, won the Miss Universe title in 2000. She became the second Indian woman to win the crown.


• Reita Faria: Reita Faria, an Indian model and doctor, was the first Indian woman to win the Miss World title in 1966. However, she did not win the Miss Universe title.


• Aishwarya Rai: Aishwarya Rai, another Indian actress and former Miss World (1994), did not win the Miss Universe title. She was the first runner-up in the Miss India pageant in 1994.

Therefore, the correct answer is D: Sushmita Sen.

Answer:
The largest brackish water lake in India is Chilka Lake.
Explanation:
Chilka Lake, located in the state of Odisha, is the largest brackish water lake in India and the second-largest coastal lagoon in the world. Here is a detailed explanation:
Key Points:
- Location: Chilka Lake is situated on the eastern coast of India in the state of Odisha (formerly known as Orissa).
- Size: It covers an area of about 1,100 square kilometers, making it the largest brackish water lake in India.
- Brackish Water: Brackish water is a mix of fresh water and seawater, and Chilka Lake is known for its brackish water ecosystem.
- Biodiversity: The lake is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including numerous species of birds, fish, and other aquatic animals. It is a designated Ramsar site, indicating its international importance as a wetland habitat.
- Islands: Chilka Lake is dotted with several small islands, including Nalabana Island, which serves as a bird sanctuary and attracts migratory birds during the winter season.
- Importance: The lake plays a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of local communities, as well as providing a habitat for numerous species of plants and animals.
- Tourism: Chilka Lake is a popular tourist destination, known for its scenic beauty and the opportunity to witness wildlife in their natural habitat.
In conclusion, Chilka Lake is the largest brackish water lake in India, known for its biodiversity and scenic beauty.

Playback singer Kedarnath Bhattacharya is better known as Kumar Sanu.
Some key details about Kumar Sanu include:
- Early Life: Kumar Sanu was born on October 20, 1957, in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. His birth name is Kedarnath Bhattacharya.
- Playback Singing Career: Kumar Sanu gained immense popularity in the Indian film industry as a playback singer during the 1990s. He has sung in numerous languages including Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Telugu, and more.
- Collaborations: Kumar Sanu has collaborated with various music directors and composers, including Nadeem-Shravan, Anu Malik, Jatin-Lalit, and many others. He has sung for several leading actors in Bollywood.
- Awards and Recognition: Kumar Sanu has received numerous awards for his melodious vocals, including the Filmfare Awards for Best Male Playback Singer multiple times. He holds the Guinness World Record for recording the maximum number of songs in a day.
- Popular Songs: Some of Kumar Sanu's popular songs include "Ek Ladki Ko Dekha," "Tum Dil Ki Dhadkan Mein," "Mera Dil Bhi Kitna Pagal Hai," "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin," and many more.
- Contribution to the Music Industry: Kumar Sanu's soulful and versatile voice has made him one of the most successful playback singers in the history of Indian cinema. He has left an indelible mark on the music industry with his melodious renditions.
Overall, Kumar Sanu, also known as Kedarnath Bhattacharya, is a renowned playback singer who has made significant contributions to the Indian film industry with his melodious voice and memorable songs.