Knowledge Package - 8 - SSC CHSL MCQ

The Chairman of the National Knowledge Commission is Sam Pitroda.
Explanation:
- The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was established by the Government of India in 2005, with the aim of transforming India into a knowledge society.
- Sam Pitroda, an Indian-American engineer and businessman, was appointed as the Chairman of the NKC.
- Pitroda is known for his contributions in the fields of telecommunications and information technology. He played a key role in India's telecom revolution in the 1980s.
- During his tenure as the Chairman of the NKC, Pitroda focused on various aspects of knowledge and education, including improving access to information, promoting innovation, and enhancing the quality of higher education in India.
- Under his leadership, the NKC submitted several reports and recommendations to the government on issues related to knowledge and education.
- Pitroda's efforts and initiatives as the Chairman of the NKC have had a significant impact on India's knowledge sector and have helped in shaping policies and strategies for the country's socio-economic development.
In conclusion, Sam Pitroda is the Chairman of the National Knowledge Commission.

The Father of Mobile Phone
The person considered as the father of the mobile phone is Martin Cooper.
Explanation
Martin Cooper was an American engineer and inventor who is credited with making the first handheld mobile phone call. Here is a detailed explanation of why Martin Cooper is considered the father of the mobile phone:
1. In 1973, Martin Cooper, who was working for Motorola at the time, made the first-ever mobile phone call to his rival at Bell Labs, Joel S. Engel. He used a prototype of the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x, which weighed around 2.2 pounds.
2. Cooper's invention revolutionized communication by introducing the concept of portable telephony. Before the mobile phone, communication was primarily limited to landlines, making it less convenient and accessible.
3. Cooper's creation laid the foundation for the development of modern mobile phones. His innovative idea allowed people to communicate on the go, leading to the widespread adoption of mobile technology in the coming decades.
4. The first commercial handheld mobile phone, based on Cooper's prototype, was released in 1983. Since then, mobile phones have evolved significantly, becoming smaller, more powerful, and incorporating various features and technologies.
5. Martin Cooper's contribution to the development of mobile phones has been widely recognized. He has received numerous awards and honors for his pioneering work, including the Marconi Prize in 2013, which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize for technology.
In conclusion, Martin Cooper is considered the father of the mobile phone due to his invention and introduction of the first handheld mobile phone, which revolutionized communication and paved the way for the modern mobile technology we use today.

The significant rise in production of which commodity is referred as 'Yellow Revolution'?
The commodity referred to as the 'Yellow Revolution' is the production of Oilseeds.
Explanation:
The 'Yellow Revolution' is a term used to describe the significant increase in the production of oilseeds. This revolution aims to boost the cultivation and production of oilseeds to meet the rising demand for edible oils, animal feed, and other industrial uses. The yellow color of oilseeds, such as mustard, soybean, sunflower, and groundnut, is the reason behind the term 'Yellow Revolution'.
Key Points:
- The 'Yellow Revolution' refers to the increase in oilseeds production.
- Oilseeds are crops that are primarily grown for their oil content.
- The cultivation of oilseeds has seen a significant rise due to increasing demand for edible oils and other industrial uses.
- The major oilseeds include mustard, soybean, sunflower, and groundnut.
- The 'Yellow Revolution' aims to enhance the productivity and efficiency of oilseed cultivation through various technological advancements and agricultural practices.

Length of a Cricket pitch:

- The length of a Cricket pitch is measured between two sets of wickets.
- The distance from one set of wickets to the other is 22 yards.
- The pitch is a rectangular area in the center of the cricket field.
- It is the strip of land on which the bowler delivers the ball to the batsman.
- The pitch is made of closely mowed grass and is usually flat and hard.
- It is one of the most important parts of the game as it directly affects the speed and bounce of the ball.
- The 22-yard length of the pitch is considered ideal for the game of cricket.
- This length has been standardized by the Laws of Cricket.
- It provides a fair balance between the batsman and the bowler.
- The length allows for a good contest between skill and technique.
- It also allows for a fair chance for both the batsman and the bowler to perform at their best.
- Any variation in the length of the pitch can significantly impact the dynamics of the game.
- Therefore, maintaining the standard length of 22 yards is crucial for the integrity of the game.

Associate of Mahatma Gandhi who founded Paunar Ashram near Wardha in Maharashtra: Vinoba Bhave
Explanation:
Vinoba Bhave, an associate of Mahatma Gandhi, founded Paunar Ashram near Wardha in Maharashtra. Here are the key points explaining the answer:
- Paunar Ashram: Vinoba Bhave established Paunar Ashram as a center for the promotion of Gandhian principles and rural development.
- Location: The ashram is situated near Wardha, a city in Maharashtra, India.
- Purpose: Paunar Ashram aimed to address social, economic, and cultural issues prevalent in rural communities, following the teachings and principles of Mahatma Gandhi.
- Rural Development: Vinoba Bhave emphasized the importance of self-reliance, village industries, education, and sustainable agriculture in rural areas.
- Bhoodan Movement: Vinoba Bhave is also known for his Bhoodan (Land Gift) Movement, where he persuaded wealthy landowners to voluntarily donate land to the landless poor.
- Legacy: Paunar Ashram continues to function as a center for promoting rural development and Gandhian ideals, carrying forward Vinoba Bhave's vision.
Therefore, Vinoba Bhave, an associate of Mahatma Gandhi, founded Paunar Ashram near Wardha in Maharashtra.

Headquarters of Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
The headquarters of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Here are some key details about the RBI headquarters:
Location:
- The headquarters is situated in the Fort area of Mumbai, which is the financial hub of India.
- The specific address is Shahid Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai - 400001.
Importance:
- The RBI headquarters is the central administrative and decision-making body of the Reserve Bank of India.
- It houses various departments and divisions responsible for the functioning of the central bank.
Functions:
- Monetary Policy: The RBI formulates and implements monetary policies to control inflation, stabilize prices, and promote economic growth.
- Regulation and Supervision: It regulates and supervises banks, financial institutions, and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) to maintain stability in the financial sector.
- Currency Issuance: The RBI is responsible for the issuance and management of currency notes and coins in India.
- Foreign Exchange Management: It manages the foreign exchange reserves of the country and ensures stability in the foreign exchange market.
- Financial Inclusion: The RBI promotes financial inclusion by implementing measures to provide banking services to all sections of society.
Other RBI Offices:
- Apart from the headquarters in Mumbai, the RBI has regional offices in major cities across India, including New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, and other metropolitan cities.
- These regional offices assist in the implementation of RBI policies and ensure effective communication with various stakeholders.
Conclusion:
The headquarters of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It plays a crucial role in formulating and implementing monetary policies, regulating the financial sector, managing currency issuance, and promoting financial inclusion in India.

Gayatri Mantra is addressed to which Hindu god?
The Gayatri Mantra is addressed to the Hindu god Surya, also known as the Sun god. It is considered one of the most important and sacred mantras in Hinduism.
Explanation:
The Gayatri Mantra is a powerful Vedic chant that is found in the Rigveda, one of the oldest Hindu scriptures. It is a verse from the Rigveda dedicated to the Sun god, Surya.
Key Points:
- The Gayatri Mantra is composed of 24 syllables and is chanted in praise of Surya, the god of light and energy.
- It is believed that chanting the Gayatri Mantra can bestow wisdom, knowledge, and spiritual enlightenment.
- The mantra is often recited during sunrise and sunset as a form of worship and meditation.
- Surya is considered the source of life and the giver of light, and the Gayatri Mantra is a way to connect with his divine energy.
- The mantra is also believed to have a purifying effect on the mind and body, promoting positive energy and inner peace.
In conclusion, the Gayatri Mantra is addressed to the Hindu god Surya, and it is a powerful chant that is revered for its spiritual significance and ability to bring about positive transformation.

The name of India's first electric car is Rewa.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of India's first electric car, Rewa:
- Rewa is the name of India's first electric car, which was launched in 2001.
- It was developed by the Central Electro Chemical Research Institute (CECRI), a laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
- The car was designed to promote the use of electric vehicles and reduce pollution.
- Rewa is a two-seater car with a top speed of 80 km/h and a range of 80 km on a single charge.
- It was powered by lead-acid batteries and had a regenerative braking system to improve efficiency.
- The car had a lightweight fiberglass body to enhance its performance.
- Rewa was primarily used for research and demonstration purposes to showcase the potential of electric vehicles in India.
- It played a crucial role in laying the foundation for the development of electric vehicle technology in the country.
- The success of Rewa paved the way for the development of more advanced and commercially viable electric cars in India.
In conclusion, Rewa is the name of India's first electric car, which was launched in 2001. It was developed by the Central Electro Chemical Research Institute and played a significant role in promoting electric vehicle technology in the country.

The Battle of Tarain (1192)
- The Battle of Tarain was fought between Prithviraj Chauhan, the ruler of Delhi, and Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan ruler.
- It took place in 1192 near the town of Tarain (present-day Taraori in Haryana, India).
- This battle is considered to be a significant event in Indian history as it marked the beginning of Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.
- Muhammad Ghori had previously been defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in the First Battle of Tarain (1191), but he returned the following year with a larger army and better strategies.
- The battle was fought in two phases, with the first phase resulting in a stalemate.
- However, during the second phase, Muhammad Ghori successfully outmaneuvered Prithviraj Chauhan's forces by feigning a retreat, luring the Rajput army into breaking formation and pursuing him.
- This gave Ghori the opportunity to launch a devastating counter-attack, leading to the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan.
- Prithviraj Chauhan was captured and later executed by Muhammad Ghori.
- The Battle of Tarain established Muslim dominance in northern India and paved the way for subsequent Muslim invasions and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.

Which element is necessarily present in all acids?
Answer: C. Hydrogen
Explanation:
Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Therefore, hydrogen is necessarily present in all acids. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition of an Acid:
An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) or protons in a chemical reaction.
Characteristics of Acids:
1. Acids have a sour taste.
2. Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
3. Acids react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
4. Acids react with bases to form salts and water.
5. Acids have a pH value less than 7.
Explanation of the Necessity of Hydrogen in Acids:
1. Acids are defined by their ability to donate hydrogen ions (H+). When an acid dissolves in water, it releases these hydrogen ions, which are responsible for the acidic properties.
2. The presence of hydrogen ions is what gives acids their characteristic sour taste, ability to turn litmus paper red, and low pH value.
3. Without hydrogen, a substance cannot exhibit the properties of an acid.
Other Elements in Acids:
While hydrogen is necessarily present in all acids, other elements may also be present. Some common examples include:
1. Oxygen: Many acids contain oxygen, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3).
2. Carbon: Some organic acids, like acetic acid (CH3COOH), contain carbon.
3. Nitrogen: Nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) are examples of acids that contain nitrogen.
However, the common element that is necessarily present in all acids is hydrogen.

Answer:
The IT entrepreneur who authored the book "Business at the Speed of Thought" is Bill Gates.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- Book Title: "Business at the Speed of Thought"
- Author: Bill Gates
- Explanation: Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft, authored the book "Business at the Speed of Thought." This book was published in 1999 and focuses on how digital technology can transform businesses and improve efficiency. Gates shares insights on how businesses can leverage technology to gain a competitive edge and make better decisions. The book emphasizes the importance of using information technology to streamline operations, enhance communication, and drive innovation. It explores various concepts such as knowledge management, digital collaboration, and data-driven decision making. "Business at the Speed of Thought" provides valuable insights into how businesses can adapt and thrive in the digital age.
In conclusion, Bill Gates, the IT entrepreneur and co-founder of Microsoft, authored the book "Business at the Speed of Thought."

Siachen Glacier Location
The Siachen Glacier, known as the world's longest glacier, is located in the Karakoram mountain range.
Explanation
The Siachen Glacier is situated in the northern part of the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Here is a detailed explanation of the location and characteristics of the Siachen Glacier:
1. Karakoram Mountain Range:
The Siachen Glacier is located in the Karakoram mountain range, which is a part of the greater Himalayan mountain system. The Karakoram range spans across the borders of India, Pakistan, and China.
2. Geography:
The Siachen Glacier is situated in the eastern Karakoram range, near the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan. It lies at an average altitude of around 18,000 feet (5,486 meters) above sea level.
3. Indian Administration:
The Siachen Glacier is currently under the control of the Indian Army. It is part of the Siachen Glacier region, which is a disputed territory claimed by both India and Pakistan.
4. World's Longest Glacier:
The Siachen Glacier stretches over a length of approximately 76 kilometers (47 miles). It is renowned as the world's longest glacier outside the polar regions.
5. Harsh Climate:
The Siachen Glacier is known for its extremely harsh climate conditions. It experiences freezing temperatures, strong winds, and heavy snowfall throughout the year. The average winter temperature can drop as low as -50 degrees Celsius (-58 degrees Fahrenheit).
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Siachen Glacier, the world's longest glacier, is located in the Karakoram mountain range. It lies in the eastern part of the range, near the Line of Control between India and Pakistan. The glacier is under the control of the Indian Army and is known for its harsh climate conditions.

Bile is produced by the liver.
Explanation:
- The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body and it plays a vital role in digestion.
- One of the functions of the liver is to produce bile.
- Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
- It is made up of bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other substances.
- Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when needed for digestion.
- It helps in the emulsification and breakdown of fats into smaller molecules, which can be easily absorbed by the body.
- Bile also helps in the elimination of waste products, particularly bilirubin, which is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells.
- In addition to its role in digestion, bile also aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K.
- Overall, bile production by the liver is essential for proper digestion and absorption of fats in the human body.

Original name of Mughal empress Noor Jahan:
- Noor Jahan's original name was Mehrunnisa.
- She was born on May 31, 1577, in Kandahar, Afghanistan.
- Noor Jahan was the twentieth and favorite wife of Emperor Jahangir, who ruled the Mughal Empire from 1605 to 1627.
- After her marriage to Jahangir, she was given the title "Noor Jahan," which means "Light of the World."
- However, her birth name was Mehrunnisa, which means "Sun of Women."
- Noor Jahan was known for her beauty, intelligence, and political acumen.
- She had a significant influence on the Mughal court and was actively involved in state affairs.
- Noor Jahan was also an accomplished poet, artist, and patron of the arts.
- She played a crucial role in promoting the arts and culture during her time as the empress.
- Noor Jahan's legacy as a powerful and influential empress continues to be remembered in history.

Explanation:
To determine whether a number is prime or not, we need to check if it is divisible by any number other than 1 and itself. Let's analyze each option:
A: 5
- 5 is only divisible by 1 and 5.
- It is a prime number.
B: 7
- 7 is only divisible by 1 and 7.
- It is a prime number.
C: 9
- 9 is divisible by 1, 3, and 9.
- It is not a prime number.
D: 11
- 11 is only divisible by 1 and 11.
- It is a prime number.
Conclusion:
- The number 9 is not a prime number because it is divisible by numbers other than 1 and itself.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 9.

Answer:
The headquarters of the International Cricket Council (ICC) is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Explanation:
The ICC is the international governing body for the sport of cricket. It is responsible for organizing and overseeing international cricket tournaments and ensuring the fair play and development of the game. The ICC was founded in 1909 and has its headquarters in Dubai since 2005.
Key Points:
- The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the governing body for international cricket.
- The ICC headquarters is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- The ICC was founded in 1909 and has been headquartered in Dubai since 2005.
- The ICC is responsible for organizing and overseeing international cricket tournaments.
- The ICC ensures fair play and development of the game of cricket.
- Dubai is a major hub for international cricket and provides excellent infrastructure and facilities for the sport.

Graphite and Diamond are allotropes of which element?
Answer: B. Carbon
Explanation:
Definition of allotropes:
- Allotropes are different forms of an element that exist in the same physical state but have different chemical and physical properties.
Graphite:
- Graphite is a soft, black, lustrous form of carbon.
- It is made up of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure.
- The layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces, allowing them to slide over each other easily.
- Due to its layered structure, graphite has properties such as lubricity and electrical conductivity.
Diamond:
- Diamond is a hard, transparent or translucent form of carbon.
- It is made up of carbon atoms arranged in a crystal lattice structure.
- Each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.
- The strong covalent bonds between the carbon atoms give diamond its exceptional hardness and high melting point.
- Diamond is known for its brilliance and is used in jewelry and cutting tools.
Carbon:
- Carbon is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6.
- It is a nonmetallic element that is essential for life and is found in all living organisms.
- Carbon is unique in its ability to form a wide variety of compounds due to its versatile bonding capabilities.
- It can form multiple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and with atoms of other elements.
Conclusion:
- Graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon.
- They have different structures and properties due to the different arrangement of carbon atoms.
- Graphite is soft and has layers that can slide over each other, while diamond is hard and has a crystal lattice structure.
- The study of allotropes of carbon is important in various fields, including materials science and chemistry.

The only Indian cricketer to have taken all 10 wickets in a Test innings is Anil Kumble.
Explanation:
- Anil Kumble achieved this remarkable feat on February 7, 1999, against Pakistan in the second Test match played at the Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium in Delhi.
- He became the second player in the history of Test cricket, after England's Jim Laker, to take all 10 wickets in an innings.
- Kumble's bowling figures in that innings were 10/74, which is the best bowling figures by an Indian bowler in Test cricket.
- He bowled tirelessly and displayed exceptional skill and accuracy to dismantle the Pakistani batting lineup.
- Kumble's variations, including his deadly googly and accurate line and length, proved too much for the Pakistani batsmen to handle.
- This extraordinary performance by Kumble played a significant role in India's victory in that Test match by 212 runs.
- Anil Kumble is regarded as one of the greatest spin bowlers in the history of cricket and holds many records in Test cricket, including being the highest wicket-taker for India.
- His feat of taking all 10 wickets in a Test innings remains a rare and remarkable achievement in the world of cricket.

In which Indian state is the Keibul Lamjao, world's only floating National Park, situated?
The Keibul Lamjao National Park is located in the state of Manipur in India.
Explanation:
- Keibul Lamjao National Park is a unique and important conservation area situated in the Loktak Lake in Manipur.
- It is the world's only floating National Park and is known for its unique ecosystem and diverse flora and fauna.
- The park is spread across an area of 40 square kilometers and is primarily composed of floating decomposed plant materials called "phumdis."
- The phumdis provide a habitat for the endangered Manipur brow-antlered deer, also known as the Sangai deer, which is the state animal of Manipur.
- The park is also home to various other species of animals, birds, and aquatic life, including otters, wild boars, hog deer, and migratory birds.
- Keibul Lamjao National Park is of great ecological significance and plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the Loktak Lake ecosystem.
- The park is a popular tourist attraction and offers opportunities for bird watching, wildlife spotting, and boating activities.
- It is a protected area under the Wildlife Protection Act of India and efforts are being made to conserve and preserve its unique ecosystem.
Thus, the Keibul Lamjao National Park, the world's only floating National Park, is situated in the state of Manipur in India.

Recipient of the International Gandhi Peace Prize in 1995:
The first recipient of the International Gandhi Peace Prize in 1995 was Julius Nyerere.
Explanation:
- The International Gandhi Peace Prize is an award given annually by the Government of India in recognition of the outstanding contributions made by individuals or organizations towards social, economic, and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods.
- In 1995, the first International Gandhi Peace Prize was awarded.
- The recipient of the first International Gandhi Peace Prize in 1995 was Julius Nyerere.
- Julius Nyerere was a Tanzanian politician and the first President of Tanzania.
- He was known for his advocacy of African socialism, self-reliance, and his commitment to non-violence.
- Nyerere played a significant role in leading Tanzania to independence from British colonial rule.
- He was a strong advocate for peace, social justice, and equality, which aligns with the principles of Mahatma Gandhi.
- Therefore, he was honored with the first International Gandhi Peace Prize in 1995 for his exceptional contributions to peace and non-violence.
Key Points:
- The first recipient of the International Gandhi Peace Prize in 1995 was Julius Nyerere.
- Julius Nyerere was the first President of Tanzania and advocated for African socialism and self-reliance.
- He played a significant role in leading Tanzania to independence and was known for his commitment to non-violence.
- Nyerere was honored with the International Gandhi Peace Prize for his exceptional contributions to peace and non-violence.

Answer:
The autobiographies "My Music, My Life" and "Raga Mala" are written by Pt. Ravi Shankar.
Explanation:
Pt. Ravi Shankar was a renowned Indian musician and composer who popularized Indian classical music worldwide. He was a virtuoso sitar player and a pioneer in introducing Indian classical music to Western audiences.
Key Points:
- Pt. Ravi Shankar is the author of the autobiographies "My Music, My Life" and "Raga Mala."
- "My Music, My Life" provides insights into Pt. Ravi Shankar's life, musical journey, and his collaborations with various artists.
- "Raga Mala" offers a deeper understanding of Pt. Ravi Shankar's approach to Indian classical music and his experiences as a musician.
Additional Information:
- Pt. Ravi Shankar received numerous awards and honors, including India's highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna.
- He was a teacher and mentor to several well-known musicians, including his daughter Anoushka Shankar.
- Pt. Ravi Shankar's contribution to music and his efforts in promoting Indian classical music globally are widely recognized and respected.

The minimum age limit to become the President of India is 35 years.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Qualifications for the President of India:
- According to Article 58 of the Indian Constitution, a person should possess certain qualifications to be eligible for the position of the President of India.
- The qualifications include being a citizen of India, having completed the age of 35 years, and being qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament) as per the Representation of the People Act.
Explanation:
- The minimum age limit to become the President of India is 35 years.
- This means that a person must have completed 35 years of age in order to be eligible for the position.
- The age requirement ensures that the President has sufficient life experience and maturity to undertake the responsibilities of the position.
- The age limit of 35 years is considered reasonable as it allows individuals to gain experience and knowledge before assuming such a significant role in the country's governance.
Summary:
- The minimum age limit to become the President of India is 35 years.
- This requirement ensures that the President has the necessary experience and maturity to fulfill the responsibilities of the position.

Who created fictional character Harry Potter?
The fictional character Harry Potter was created by J.K. Rowling.
Explanation:
J.K. Rowling, a British author, is the creator of the beloved fictional character Harry Potter. She is best known for writing the Harry Potter book series, which became a global phenomenon. Here is more information about J.K. Rowling and her creation:
- Background: J.K. Rowling was born on July 31, 1965, in Yate, Gloucestershire, England. She had a passion for writing from an early age and began writing stories as a young child.
- Harry Potter Series: J.K. Rowling's breakthrough came with the publication of the first book in the Harry Potter series, titled "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (known as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States). The book was published in 1997 and introduced readers to the magical world of Harry Potter.
- Popularity: The Harry Potter series gained immense popularity and went on to become a global phenomenon. The books have been translated into numerous languages and have sold millions of copies worldwide. The series consists of seven main books, each chronicling a year in Harry Potter's life at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
- Impact: J.K. Rowling's creation of the Harry Potter universe has had a significant impact on popular culture. The books have been adapted into successful film adaptations, with a total of eight movies released. The franchise also includes spin-off books, plays, video games, and merchandise.
- Legacy: J.K. Rowling's storytelling and the world she created in the Harry Potter series have captivated readers of all ages. The books have not only entertained but also inspired a love for reading and sparked the imagination of millions of people around the world.
In conclusion, J.K. Rowling is the creative mind behind the fictional character Harry Potter. Her books have become a cultural phenomenon and continue to enchant readers of all ages.

The deficiency of Vitamin C in humans leads to the disease called Scurvy.
Explanation:
Scurvy is a condition that occurs due to a lack of Vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. When the body does not receive an adequate amount of Vitamin C, it can result in several symptoms and complications associated with scurvy.
Key Points:
- Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C in the diet.
- Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that helps in the formation of connective tissues, bones, and blood vessels.
- Without enough Vitamin C, the body struggles to produce collagen, leading to a breakdown of connective tissues.
- Symptoms of scurvy include fatigue, weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, joint pain, poor wound healing, and skin discoloration.
- If left untreated, scurvy can lead to more severe complications such as anemia, gum disease, and even death.
- Consuming foods rich in Vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, broccoli, and bell peppers, can help prevent and treat scurvy.
- It is important to maintain an adequate intake of Vitamin C through a balanced diet to prevent the development of scurvy.

Answer:
Heading: Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das
Key Points:
- Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das was a prominent Indian freedom fighter and political leader during the early 20th century.
- He was born on 5 November 1870 in Calcutta, British India.
- Das was a lawyer by profession and played a significant role in the Indian independence movement.
- He was one of the key leaders of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi.
- Deshbandhu, meaning "Friend of the Nation," was a title given to Chittaranjan Das due to his immense popularity and dedication to the cause of Indian independence.
- He was known for his powerful oratory skills and his ability to mobilize people for the freedom struggle.
- Chittaranjan Das actively participated in various movements and protests against British rule, advocating for the rights and welfare of Indians.
- He was a strong advocate of Swadeshi and Boycott movements, encouraging Indians to boycott British goods and promote indigenous industries.
- Das served as the Mayor of Calcutta in 1924 and later founded the Swaraj Party, which aimed to oppose British policies and fight for self-rule in India.
- Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das passed away on 16 June 1925, leaving behind a legacy of courage, patriotism, and dedication to the cause of Indian independence.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati and the founding of Arya Samaj
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, a renowned Indian philosopher and social reformer, founded the Arya Samaj on 7th April 1875. The Arya Samaj is a Hindu reform movement that focuses on the Vedic teachings and aims to promote social equality and religious tolerance. The organization played a significant role in the revival of Hinduism and the eradication of social evils.
Location of the founding of Arya Samaj
The Arya Samaj was founded in the city of Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), Maharashtra, India. Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra and is located on the western coast of India. It is one of the most populous cities in the country and has been a major center for trade, commerce, and cultural activities.
Significance of the founding location
Mumbai was chosen as the location for the founding of Arya Samaj due to its strategic importance and accessibility. The city served as a hub for intellectual and social reform movements during the late 19th century. Its cosmopolitan nature and diverse population made it an ideal place for the dissemination of the teachings and principles of Arya Samaj.
Impact of Arya Samaj
The founding of Arya Samaj in Mumbai marked a significant milestone in the history of Hindu reform movements in India. The organization played a vital role in promoting education, advocating for women's rights, opposing caste discrimination, and emphasizing the importance of Vedic scriptures. Swami Dayanand Saraswati's teachings and the principles of Arya Samaj continue to influence Hindu society and have contributed to various social and educational reforms in India.
In conclusion
Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in Mumbai on 7th April 1875. The choice of Mumbai as the founding location was significant due to its cultural and intellectual vibrancy. The Arya Samaj has since played a crucial role in promoting social equality, religious tolerance, and the revival of Hinduism.

Original Name of Munshi Premchand:
- The original name of renowned Hindi and Urdu writer Munshi Premchand was Raghupati Sahay.
- He was born on July 31, 1880, in Lamhi, a village near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Munshi Premchand was his pen name, which he adopted later in his literary career.
- He is considered one of the greatest figures in modern Hindi and Urdu literature.
- He wrote numerous novels, short stories, and plays, addressing social issues and depicting the lives of common people.
- His works often reflected the struggles and aspirations of the Indian society during the British colonial rule.
- Some of his famous works include "Godan," "Gaban," "Nirmala," and "Karmabhoomi."
- Munshi Premchand's writings continue to be celebrated for their realistic portrayal of characters and social issues.
- He passed away on October 8, 1936, but his literary legacy lives on, inspiring generations of writers and readers.

The first president of the Indian National Congress was Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
Background:
- The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885 with the aim of seeking independence from British rule.
- The first session of the INC took place in Bombay (now Mumbai) on December 28, 1885.
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee:
- Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, a prominent lawyer and political leader, was elected as the first president of the Indian National Congress.
- He was born on December 29, 1844, in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and belonged to a Bengali Brahmin family.
- Bonnerjee was educated in England and became a barrister.
- He actively participated in the Indian nationalist movement and played a crucial role in the formation of the Indian National Congress.
Significance:
- Bonnerjee's election as the first president of the INC symbolized the unity and collective efforts of Indian leaders towards achieving independence.
- Under his leadership, the INC focused on addressing social and economic issues faced by the Indian population.
- Bonnerjee emphasized the need for self-governance and worked towards building a strong foundation for the nationalist movement in India.
In conclusion, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president of the Indian National Congress. His leadership marked the beginning of a unified struggle for independence and laid the groundwork for future leaders to continue the fight against British rule.

In the Mahabharata, Karna killed Bhima's son Ghatotkacha.

Explanation:
- Ghatotkacha was the son of Bhima, one of the Pandava brothers, and Hidimbi, a Rakshasi.
- He was a powerful warrior and possessed magical abilities due to his Rakshasa lineage.
- During the Kurukshetra war, Ghatotkacha fought on the side of the Pandavas, using his magical powers to create havoc in the Kaurava army.
- Karna, the valiant warrior and one of the main antagonists of the Mahabharata, was aware of Ghatotkacha's strength and the threat he posed to the Kauravas.
- Karna decided to use his divine weapon, the Vasava Shakti, to kill Ghatotkacha.
- On the fourteenth day of the war, Karna invoked the Vasava Shakti and aimed it at Ghatotkacha, killing him instantly.
- This act of Karna was seen as a major blow to the Pandava army, as Ghatotkacha was a crucial asset in their battle against the Kauravas.
- However, Ghatotkacha's sacrifice paved the way for the eventual victory of the Pandavas in the war.
Key Points:
- Ghatotkacha was Bhima's son and a powerful warrior.
- Karna used the Vasava Shakti to kill Ghatotkacha.
- Ghatotkacha's death was a significant loss for the Pandavas.
- His sacrifice contributed to the eventual victory of the Pandavas in the Mahabharata war.

Answer:
The earliest existing grammar of Sanskrit is called 'Ashtadhyayi' and it was written by Panini.
Explanation:
Panini was an ancient Indian scholar and grammarian who is credited with the composition of 'Ashtadhyayi', which is considered the earliest existing grammar of Sanskrit. Here is some information about Panini and his work:
1. Panini:
- Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who lived around the 4th century BCE.
- He is known for his work on Sanskrit grammar, which is highly regarded in the field of linguistics.
- Panini's work on grammar laid the foundation for the formal linguistic analysis of Sanskrit language.
2. Ashtadhyayi:
- 'Ashtadhyayi' is a Sanskrit term that translates to "Eight Chapters."
- It is a comprehensive treatise on Sanskrit grammar, consisting of eight chapters or books.
- The grammar rules and principles outlined in 'Ashtadhyayi' are highly systematic and precise.
- Panini's work in 'Ashtadhyayi' covers various aspects of Sanskrit grammar, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
- His grammar rules are presented in a concise and compact format, using a set of technical terms and symbols.
- 'Ashtadhyayi' is considered a masterpiece of linguistic analysis and has had a significant influence on the development of linguistic theories in India and beyond.
In conclusion, Panini is the author of 'Ashtadhyayi', the earliest existing grammar of Sanskrit. His work remains highly regarded and continues to be studied in the field of linguistics.