Knowledge Package - 9 - SSC CHSL MCQ

The motto of the Asian Games is "Ever Onward".
Explanation:
- The Asian Games is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia.
- The motto "Ever Onward" reflects the spirit and determination of the athletes to continually strive for progress and improvement.
- The motto emphasizes the importance of perseverance, resilience, and continuous growth in sports and in life.
- It encourages athletes to never give up and to keep moving forward, both in their athletic pursuits and in their personal development.
- The motto serves as a reminder that success is not achieved overnight, but through consistent effort and a commitment to constant improvement.
- It inspires athletes to push their limits and to always strive for higher goals and achievements.
- The motto also reflects the values of the Olympic movement, which aims to promote excellence, friendship, and respect through sport.

Playing Time of 'Jana Gana Mana', the National Anthem of India:
The approximate playing time of the full version of 'Jana Gana Mana', the National Anthem of India, is 52 seconds.
Explanation:
To determine the approximate playing time of 'Jana Gana Mana', we need to consider the following factors:
1. Composition: 'Jana Gana Mana' is composed in a specific time signature and tempo, which affects the overall duration of the anthem.
2. Verses: The National Anthem of India consists of five stanzas, but only the first stanza is usually sung on official occasions. Therefore, the playing time refers to the performance of the first stanza.
3. Tempo: The tempo at which the anthem is performed can vary slightly, but it generally follows a standard pace.
Considering these factors, the approximate playing time of 'Jana Gana Mana' is determined to be 52 seconds.
Conclusion:
The approximate playing time of the full version of 'Jana Gana Mana', the National Anthem of India, is 52 seconds.

City Famous for Chikankari Embroidery: Lucknow

• Lucknow: The city of Lucknow, located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, is famous for its exquisite embroidery work known as Chikankari.


• Chikankari Embroidery: Chikankari is a traditional embroidery style that originated in Lucknow during the Mughal era. It is known for its delicate and intricate white threadwork on fine muslin fabric.


• History: Chikankari embroidery has a rich history and has been practiced by skilled artisans for centuries. It was patronized by the royal families and nobles of Lucknow.


• Technique: Chikankari involves various stitches like backstitch, chain stitch, and satin stitch. It is done by hand using a fine needle and white cotton thread on fabrics like muslin, chiffon, and silk.


• Designs: The embroidery patterns in Chikankari are inspired by nature, flowers, birds, and geometric shapes. The motifs are intricately worked using different stitches to create a beautiful and elegant design.


• Famous Chikankari Products: Lucknow is known for its exquisite Chikankari products like sarees, suits, lehengas, dupattas, and kurtis. These garments are popular for their intricate embroidery and are often worn on special occasions.


• Global Recognition: Chikankari has gained international recognition and is appreciated for its craftsmanship and artistry. It has been showcased on various fashion runways and is sought after by fashion enthusiasts around the world.

In conclusion, Lucknow is the city famous for Chikankari embroidery. The art form has a rich history, intricate designs, and is known for its delicate white threadwork on fine fabrics. Chikankari products from Lucknow are highly sought after and have gained global recognition.

Smallest State in India by Population - Sikkim
Explanation:
- In terms of population, the smallest state in India is Sikkim.
- Sikkim is a landlocked state located in the northeastern part of India.
- It is bordered by Bhutan to the east, Nepal to the west, and Tibet (China) to the north.
- Sikkim has a relatively small population compared to other states in India.
- According to the 2011 census, the population of Sikkim was approximately 610,577.
- The low population of Sikkim can be attributed to its small geographical area and challenging terrain, which limits the scope for large-scale settlement and development.
- Despite its small population, Sikkim is known for its natural beauty, biodiversity, and cultural heritage.
- The state is also famous for its tourism industry, attracting visitors from all over the world.
Summary:
The smallest state in India in terms of population is Sikkim. With a population of approximately 610,577, Sikkim has a relatively small population due to its small geographical area and challenging terrain. However, it is known for its natural beauty, biodiversity, and tourism industry.

State Hosting 34th National Games in June 2009

Answer: D. Jharkhand

The 34th National Games in June 2009 were hosted by the state of Jharkhand.

Explanation:

Here are the key points explaining why Jharkhand was the host state for the 34th National Games in June 2009:

• Jharkhand is a state located in eastern India.


• The 34th National Games are a multi-sport event held in India.


• The Games aim to promote sports and physical fitness among Indian athletes and provide a platform for them to showcase their skills.


• Jharkhand was chosen as the host state for the 34th National Games in June 2009.


• The state government of Jharkhand, along with various sports authorities and organizations, worked together to organize and host the Games.


• The Games featured various sporting events including athletics, swimming, shooting, archery, football, and many more.


• Athletes from different states and union territories of India participated in the Games, competing for medals and recognition.


• The Games were held in different venues across Jharkhand, providing opportunities for athletes to compete in world-class facilities.


• Jharkhand successfully hosted the 34th National Games, contributing to the growth and development of sports in the state and the nation as a whole.

Therefore, Jharkhand was the state that hosted the 34th National Games in June 2009.

Situated on the banks of Vaigai river, which city was the capital of Pandya Dynasty?
The city that was the capital of the Pandya Dynasty is Madurai.
Explanation:
- The Pandya Dynasty was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled over the southern part of India.
- Madurai, situated on the banks of the Vaigai river in Tamil Nadu, was the capital city of the Pandya Dynasty.
- Madurai has a rich historical and cultural significance and is known for its ancient temples, art, and literature.
- The city of Madurai was an important center for trade and commerce during the reign of the Pandya Dynasty.
- The Meenakshi Amman Temple, located in Madurai, is one of the most famous and impressive temples built by the Pandya rulers.
- The Pandya Dynasty played a significant role in the development of Tamil literature and art, and Madurai was the cultural hub of the dynasty.
- The city of Madurai continues to be an important center of Tamil culture and heritage.
Therefore, the correct answer is A. Madurai.

The Constituent of Human Blood Responsible for Blood Clotting
Blood clotting, also known as coagulation, is a vital process that helps prevent excessive bleeding when an injury occurs. The main constituent of human blood responsible for blood clotting is Platelets (Thrombocytes).
Platelets:
Platelets are small, irregularly shaped cell fragments that circulate in the bloodstream. They are produced in the bone marrow and play a crucial role in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets are activated and form a plug at the site of injury to stop bleeding.
Process of Blood Clotting:
When an injury occurs, the process of blood clotting involves a series of steps:
1. Vasoconstriction: The damaged blood vessel constricts to reduce blood flow to the injured area.
2. Platelet Activation: Platelets adhere to the damaged blood vessel wall and become activated.
3. Platelet Aggregation: Activated platelets release chemical signals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These platelets stick together to form a platelet plug.
4. Coagulation Cascade: The platelet plug triggers a complex series of reactions known as the coagulation cascade. This cascade involves the activation of various clotting factors, ultimately leading to the formation of insoluble fibrin strands.
5. Fibrin Formation: Fibrin strands form a mesh-like network that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming a stable blood clot.
6. Clot Retraction and Dissolution: Over time, the blood clot retracts, pulling the edges of the damaged blood vessel closer together for healing. Eventually, the clot is dissolved by enzymes, allowing blood flow to resume.
Importance of Blood Clotting:
Blood clotting is crucial for the following reasons:
- Prevents excessive bleeding and loss of blood.
- Seals damaged blood vessels, promoting healing.
- Provides a temporary barrier to pathogens, reducing the risk of infection.
- Helps maintain blood volume and pressure.
In conclusion, platelets play a vital role in blood clotting. Their activation and aggregation form a platelet plug, which triggers the coagulation cascade and leads to the formation of a stable blood clot. This process is essential for preventing excessive bleeding and promoting wound healing.

Phobos and Deimos are two moons of Mars.
Explanation:
- Phobos and Deimos are the two moons (natural satellites) of the planet Mars.
- They were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall in 1877.
- Phobos is the larger and innermost moon of Mars, while Deimos is the smaller and outermost moon.
- Both moons are irregularly shaped and have a heavily cratered surface.
- Phobos is closer to Mars and orbits the planet at a distance of about 6,000 kilometers, while Deimos orbits at a distance of about 23,500 kilometers.
- The origin of these moons is still debated, but the most widely accepted theory is that they are captured asteroids that were pulled into orbit around Mars.
- Phobos and Deimos are named after the sons of the Greek god Ares, who is equivalent to the Roman god Mars.
- These moons have been a subject of scientific study and exploration, with several missions sent to Mars to gather data and images of Phobos and Deimos.
In summary, Phobos and Deimos are the two moons of Mars, and they play an important role in understanding the geological history and evolution of the planet.

Mossad - The National Intelligence Agency of Israel
Introduction:
Mossad is the national intelligence agency of Israel and is responsible for intelligence gathering, covert operations, and counterterrorism.
Key Points:
Here are some important details about Mossad:
1. Role: Mossad's primary role is to gather intelligence and provide security to Israel. It operates both domestically and internationally to protect Israeli interests.
2. Operations: Mossad is known for its covert operations, which include intelligence gathering, espionage, sabotage, and assassinations. It operates worldwide to ensure the safety and security of Israel.
3. Intelligence Gathering: Mossad is responsible for collecting information on potential threats to Israel, including terrorist organizations, hostile governments, and individuals involved in activities against Israeli interests.
4. Counterterrorism: Mossad plays a crucial role in combating terrorism. It tracks and neutralizes threats from terrorist organizations, preventing attacks on Israeli soil and abroad.
5. Cooperation: Mossad works closely with other intelligence agencies, both domestically and internationally. It shares intelligence and collaborates on operations to ensure global security.
6. Successes: Mossad has been involved in several successful operations, including the capture of high-profile terrorists, the prevention of attacks, and the acquisition of valuable intelligence.
7. Controversies: Mossad's activities have sometimes sparked controversies, particularly in cases where its actions have violated international laws or resulted in civilian casualties.
8. Secrecy: Mossad operates with a high level of secrecy. The agency's operations and methods are classified, and its agents often work under deep cover.
Conclusion:
Mossad, the national intelligence agency of Israel, plays a crucial role in protecting Israeli interests and ensuring global security. Through intelligence gathering, covert operations, and counterterrorism efforts, Mossad operates both domestically and internationally to safeguard Israel's safety.

Personal Supercomputer
The name of the world's first personal supercomputer, which is up to 250 times faster than standard PCs, is Eka.
Eka
Eka, developed by the Computational Research Laboratories (CRL) in India, was officially recognized as the world's first personal supercomputer in 2007. It is a high-performance computing system designed to provide immense processing power for a wide range of applications.
Features and Performance
Here are some key features and performance aspects of Eka:
- Processing Power: Eka is capable of delivering up to 172.8 teraflops of computing power, which is equivalent to 172.8 trillion floating-point operations per second. This makes it significantly faster than standard PCs, which typically operate in the gigaflops range.
- Parallel Processing: Eka utilizes parallel processing techniques to divide complex computational tasks into smaller parts and execute them simultaneously. This allows for faster and more efficient processing of large datasets and complex simulations.
- Multiple Nodes: Eka consists of multiple computing nodes connected together to form a cluster. Each node contains multiple processors, memory, and storage resources, allowing for distributed computing and increased scalability.
- Customized Software: Eka incorporates customized software and operating systems optimized for high-performance computing. This ensures efficient utilization of hardware resources and enables seamless integration with various scientific and engineering applications.
- Applications: Eka is used in a wide range of fields, including weather forecasting, drug discovery, computational physics, and engineering simulations. Its immense processing power enables scientists, researchers, and engineers to tackle complex problems and analyze large datasets with unprecedented speed and accuracy.
Significance
The development of Eka and other personal supercomputers has revolutionized the field of high-performance computing. Some of the key significance of personal supercomputers like Eka are:
- Accessibility: Personal supercomputers bring immense computing power within the reach of individual researchers, small businesses, and educational institutions. This democratizes access to high-performance computing and enables a broader range of users to leverage its benefits.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Compared to traditional supercomputers, personal supercomputers offer a more cost-effective solution. They provide a balance between performance and affordability, making them suitable for a variety of applications and budgets.
- Innovation and Discovery: The increased computational power offered by personal supercomputers like Eka enables faster simulations, data analysis, and modeling. This, in turn, promotes innovation and accelerates the pace of scientific and technological discoveries.
- Competitive Advantage: Organizations and individuals utilizing personal supercomputers gain a competitive edge by leveraging advanced computing capabilities. They can tackle complex problems, gain insights from big data, and make informed decisions faster than their peers.
In conclusion, Eka, developed by the Computational Research Laboratories, is the world's first personal supercomputer. With its exceptional processing power and customized software, Eka offers a significant performance boost compared to standard PCs, making it an invaluable tool for a wide range of scientific and engineering applications.

The Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the President of India.
The President of India holds the highest rank in the Indian Armed Forces and serves as the ceremonial head of the military. Here are the key points to understand:
1. Role of the President: The President of India acts as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces and exercises his or her powers and functions through the Chief of the Army Staff.
2. Constitutional Authority: The President's position as the Supreme Commander is derived from Article 53 of the Indian Constitution. This article states that the President is the head of the Indian Armed Forces and has the authority to appoint the Chief of the Army Staff.
3. Appointment of Chiefs: The President appoints the Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, who are responsible for the operational command of their respective forces. The Chiefs of Staff Committee advises the President on matters of defense.
4. Ceremonial Role: The President also plays a ceremonial role in the armed forces. He or she presides over important military events, presents gallantry awards, and participates in defense-related ceremonies.
5. Political Neutrality: Unlike the Prime Minister or the Defense Minister, the President is a non-political figure and is expected to be impartial while exercising powers related to the armed forces.
It is important to note that while the President holds the highest rank in the Indian Armed Forces, the day-to-day operational control is exercised by the Chief of Army Staff, who reports to the Ministry of Defense and the government.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Ringworm. Ringworm is not a parasite. It is actually a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails.
Difference between parasites and ringworm:
- Parasites are organisms that live on or in another organism (host) and derive their nourishment from the host. They can cause harm to the host.
- Ringworm, on the other hand, is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, which are a group of fungi. It can affect the skin, scalp, or nails but does not rely on a host for nourishment.
Examples of parasites:
- Hookworm: A parasitic worm that lives in the small intestine of its host, usually a human or animal. It feeds on the host's blood, causing anemia and other health problems.
- Tapeworm: A parasitic flatworm that lives in the intestines of its host. It absorbs nutrients from the host's digested food.
- Roundworm: Also known as nematodes, these are parasites that can infect humans and animals. They can live in the intestines, lungs, or other body tissues.
Conclusion:
Ringworm is not a parasite. It is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes. Parasites, such as hookworm, tapeworm, and roundworm, live on or in another organism and derive their nourishment from the host.

Author of the book 'India Wins Freedom'
The author of the book 'India Wins Freedom' is Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
Explanation:
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi.
- 'India Wins Freedom' is an autobiographical book written by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
- The book provides a detailed account of the events leading up to India's independence and Azad's role in the freedom struggle.
- It sheds light on the political scenario of the time, including the partition of India and the formation of Pakistan.
- Azad's book offers valuable insights into the challenges faced by the leaders and the complexities of the freedom struggle.
- 'India Wins Freedom' is considered an important historical document and is widely read for its firsthand account of the independence movement.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

Jatiyo Sansad is the parliament of Bangladesh.
The Jatiyo Sansad, also known as the National Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of Bangladesh. It is responsible for making and passing laws, scrutinizing the government's activities, and representing the interests of the people.
Key points:
- The Jatiyo Sansad consists of two houses: the National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) and the National Council (Jatiya Parishad).
- The National Parliament is the lower house and is directly elected by the people through a general election.
- It is composed of 350 members, known as Members of Parliament (MPs), who represent different constituencies across the country.
- The National Council is the upper house and is composed of 50 members who are elected by different professional bodies, such as teachers, lawyers, and journalists.
- The President of Bangladesh appoints 45 additional members to the National Council.
- The Jatiyo Sansad is responsible for making laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the government's policies and actions.
- It plays a crucial role in maintaining democratic governance and ensuring the representation of the people's interests.
- The Speaker of the National Parliament is the highest-ranking official in the Jatiyo Sansad and is responsible for maintaining order and conducting the sessions.
- The Jatiyo Sansad meets in the Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban, a distinctive building designed by renowned architect Louis Kahn.
- The parliament sessions are open to the public, and the debates and discussions are broadcasted live on television and radio.
Overall, the Jatiyo Sansad is a vital institution in Bangladesh's democratic system, serving as a forum for debate, legislation, and representation of the people.

Answer:
According to Hindu mythology, twin sisters Riddhi and Siddhi are wives of Lord Ganesh.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Riddhi and Siddhi:
- Riddhi and Siddhi are twin sisters who are considered to be the wives of Lord Ganesh.
- They are often depicted as the divine consorts or spouses of Lord Ganesh in Hindu mythology.
2. Lord Ganesh:
- Lord Ganesh, also known as Ganesha or Vinayaka, is one of the most widely worshipped deities in Hinduism.
- He is the son of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, and is known as the remover of obstacles and the god of wisdom, success, and prosperity.
3. Symbolic Meaning:
- Riddhi and Siddhi symbolize wealth, prosperity, and success.
- Riddhi represents material wealth and prosperity, while Siddhi represents spiritual and mystical powers.
4. Depictions and Worship:
- In Hindu art and iconography, Riddhi and Siddhi are often shown standing on either side of Lord Ganesh.
- They are depicted as beautiful goddesses, adorned with jewelry and traditional attire.
- Devotees often worship Lord Ganesh along with Riddhi and Siddhi to seek their blessings for wealth, prosperity, and success in life.
Conclusion:
According to Hindu mythology, Riddhi and Siddhi are twin sisters who are considered to be the wives of Lord Ganesh. They symbolize wealth, prosperity, and success, and are worshipped along with Lord Ganesh for blessings in these aspects of life.

The British established their first factory (trading post) in India in 1612 in Surat. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- During the early 17th century, several European powers were eager to establish trade relations with India.
- The British East India Company, a prominent trading company, sought to gain a foothold in India for lucrative trade opportunities.
Establishment of the First Factory:
- In 1600, the British East India Company received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I, granting them a monopoly on trade with the East Indies.
- The company sent its first expedition to India in 1601, led by James Lancaster.
- However, it was only in 1612 that the British successfully established their first factory in India, in the city of Surat.
- Surat, located in present-day Gujarat, was a prosperous trading center and an important port on the western coast of India.
- The factory in Surat served as a trading post where the British East India Company could store goods, carry out business transactions, and establish trade relations with local merchants.
Reasons for Choosing Surat:
- Surat was a major center for textile production, known for its high-quality fabrics and textiles.
- The city had a well-established network of merchants and traders, making it an ideal location for the British to initiate trade.
- Surat also had convenient access to the Arabian Sea, allowing for easy transportation of goods to and from Europe.
Impact and Legacy:
- The establishment of the first British factory in Surat marked the beginning of British colonial presence in India.
- Over time, the British East India Company expanded its influence and control, establishing more factories and trading posts throughout India.
- This eventually led to the colonization of India and the establishment of British rule, which lasted until India gained independence in 1947.
In conclusion, the British established their first factory in India in 1612 in the city of Surat. This marked the beginning of British colonial presence and laid the foundation for their subsequent expansion and control over India.

Velodrome is an arena for which sporting event?
A velodrome is an arena specifically designed for track cycling events. Track cycling is a form of bicycle racing that takes place on a specially built banked track called a velodrome. Riders compete in various events, including sprint races, endurance races, and team pursuit.
Key Points:
- Velodromes are indoor or outdoor tracks with steeply banked curves and a flat straight section.
- The track surface is made of wood, concrete, or a combination of both to provide a smooth and fast riding surface.
- Velodromes are typically oval in shape, with a length of 250 meters or 333.33 meters.
- The steep banking of the curves allows cyclists to maintain high speeds and navigate the turns without losing control.
- The events held in a velodrome include individual and team pursuits, scratch races, keirin, and time trials.
- Track cycling is a highly specialized discipline that requires specific skills and techniques, such as riding in a tight pack, sprinting, and pacing strategies.
- Velodromes are used for both competitive racing and recreational cycling activities.
- They are also used for training purposes by professional cyclists and national teams.
In conclusion, a velodrome is an arena specifically built for track cycling events. It provides a controlled environment for cyclists to compete in various races and showcases their skills and speed on the specially designed track.

Scientist Known as 'Wizard of Menlo Park'
- The scientist known as the 'Wizard of Menlo Park' is Thomas Alva Edison.
- Edison was an American inventor and businessman who is best known for his numerous inventions and contributions to the field of electricity and lighting.
- He earned the nickname 'Wizard of Menlo Park' because of his renowned research laboratory located in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
- This laboratory was a hub of innovation and creativity, where Edison and his team worked tirelessly to develop and improve upon various inventions.
- Some of Edison's most notable inventions include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the practical electric light bulb.
- His work in these areas revolutionized communication, entertainment, and daily life, earning him a prominent place in history as one of the most influential inventors of all time.
- Edison's relentless pursuit of innovation and his ability to bring his ideas to fruition earned him the title 'Wizard of Menlo Park', highlighting his exceptional talent and success in the field of science and technology.
Conclusion:
Thomas Alva Edison was known as the 'Wizard of Menlo Park' due to his remarkable contributions and inventions in the field of science and technology, particularly in the areas of electricity and lighting. His laboratory in Menlo Park served as a center for innovation, where he and his team developed groundbreaking inventions that revolutionized various industries.

Background:
Patliputra, now known as Patna, is the capital city of the Indian state of Bihar. It has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. The city was founded on the banks of the river Ganga by a ruler of Magadh. Let's explore which ruler of Magadh founded Patliputra.
Possible Options:
A: Bimbisara
B: Ajatashatru
C: Chandragupta Maurya
D: Bindusara

The correct answer is B: Ajatashatru. Ajatashatru, the son of Bimbisara, was the ruler of Magadh who founded the city of Patliputra (modern Patna) on the banks of the river Ganga. Here is a detailed explanation of each option and why Ajatashatru is the correct answer:
A: Bimbisara: Bimbisara was the ruler of Magadh before Ajatashatru. While Bimbisara was a significant ruler during his time, he did not found Patliputra.
B: Ajatashatru: Ajatashatru, the son of Bimbisara, is credited with the foundation of Patliputra. He is known for his military conquests and his efforts to strengthen the Magadh kingdom. Ajatashatru recognized the strategic importance of the location on the banks of the river Ganga and established Patliputra as the capital city.
C: Chandragupta Maurya: Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire and the first emperor of the Maurya dynasty. While Chandragupta Maurya played a crucial role in the history of Patna and the region, he did not found Patliputra. He established his capital in Pataliputra after conquering Magadh.
D: Bindusara: Bindusara was the son of Chandragupta Maurya and the second Mauryan emperor. He continued to expand the Maurya Empire and further strengthened the kingdom. However, he did not found Patliputra.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the ruler of Magadh who founded the city of Patliputra (modern Patna) on the banks of the river Ganga was B: Ajatashatru. He recognized the strategic importance of the location and established it as the capital city.

First Person to Reach the North Pole
Answer: B. Robert Edwin Peary
Explanation:
Robert Edwin Peary became the first person to reach the North Pole on April 6, 1909. Here's a detailed explanation of his achievement:

• Background: Peary was an American explorer who dedicated several years of his life to Arctic expeditions. He made multiple attempts to reach the North Pole before finally succeeding in 1909.



• Expedition: Peary's successful expedition to the North Pole was known as the Peary Arctic Club Expedition. He led a team of explorers, including Matthew Henson, an African-American explorer and fellow Arctic veteran.



• Route and Challenges: Peary's route to the North Pole started from Ellesmere Island in Canada and involved crossing vast stretches of ice and enduring extreme weather conditions. The expedition faced numerous challenges, including treacherous ice conditions, freezing temperatures, and limited supplies.



• Claim Controversy: Peary's claim of being the first person to reach the North Pole has been a subject of controversy. Some explorers, such as Frederick Cook, disputed Peary's claim and asserted that they had reached the North Pole before him. However, Peary's claim is generally accepted by the majority.



• Evidence and Support: Peary provided various pieces of evidence to support his claim, including navigational measurements, photographs, and Inuit testimony. His meticulous record-keeping and detailed documentation added credibility to his achievement.



• Legacy: Robert Edwin Peary's successful expedition to the North Pole marked a significant milestone in Arctic exploration. His determination and perseverance in the face of extreme challenges inspired future generations of explorers and contributed to our understanding of the Arctic region.

Conclusion:
Robert Edwin Peary became the first person to reach the North Pole on April 6, 1909. His achievement, though controversial, remains a remarkable feat in the history of Arctic exploration.

Dargah of Sufi Saint Moinuddin Chishti is located in Ajmer.
Explanation:
- The dargah (tomb) of Sufi Saint Moinuddin Chishti is located in the city of Ajmer in the state of Rajasthan, India.
- Ajmer is a historical city known for its rich cultural and religious heritage.
- The dargah is a significant pilgrimage site for Muslims and attracts millions of devotees from all over the world.
- Moinuddin Chishti was a revered Sufi saint who played a crucial role in spreading Islam in India.
- The dargah complex includes various structures such as mosques, courtyards, and tombs of other important figures.
- The main shrine, known as the Mazar, is the final resting place of Moinuddin Chishti and is visited by devotees who seek his blessings and offer prayers.
- The annual Urs festival, commemorating the death anniversary of the saint, is a major event celebrated with great fervor at the dargah.
- The dargah of Moinuddin Chishti is not only a religious site but also a symbol of communal harmony, as people from different faiths visit and pay their respects at the shrine.
- The dargah holds a special place in the hearts of people and continues to be a source of spiritual solace and inspiration for millions.

Answer:
Pt. Ravi Shankar is associated with the musical instrument Sitar.
Explanation:
Pt. Ravi Shankar, also known as Pandit Ravi Shankar, was a renowned Indian musician and composer. He was a master of the sitar, a traditional Indian stringed instrument. Shankar played a significant role in popularizing Indian classical music in the Western world.
Here is a detailed explanation of Pt. Ravi Shankar's association with the sitar:
- Pt. Ravi Shankar: Pt. Ravi Shankar was born on April 7, 1920, in Varanasi, India. He started his music training at a young age and became a disciple of Allauddin Khan, a renowned sarod player and multi-instrumentalist.
- Sitar: The sitar is a plucked string instrument that originated in India. It has a long neck, a resonating body, and a varying number of strings. The sitar is played by plucking the strings with a plectrum (mizrab) and using finger techniques to create melodies and intricate patterns.
- Association: Pt. Ravi Shankar is widely regarded as one of the greatest sitar players in the world. He dedicated his life to mastering the instrument and pushing its boundaries. Shankar's unique style, virtuosity, and innovative approach to playing the sitar made him a legendary figure in the music industry.
- Global Influence: Pt. Ravi Shankar's association with the sitar extended beyond India. He collaborated with several Western musicians, including The Beatles' George Harrison, and introduced Indian classical music to a global audience. His performances and compositions influenced a generation of musicians and continue to inspire artists worldwide.
- Legacy: Pt. Ravi Shankar's contribution to music, particularly in popularizing the sitar, cannot be overstated. He received numerous accolades, including multiple Grammy Awards, and was recognized as a cultural ambassador for India. His legacy as a sitar virtuoso and composer remains unparalleled.
In conclusion, Pt. Ravi Shankar is associated with the musical instrument sitar. His mastery of the sitar and his efforts to promote Indian classical music have left an indelible mark on the world of music.

First Woman President of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

• Rajkumari Amrit Kaur


• Sucheta Kriplani


• Vijay Laxmi Pandit


• Sarojini Naidu

The correct answer is Vijay Laxmi Pandit.

Detailed

In 1953, Vijay Laxmi Pandit became the first woman President of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Here is some additional information about her:

• Vijay Laxmi Pandit was an Indian diplomat and politician.


• She was born on August 18, 1900, in Allahabad, India.


• Pandit belonged to the prominent Nehru-Gandhi family.


• She was the sister of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and the aunt of the first female Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.


• Pandit served as India's ambassador to several countries, including the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom.


• In 1953, she made history by becoming the first woman to preside over the United Nations General Assembly.


• During her tenure, she played a crucial role in advocating for decolonization and women's rights.


• Pandit's leadership and diplomatic skills contributed significantly to promoting India's interests on the international stage.


• She continued to be active in politics and diplomacy throughout her life.


• Vijay Laxmi Pandit passed away on December 1, 1990, leaving behind a legacy as a trailblazing female diplomat.

Therefore, Vijay Laxmi Pandit became the first woman President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1953.

Lake that separates Hyderabad from Secunderabad

The lake that separates Hyderabad, the capital of Andhra Pradesh, from its twin city Secunderabad is the Hussain Sagar Lake.
Hussain Sagar Lake
- Hussain Sagar Lake is a large artificial lake situated in the heart of Hyderabad city.
- It was built by Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah in 1563, during the reign of the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
- The lake connects the two cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad and plays a significant role in the city's landscape.
- It is one of the largest man-made lakes in Asia and serves as a popular tourist attraction.
- The lake is named after Hussain Shah Wali, who helped design and supervise the construction of the lake.
- A prominent landmark on the lake is the Buddha Statue of Hyderabad, which stands on a small island called the Rock of Gibraltar.
- The lake is surrounded by parks, recreational areas, and promenades, making it a popular spot for locals and tourists to relax and enjoy the views.
- Boating facilities are available on the lake, allowing visitors to explore its waters and admire the surrounding scenery.
- The Hussain Sagar Lake also serves as a reservoir for drinking water supply and irrigation purposes in the region.
In conclusion, the Hussain Sagar Lake separates Hyderabad from its twin city Secunderabad, and it is a significant feature of the city's landscape, providing recreational opportunities and serving important water supply functions.

The name of India's first nuclear reactor is Apsara. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
India's First Nuclear Reactor: Apsara
- Apsara was India's first nuclear reactor, which was commissioned on August 4, 1956.
- It was a research reactor located at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Trombay, Mumbai.
- Apsara was a swimming pool-type reactor, meaning it used water as both the coolant and moderator.
- This reactor operated at a power level of 1 MW (thermal).
- Apsara played a crucial role in the development of India's nuclear program and was used for various research and training purposes.
- It was shut down permanently in 2009 after more than five decades of service.
- Apsara paved the way for the development of subsequent research reactors in India, including CIRUS and Dhruva.
Other Options:
- Kamini: Kamini is not India's first nuclear reactor. It is a compact research reactor located at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. Kamini is a unique reactor as it uses uranium-233 as fuel, which is derived from thorium.
- Dhruva: Dhruva is another research reactor located at BARC in Trombay. It was commissioned in 1985 and is a heavy water moderated and cooled reactor. Dhruva operates at a power level of 100 MW (thermal).
- Aryabhatt: Aryabhatt is not a nuclear reactor. It is the name of a satellite launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1975. The satellite was named after the ancient Indian astronomer Aryabhata.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Apsara.

Mahatma Gandhi's First Satyagraha in India
Answer: B. Champaran (Bihar)
Explanation:
1. Mahatma Gandhi started his first Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance) in India in Champaran, Bihar.
2. This movement was focused on the treatment of indigo farmers who were forced to grow indigo by British landlords.
3. The indigo farmers were subjected to unfair practices and were forced to cultivate indigo on a large portion of their land, leaving them with very little land for growing food crops.
4. Gandhi arrived in Champaran in 1917 and conducted investigations to understand the situation and gather evidence.
5. He organized meetings with the local farmers and educated them about their rights and the power of nonviolent resistance.
6. Gandhi's efforts in Champaran resulted in significant reforms, including reducing the burden on the farmers and improving their living conditions.
7. The Champaran Satyagraha marked the beginning of Gandhi's journey as a leader of the Indian independence movement and his commitment to fighting injustice through nonviolence.

'Wings of Fire' and 'Ignited Minds' books are authored by which Indian scientist?

• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Detailed

• 'Wings of Fire' and 'Ignited Minds' books are two influential books written by an Indian scientist.


• The author of these books is A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.


• A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was a renowned Indian scientist and the 11th President of India.


• 'Wings of Fire' is an autobiography that tells the inspiring story of Kalam's journey from his humble beginnings to becoming a prominent scientist and leader.


• 'Ignited Minds' explores Kalam's vision for a developed India and emphasizes the importance of nurturing and harnessing the potential of the country's youth.


• Both books are widely read and have inspired millions of people, especially the youth, to strive for excellence and contribute to the progress of the nation.

Therefore, the correct answer is C: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

The Gir Forest National Park (Sasan Gir)
Location: Gujarat
Introduction: The Gir Forest National Park, also known as Sasan Gir, is located in the state of Gujarat in India. It is the only home of the Asiatic Lions and is one of the most important protected areas in the country.
Importance: The Gir Forest National Park plays a crucial role in the conservation of the Asiatic Lions. It is a testament to the successful conservation efforts that have helped the population of the Asiatic Lions to recover from the brink of extinction.
Area: The park covers an area of about 1412 square kilometers, consisting of dry deciduous forests, grasslands, and scrub vegetation. It is recognized as one of the most diverse ecosystems in India.
Flora and Fauna: The park is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. Apart from the Asiatic Lions, it is also home to other important species like Indian Leopards, Indian Cobras, Sloth Bears, and various species of deer and antelope.
Visitor Experience: The Gir Forest National Park offers a unique wildlife experience to visitors. Safari tours are organized within the park, allowing visitors to spot the majestic Asiatic Lions in their natural habitat. It is a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and nature lovers.
Conservation Efforts: The park is managed and protected by the Gujarat Forest Department. Conservation efforts include anti-poaching measures, habitat restoration, and community involvement in conservation activities.
Conclusion: The Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is a significant protected area that serves as the last refuge for the Asiatic Lions. It showcases the importance of conservation efforts in preserving endangered species and their habitats.

Mughal Emperor who assumed the title of 'Alamgir' (Conqueror of the world)
Answer: D. Aurangzeb
Explanation:
Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal Emperor, assumed the title of 'Alamgir', which means 'Conqueror of the world'. Here are the details explaining why Aurangzeb is the correct answer:
- Mughal Empire: The Mughal Empire was a powerful empire that ruled over the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the mid-19th century.
- Aurangzeb: Aurangzeb was born on October 24, 1618, as the third son of Emperor Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. He was known for his strict adherence to Islamic law and conservative policies.
- Assumption of the title: After ascending the throne in 1658, Aurangzeb took the title of 'Alamgir' to signify his ambition to conquer the entire world and establish his dominance. This title reflected his determination and desire for expansion.
- Reign: Aurangzeb's reign was marked by extensive military campaigns and territorial acquisitions. He expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent, reaching its peak in terms of territorial control.
- Religious policies: Aurangzeb's strict religious policies and suppression of other religions, especially Hinduism, led to widespread discontent and resistance among the non-Muslim population.
- Legacy: Despite his military successes, Aurangzeb's reign also marked the beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire. His policies created divisions within the empire and weakened its foundations.
In conclusion, Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal Emperor, assumed the title of 'Alamgir' (Conqueror of the world) to reflect his ambition and desire for expansion. However, his strict religious policies and suppression of other religions contributed to the decline of the empire.

The Common Name of Acetylsalicylic Acid is Aspirin
Explanation:
- Acetylsalicylic Acid is a chemical compound with the formula C9H8O4.
- It is commonly known by its trade name Aspirin.
- Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is widely used for its analgesic (pain-relieving), anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties.
- It is one of the most commonly used medications worldwide.
- Aspirin is available in various forms such as tablets, capsules, powders, and effervescent tablets.
- It is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever.
- Aspirin is also used as a blood thinner to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke.
- However, it should be used with caution and under medical supervision, as it can have side effects and interact with other medications.
- Aspirin is also used for its antiplatelet properties, which help prevent the formation of blood clots.
- It is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
- Aspirin works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause pain, inflammation, and fever.
- It is a versatile medication with a wide range of applications and benefits.
In summary, Acetylsalicylic Acid is commonly known as Aspirin and is widely used for its pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is available in various forms and is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, lower fever, and prevent blood clots. It should be used with caution and under medical supervision.