MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 1 (Science and Mathematics) - MAHA TET MCQ

A child or young person has Special Educational Needs (SEN) if he or she has learning difficulties or disabilities that make it harder for him or her to learn than most other children and young people of about the same age.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 
According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

• Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
• Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.
• Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Monozygotic is to Identical twins as dizygotic is to fraternal twins.
Twins refer to two children produced by the same pregnancy. There are two types of twins including identical and fraternal twins.
Monozygotic twins are also known as identical twins. They are reproduced from one fertilized egg(ovum) that splits, resulting in the birth of two babies with the same genetic conditions.
On the other hand, reproduction of dizygotic twins which are also known as fraternal twins occurs during the fertilization of two eggs (ova) by two sperm resulting in the production of two genetically unique babies.
Thus, we conclude that Monozygotic is to identical twins as dizygotic is to fraternal twins.

A learning outcome provides a description of what learners should know, understand, and be able to do in a course or program. It provides direction for the design of instructional activities and clearly communicates to learners the end-product of the learning experience.
Learning outcome depends upon the learner, learning material, learning process and teacher. The learner must have a learning objective and motive. This helps to decide on the learning outcome. Learning material must be such that it should encourage the learners, as well as must have practical alue. This helps to achieve the learning outcome.
Learning process and teacher determine the design of instructional activities, and hence the learning outcome.

The learning of language can be understood by the explanations provided above, further understanding of the process of language development is needed. It is clear that language acquisition is not present at birth, but takes place through the development of interaction between the external world and the internal mental processes of the learner.

Learning is a process by which the individual acquires various habits, knowledge, and attitude that are necessary to meet the demands of life in general. There are different factors that affect learning.
These include learner-centered factors like motivation, needs, self-concept, interests, goals, level of aspiration, etc., teacher and task-related factors such as teaching style, classroom ethos, transactional skills, and methodology, etc., and environmental factors such as the physical and psychological structures in which learning occurs.
​ Ashok is very fond of playing cricket and he is very good at it too. He is the captain of his college team. He spends long hours playing or watching cricket and never gets tired or bored. Motivation and personal factors is affecting learning in this example.

• Ashok is intrinsically motivated i.e. he derives internal satisfaction from the game. Intrinsic motivation is closely related to one's need for self-fulfillment, and achievement.
• These needs impel us to become better by learning more, interacting with our environment, and developing ourselves.
• Learning is most effective when there is intrinsic motivation - a desire to learn from within, which finds satisfaction in the achievement itself and does not bother about other factors.

Thus, it is concluded motivation is the personal factor that affects learning in the given an example.
Maturation: A one-year-old cannot be made to write and a three months old child cannot walk. Unless the learner has 'matured' optimally, he cannot learn. In order for learning to take place, physical, intellectual, and socio-emotional maturation is essential. Also, individual variations in the process of maturation should be acknowledged and appropriately dealt with.
Self-concept: Self-concept is very important in matters of learning because it influences individual differences in learners, in their, learning orientations, cognitive styles, and the self-learning strategies which they use.
Level of aspiration: This refers to the extent to which an individual wish to strive to achieve. It emanates from the targets, goals, and ambitions that individuals construct for themselves.

Case-history method is more effective to study all of the factors given above because the information includes the past history which may be gathered from a patient, his close relatives like parents, siblings or others who accompany him or from his friends, neighbours, etc.

The term pedagogy can be used to define the various ways that teaching and learning is carried out, in an educational sense. It is a term that refers to the method of how teachers teach, in theory, and in practice.

• Pedagogy is formed by an educator’s teaching beliefs and concerns the interplay between culture and different ways to learn. In order to help students to build on prior learning, meaningful classroom relationships must exist.

Teachers need to create a good classroom environment to facilitate children’s learning. To create such a learning environment, compliance with teachers of the given statements is not true.
The environment in which learning takes place may be described as a composite of natural conditions, circumstances and influences, and sociocultural contexts in which an individual is situated. Therefore, you can say that the learning environment is the sum total of the surroundings in which individuals interact to enrich experiences and thus leading to learning.

The most important factor in the effective teaching process is teacher-student dialogue.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

On the basis of the classical contract theory of learning, feelings of fear, love and hatred can be easily generated in the child. In classical contract theory, an association is established between the stimulus response. Before understanding classical conditioning, it is necessary to know that there are other functions in human beings, some are innate like breathing, digestion etc and some are for psychological reasons like blinking, salivation etc.

The primary role of the teacher should be to give plenty of opportunities to children to share their own understanding and knowledge. This only can help to realise the aims and objectives of a curriculum.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Special education is the practice of educating students in a way that provides accommodations that address their individual differences, disabilities, and special needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. Special education refers to a range of educational and social services provided by the public school system and other educational institutions to individuals with disabilities who are between three and 21 years of age. Special education is designed to ensure that students with disabilities are provided with an environment that allows them to be educated effectively.

Kohlberg divided six stages into three separate levels.
The three levels of moral development include pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional.
Those at post-conventional level base their decisions on more abstract principles that may not be defined by their particular society's laws.
Thus, the subject in question is at this level.

Creative thinking aims at novelty in the first instance rather than truth. Creative thinking is always 'constructive' as it aims at novelty. It necessarily has to be different from the conventional modes of thinking.

An internal evaluation is done by someone who knows the subject taught. It is usually the class teacher. The criterion is that the evaluator knows what has been taught and how it has been taught. All other types of evaluation are external evaluations.

Individual differences occur due to the interaction of heredity and environmental factors. We inherit certain characteristics from our parents through genetic codes. The environment is responsible as to how we are reared, the kind of atmosphere at the house, whether it is liberal or strict, the type of education that we get, what we learn from people, around us, books, cultural practices, peers, teachers, and media.Our inheritance alone cannot decide what we become but our environment also contributes.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

• Lawrence Kohlberg conducted a series of studies with children and adults.
• His findings suggested that development happens in a specific sequence of stages that is not culture-specific. He identified six stages of moral development within three levels.
• There are two specific stages at each level.

The constructivist approach to learning is based on the idea that meaningful learning takes place when learners actively construct their own knowledge. It allows learners to foster their own strategies of learning to perform a task.

• In order to follow a constructivist approach to deal with the misconceptions carried by students, a teacher should give opportunities for experimentation and observation to counter misconceptions.
• It will help the student to search for the truth and they can test their misconceptions whether they are true or not.
• They will build their knowledge on the basis of experiments and experiences, which will clear the ambiguity related to their misconceptions. 

Thus, it is concluded that Give opportunities for experimentation and observation to counter misconceptions is a constructive approach for dealing with the 'misconceptions' carried by students.

The theory of multiple intelligences is a theory of intelligence that differentiates it into specific (primarily sensory) "modalities", rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has attracted controversy and criticism. 'Multiple intelligences are only the 'talents' present in intelligence as a whole' is one of the criticisms of this theory.
Hence, option 1 is correct.

All learners make mistakes. As someone has said: "You can't learn without goofing". Whether you are learning how to ride a bicycle, how to fly a kite or learn a language, everyone does make mistakes.

The best way to motivate a child to learn is to appeal to his/her sense of pride and self respect.
Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as a result of experience. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It also involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitude.
Motivation refers to the process that guides an individual to achieve a goal. Motivation plays important role in the learning process. The teacher is an important person inside the classroom to motivate the child and provide rewards to induce interest in the learner. ​

The achievement motivation theory is the theory that people are motivated to succeed by seeking out achievement. These people are encouraged by succeeding at difficult or challenging tasks. They are also motivated by looking for different methods of accomplishment.

The National Education Policy (NEP) was approved by the Union Cabinet in July 2020 and aims to implement various improvements to the Indian educational system from the school level to the college level.

Parents should play a forward-looking role in the learning process of their children and encourage them to do better. As preschoolers grow into school-age children, parents become their children's learning coaches. Through guidance and reminders, parents help their children organize their time and support their desire to learn new things in and out of school.

A learning outcome provides a description of what learners should know, understand, and be able to do in a course or program. It provides direction for the design of instructional activities and clearly communicates to learners the end-product of the learning experience.
Learning outcome depends upon the learner, learning material, learning process and teacher.
The learner must have a learning objective and motive. This helps to decide on the learning outcome.
Learning material must be such that it should encourage the learners, as well as must have practical alue. This helps to achieve the learning outcome.
Learning process and teacher determine the design of instructional activities, and hence the learning outcome.

The learning of language can be understood by the explanations provided above, further understanding of the process of language development is needed. It is clear that language acquisition is not present at birth, but takes place through the development of interaction between the external world and the internal mental processes of the learner.

A review of a book on government schemes is not appropriate to take knowledge of primary sources.
Primary Sources: A source will be considered as a primary source in case it carries newly generated information, original work of research, or a new interpretation of already known facts. The document is the first and often the only published record of original research. The information contained in primary sources is generally scattered and unorganized.