MPTET Varg 1 Chemistry Mock Test - 3 - MPTET MCQ

सटीक मुहावरा है - 'पानी पर नींव डालना'

• पानी पर नींव डालना - बिना आधार की वस्तु।
• वाक्य प्रयोग - मुझे "पानी पर नींव डालना" नहीं आता, जो भी काम करता हूँ, पुख्ता करता हूँ।

स्पष्टीकरण

• मुहावरा एक ऐसा वाक्य होता है
• जो वाक्य की रचना करने पर अपना एक अलग अर्थ या विशेष अर्थ प्रकट करता है
• इनका प्रयोग करने से भाषा,आकर्षक, प्रभावपूर्ण तथा रोचक बन जाती है।

अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु
कुछ महत्वपूर्ण मुहावरा, अर्थ और उनके वाक्य प्रयोग:-

• पानी में आग लगाना - असंभव कार्य करना
  वाक्य प्रयोग - राकेश के बेटे ने आई.ए.एस. की परीक्षा पास करके "पानी में आग लगा दी"।
• पानी की लहरें गिनना ‌‌‌- व्यर्थ तथा असभव काम करना। ‌‌‌
  वाक्य प्रयोग - किसन तुम तो "पानी की लहरें गिनने" की बात कर रहे हो भला ऐसा कभी होता है ।
• पानी-पानी होना - शर्मसार होना
  वाक्य प्रयोग - जब रामपाल की करतूतों की पोल खुली तो वह "पानी-पानी हो गया"।
• पाँचों उँगली घी में होना - पूर्ण लाभ में होना
  वाक्य प्रयोग - कृपाशंकर ने जब से गल्ले का व्यापार किया, तब से उसकी "पाँचों उँगली घी में हैं"।
• पाँव तले जमीन खिसकना - घबरा जाना
  वाक्य प्रयोग - तुम्हारे न आने से मेरे तो "पाँव तले ज़मीन खिसक गई थी"।

'तलवार की धार पर चलना' मुहावरे का अर्थ है- जोखिम भरा काम करना
स्पष्टीकरण

• तलवार की धार पर चलना :- जोखिम भरा काम करना
• वाक्य प्रयोग
  • आज के समय में मेहनत व ईमानदारी से पैसा कमाना तलवार की धार पर चलने के समान है।
  • नशे की लत को छोड़ना तलवार की धार पर चलना है।​

अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु

• मुहावरा शब्द अरबी भाषा का शब्द है।
• तलवार के पर्याय
  • असि, करवाल, कृपाण, खडग, शायक, चंद्रहास।
• धार
  • स्त्रीलिंग
    • धारा
    • पानी का सोता।
  • विशेषण
    • धारवाला।

The correct answer is Sikandar Lodī.
Explanation

• Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517 AD)​:
  • Modern Agra was founded by Sikandar Lodhi in the 16th century.
  • He shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506.
  • Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, also stayed for some time in Agra and introduced the concept of square Persian-styled gardens here.
  • Emperor Akbar built the Agra fort and Fatehpur Sikri near Agra.​

Other Related Points

• Babur
  • He is the founder of the Mughal Empire.
  • He fought the first Battle of Panipat in 1526 with Ibrahim Lodhi and laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire.
  • His autobiography Tuzuk-i-Babri was written in the Turkish Language.
  • In 1527 his general Mir Baki built Babri Maszid.
  • He died in 1530.

• Akbar
  • He was born in 1542 at Amarkot.
  • He fought the second battle of Panipat in 1556 with Hemu and he defeated Hemu.
  • He abolished the religious tax Jizya.
  • He founded a new religion "Din-i- Allahi".
  • His biography was written by Abul Fazal " Ain-i-Akbari".
• Raja Bhoj
  • He was a famous scholar and poet of Sanskrit.
  • He ruled 'Dhar' from 1000 AD to 1055 AD.
  • He was a descendant of "Chakravarti Emperor Vikramaditya".
  • He was born in 980 AD in Ujjaini, the city of Maharaja Vikramaditya.
  • He made 'Dhar' his new capital in place of 'Ujjain'.​

The total number of teachers are shown by coloured portion in the venn diagram-

The total number of teachers are - 9 + 44 + 51 + 46 + 21 = 171
Hence, the correct answer is 171.

Psychology:

• The word, ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. Psyche means ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’ means ‘science’.
• Thus psychology was first defined as the ‘science of the soul”.

Educational Psychology:

• Educational psychology is a branch of psychology in which the findings of psychology are applied in the field of education.

Important Points

Nature of Education Psychology: Its nature is scientific as it has been accepted that it is a Science of Education. We can summarize the nature of Educational Psychology in the following ways:

1. Educational psychology is a behavioural science:

• It is the scientific study of human behaviour in an educational setting.
• According to Charles. E. Skinner, “Educational psychology deals with the behaviour of human beings in educational situations”.
• Thus educational psychology is a behavioural science with two main references– human behaviour and education.

2. Educational psychology is a social science.

• Like the sociologist, anthropologist, economist or political scientist, the educational psychologist studies human beings and their sociability.

3. Educational psychology is a positive science.

• Normative science like Logic or Ethics deals with facts as they ought to be.
• A positive science deals with facts as they are or as they operate.
• Educational psychology studies the child’s behaviour as it is, not, as it ought to be. So it is a positive science.

4. Educational psychology is an applied science.

• It is the application of psychological principles in the field of education.
• By applying the principles and techniques of psychology, it tries to study the behaviour and experiences of the pupils. As a branch of psychology, it is parallel to any other applied psychology.
• For example, educational psychology draws heavily facts from such areas as developmental psychology, clinical psychology, abnormal psychology and social psychology.

Therefore from the above explanation, Normative science is not related to educational psychology.

Correct answer: 3)

Concept:

• A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains 6.022 X10²³ entities like particles, atoms, ions, molecules, etc.
• 1 mol = 6.02214 × 10²³ particles. This number is also called Avogadro's number.
• One mole of a substance has the same mass in grams that one atom or molecule has in atomic mass units.

Explanation:

For the given reaction, the chemical equation is

The atomic mass of Al= 27

Moles of aluminium=

Moles of Aluminium = 1 mole

2 moles of Al react with 3/2 moles of O₂.

So, 1 mole of Al will react with 3/4 moles of O₂.

Mass of O₂ =

Mass of O₂ = 24 g

Conclusion:

Thus, 27 g Al will react completely with 24 g oxygen:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g).

The rate of the reaction is given as -

=

Equating the second and third term we get -

Concept:
Aufbau Principle:

• Aufbau discussed how electrons are filled: Lowest energy orbitals are filled first, and then move up to higher energy orbitals.

Hund's rule states that:

• Every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is doubly(paired) occupied.
• All of the electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin (to maximize total spin).

Explanation:

• As per the Aufbau principle, electrons are filled in lower energy first and then move to higher energy states.

• So, here in the case of option 3, the last electron must go into 3d orbital instead of 4s-orbital.
• The given configuration represents copper (Cu) with atomic number 29.
• So, in this case, the correct electronic configuration will be 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁹ 4s²

Conclusion:
Therefore, the correct answer is option (b) as the correct configuration would be,
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁹ 4s²
Other Related Points
Electron Configration
1. Aufbau Principle
a) An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it.
b) Fill electrons lowest to highest energy
2. Hund's Rule
-Orbitals of the same energy must be occuped by 1 electrons before it can be occupied by two electrons
3. Pauli-Exclusion Principle
-Each orbital can only hold 2 elecrons with opposite spains

Concept:
Boron Trihalides (BX₃)

• Boron is the first member of group 13 and is a non-metal.
• The compounds of boron are mainly electron-deficient as well as strong Lewis acids.
• React with water to release gaseous HX.
• It has a trigonal planar structure with bond angles of 120^o

Explanation:
The acidity of Boron trihalides

• All the boron trihalides are lewis acids (BX₃) are Lewis acids.
• The expected order of acidic strength based on the electronegativity of halogen atoms is BF₃ > BCl₃ > BBr₃ > BI₃.
• But the correct order is the reverse. This can be explained based on back bonding. The relative tendency of the halogen atom to back donate its unutilised electrons to vacant p orbital of boron atom increase from Fluorine to iodine.
• The relative Lewis acid character of boron trihalides is found to follow the following order BI₃ > BBr₃ > BCl₃ > BF₃
• Back bonding is a type of bonding that occurs when a central atom has lone pairs of an electron and the other atom has vacant orbital placed adjacent to each other. For back bonding, the central atom must have lone pair of electrons, and the other must have a vacant orbit.

Correct order of acid strength is: BBr₃ > BCl₃ > BF₃.

Concept:

Diamagnetic:

• Whenever two electrons are paired together in an orbital, or their total spin is 0, they are diamagnetic electrons. Atoms with all diamagnetic electrons are called diamagnetic atoms.
• Diamagnetic is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs in all materials when it is the only contribution to magnetism, the material is called diamagnetic.

Explanation:

For the given Lanthanides the one with no unpaired electrons will be considered as a diamagnetic substance

Correct answer: 4)

Concept:

• The cell produces electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
• The cell used is mostly found in rocket thrusters.
• It undergoes an exothermic reaction to form water and heat energy is converted to electrical or mechanical energy as per required.
• Fuel cells are devices that convert hydrogen gas directly into low-voltage, direct-current electricity.

Explanation:

• One of the most successful fuel cells uses the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water.
• In the fuel cells, hydrogen, and oxygen are bubbled through porous carbon electrodes into a concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
• Catalysts like finely divided platinum or palladium metal are incorporated into the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reactions.
• It is designed to convert the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane, methanol, etc. directly into electrical energy.

Conclusion:

Thus, fuel cells can convert the chemical energy of H2 and O2 directly into electrical energy.

Concept:
Face Centered Cubic:

• In this crystal structure, the atoms are located at the corners of a unit cell.
• There are also atoms at each face of the cube.
• The corner atoms are shared via 8 cubes, so the contribution from each corner is 1/8.
• Total number of atoms on the corner of a cube = 8

So,

• Contributions from the faces of the cube = 3
• The total number of atoms in an FCC structure is four.

Tetrahedral voids:

• A tetrahedral void is formed by atoms placed at the four corners of a regular tetrahedron.
• The tetrahedral voids are formed when the second layer of atoms are built on the voids created by the first layer of atoms.
  ​
• There is twice the number of tetrahedral voids as there are atoms in a lattice.
  

​Explanation:

• The layering of atoms in cubic closed packing to build a tetrahedral layer is shown as below:
• The layers are placed alternately, the second layer is placed in the depression of the first layer.
• The "T" represents a tetrahedral void.
• The size of the hole or void is very small compared to the actual size of the molecules.
• The coordination number of a tetrahedral void is four and the number of voids is twice the number of atoms per unit cell.
• As FCC lattice contains 4 atoms per unit cell,

​

Hence, the total number of tetrahedral voids in the FCC structure is 8.
Other Related Points

• The other type of voids formed is tetrahedral voids when the third layer is built the same as the first layer.
• They are indicated as "O".
• The co-ordination number of octahedral voids is six.
• The number of octahedral voids is same as of atoms per unit cell.

Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA):

• Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid or EDTA is a complexing agent.
• Was first synthesized by Ferdinand Munz in 1935. This is also called amino polycarboxylic acid.
• It is colorless and water-soluble in its salt form.
• The structure consists of the basic ethane group which is attached to the two groups at the terminal positions forming an ethylene diamine.
• The two hydrogens from each amine group situated at the terminal positions are replaced by the acetic acid group There are a total of four acetic acid groups attached to the ethylene diamine.
• The structure is as follows.
  
• As EDTA is a polydentate ligand, it is also a chelating ligand, it contains donor atoms so arranged that they can occupy more than one position around the same metal atom simultaneously in the first sphere of coordination.
• The resulting complexes are called chelates
• EDTA is a hexadentate ligand.
• It has four carboxylic acid groups and two amine groups with lone pairs of electrons on them. It is polyprotic acid.
• Along with the four carboxylic acid groups, EDTA can add two more hydrogens to the two nitrogens of the amine groups.

⇒ First-order rate equation is - .
⇒ The sum of powers of the concentration of reactants in the rate law expression is called the order of that chemical reaction.
⇒ First-order reaction - The rate of reaction is proportional to the first power of the concentration of reactants, which means that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants.
Given,
Reaction rate (k) = 10^-2 sec^-1
a = 20 g, a - x = 5 g


t = 138.6 sec

⇒ Lucas test is used to differentiate and categorize primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols using a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
⇒ This solution is commonly referred to as the Lucas reagent.
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols are classified based on their reactivity with the Lucas reagent.
⇒ The reaction that occurs in the Lucas test can be seen as a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
⇒ In this reaction, the Chloride in the zinc-chloride bond is replaced with a hydroxyl group originating from the given alcohol.
Butan-2-ol reacts with Lucas reagent and milkiness appears within 5 min. but 2-methyl propane-2-ol reacts with the same to give milkiness immediately.

Zymase-

• Zymase is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the fermentation of Glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• It occurs naturally in yeasts.
• Zymase activity varies among yeast strains.

Urease-

• Urease is a virulence factor found in various pathogenic bacteria.
• It helps in the decomposition of urea into NH₃ and CO_2.
• It is essential in the colonization of a host organism and in the maintenance of bacterial cells in tissues.
• Due to its enzymatic activity, urease has a toxic effect on human cells.

Maltase-

• Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide maltose to the simple sugar glucose.
• The enzyme is found in plants, bacteria, and yeast; in humans and other vertebrates, it is thought to be synthesized by cells of the mucous membrane lining the intestinal wall.

Invertase-

• Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose (table sugar) into fructose and glucose.
• It helps in the hydrolysis of cane sugar.

The correct option is the Different electronegativity of atoms.

Explanation

• The Polar bonds in a chemical compound are due to different electronegativities of atoms.
• It has asymmetrical arrangements of atoms in a chemical compound.
• it has different distributions of electrons within the molecule.
• The more electronegative atom attracts electron density and has a partial negative charge on it.
• The less electronegative atoms have a partial positive charge.
• The presence of lone pairs on the central atom of the compound shows its polar nature.

Other Related Points

Electron distribution.

• The sharing or distribution of valence electrons between the central atom and outer atoms in molecules.
• Unequal electron distribution has a polar nature.
• The equal distribution of electrons has a non-polar nature.

Electronegativity.

• The capacity of an atom to attract electrons of other atoms near itself is called electronegativity.
• The electronegativity difference between the atoms makes a polar compound.

Symmetrical arrangement of atoms

• The atoms in a molecule have an equal distribution of electrons and no repulsion within the molecule.
• The central atom is surrounded by the same outer bonded atoms.

Lone pair of electrons.

• The lone pairs of electrons are the electrons that are not shared with other atoms or molecules.
• They are also called non-bonding or unshared electrons.
• A lone pair of electrons in any atom can easily be donated to other atoms for bonding.
• it can create repulsion within the molecule.

According to the adsorption theory of catalysis, the speed of the reaction increases because adsorption lowers the activation energy of the reaction
→ The increase in the concentration of the reactants on the surface increases the rate of reaction. Adsorption is an exothermic process, the heat of adsorption is utilized in enhancing the rate of the reaction. The catalytic activity is localized on the surface of the catalyst.
→ The mechanism involves five steps:
(i) Diffusion of reactants to the surface of the catalyst.
(ii) Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the catalyst.
(iii) Occurrence of chemical reaction on the catalyst’s surface through the formation of an intermediate.
(iv) Desorption of reaction products from the catalyst surface, thereby, making the surface available again for more reactions to occur.
(v) Diffusion of reaction products away from the catalyst’s surface. The surface of the catalyst unlike the inner part of the bulk has free valencies which provide the seat for chemical forces of attraction. When the gas comes in contact with such a surface, its molecules are held up there due to a loose chemical combination.
If different molecules are adsorbed side by side, they may react with each other resulting in the formation of new molecules. Thus, formed molecules may evaporate leaving the surface for the fresh reactant molecules.

→ Free ions participate in good electric conduction.
The availability of free ions increases the conductivity.
Given Solid: NaCl
→ Solid NaCl is a bad conductor of electricity because the charged particles (ions) in solid NaCl are not capable of moving as they are bound by strong electrostatic forces.
As a result, they can not conduct electricity.
→ However, in water ions are capable of moving when NaCl is dissolved in it and hence conduct electricity.
→ When NaCl is dissolved in water Na+ and Cl- ions are capable of moving. They become free in a molten state, hence they can conduct electricity.
→ Solid NaCl has charged particles i.e ions namely Na⁺ and Cl^-.
→ The charged particles (ions) in solid NaCl are not capable of moving as they are bound by strong electrostatic forces. As a result, they can not conduct electricity.

Critical temperature:

• The critical temperature of a gas is defined as the temperature above which it cannot be liquified, howsoever high pressure is applied.
• For example, the critical temperature of carbon dioxide is 304.2 K, which means that it is impossible to liquefy carbon dioxide above 304.2 K by any means.
• The critical temperature of gas gives an indication of the strength of the intermolecular attractive forces of that gas.
• A substance with weak attractive forces would have a low critical temperature and vice versa.

Boyle's temperature

• The extent of deviation from ideal behaviour decrease with an increase in temperature.
• The real gases show ideal behaviour only at low pressure and high temperature.
• The temperature at which a gas behaves as an ideal gas and obeys the gas Law is called Boyle's Temperature.
• Boyle point or Boyle temperature of a gas depends on its nature.
• Above Boyle point, gases show positive deviation from ideal behaviour.
• In this condition, the compressibility factor, Z > 1 and the gases are less compressible.
• Below Boyle point, gases show negative deviation from ideal behaviour.
• In this condition, Z < 1 and gases are highly compressible.
• The Boyle temperature is given by
  . Where 'a' and 'b' are van der Waals constants.

Inversion temperature-

• The temperature below which the real gases show cooling effect and above which gases show the heating effect when expanded under adiabatic conditions.
• It is given by
  . Where 'a' and 'b' are van der Waals constants.
• Gases having low inversion temperatures have b > a, which means they have repulsive forces predominant and can expand easily.
• The higher temperature of inversion means 'a' > 'b', signifying that attractive forces are predominant.

Hence, the temperature at which the real gases obey ideal gas laws is called Boyle's temperature.

The correct answer is Square planar sp3d².Explanation

• The correct geometry of XeF₄ is Square planar and the correct hybridization state of XeF₄ is sp³d².
  • The central atom Xe has 2 lone pairs of electrons.
  • The bond angle between the 2 lone pairs of electrons is 180°.

Other Related Points

• Hybridization is defined as the mixing of two atomic orbitals which gives rise to a new type of hybridized orbitals.
• Atomic orbitals with equal energies undergo hybridization.
• sp³, sp², sp, sp³d, sp³d², sp³d³ are different types of hybridization.

Concept:
Rule for aromaticity - Huckel gave the rule to determine whether a given compound is aromatic or not is called Huckel's (4n+2)π electron rule.
Huckel's (4n+2)π e^- rule -

• This is also called the rule of aromaticity as it states whether a compound is aromatic or not.
• Huckel gave a few conditions, if the given compound follows all the conditions then it is said to be aromatic otherwise not. The conditions are-
  • Given molecule must be cyclic.
  • The given molecule must be a planar ring or atoms of the molecule must lie in the same plane.
  • The molecule must have conjugated pi bonds in its structure or the molecule must be fully conjugated.
  • The given molecule must have 4n+2 π electrons, where, n is either zero or any positive integer.

How to calculate (4n+2)π electrons -

1. Calculate the no. of pi electrons present in the molecule
2. Put them equal to (4n + 2).
3. Calculate the 'n' value here.
4. If n is 0 or a positive integer, then the molecule is aromatic, otherwise not.

Calculation:
In the given molecules only option 1 (cycloheptatriene) is not aromatic as it does not follow Huckel's rule of aromaticity.

1. It is having a ring in its structure. So, it follows condition no. 1 of aromaticity.
2. It is having a planar ring, all pi bonds lie in the same plane. Hence, follow the second condition.
3. In its structure total π electrons are 6, hence, the value of 'n' is 1 which is a positive integer. So, it follows the fourth condition of aromaticity also.
4. But it does not have its π electrons in conjugation. Here, it does not meet the conditions of Huckel's aromaticity rule.

Based upon the above observation, as cycloheptatriene (option 1) has not a complete conjugated structure or does not have all π electrons in conjugation, it does not obey Huckel's rule of aromaticity and hence is not aromatic.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

Concept:

The equilibrium constant - The equilibrium constant may be defined as the ratio between the product of the molar concentrations of the products to that of the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants with each concentration term raised to a power equal to the stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation. It is represented by (K_c).

• Units of the equilibrium constant are (mol L^-1)^Δn.
• Formula to calculate (K_c) =

Calculation:

In the given reaction,

3 O2(g) 2 O3(g)

Given,

• K_c = 3.0 × 10-59.
• Concentration of O₂ = 0.040 M

We have to calculate the value of the concentration of O₃,

By using the formula,

(Kc) =

3.0 × 10-59 =

= 3 × 10^-59 × 0.040 × 0.040 × 0.040

= 19.2 × 10^-64

[O₃] = 4.38 × 10^-32 M

Conclusion:

Therefore, the concentration of O₃ is 4.38 × 10^-32 M.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

The correct answer is high pressure and low temperature.

Explanation

• This equation is an example of Equilibrium.
• Equilibrium is a condition that occurs when a chemical reaction is reversible, and the forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously, at the same rate.
• Le Chatlier's Principle- "if a chemical system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature or total pressure, the equilibrium will shift in order to minimize that change"
• Any decrease in nitrogen or hydrogen pulls the reaction towards the left side.
• Any decrease in ammonia or temperature pulls the reaction towards the right side.

The correct answer is sp³d, sp³d, sp², sp³d².
Explanation:
Hybridization= 1/2 (valence electron of central atom + Number of surrounding monovalent atom - cationic charge + anionic charge)
XeF₂:


⇒ 5 i.e., sp³d

Thus, the hybridisation of Xe central atom in XeF₂ is sp³d.
XeOF₂:


⇒ 5 i.e., sp³d

Thus, the hybridisation of Xe central atom in XeOF₂ is sp³d.
BCI₃:


⇒ 3 i.e., sp²

Thus, the hybridisation of B central atom in BCI₃ is sp².
ICl_4-:


⇒ 6 i.e., sp³d²
Thus, the hybridisation of I central atom in ICl_4- is sp³d².

The correct answer is Zero.

• The order of reaction represents the number of reactants whose concentration directly affects the rate of reaction.
• In zero Order Reactions, the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants.
• In the first-order reaction, the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of only one of the reactants.
• In second-order reactions, the rate of reactions can be obtained either from the concentration of one reactant squared or from the concentration of two separate reactants.

Other Related Points

• The rate law or rate equation for a chemical reaction is an equation that links the initial or forward reaction rate with the concentrations or pressures of the reactants and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial reaction orders).

Concept:

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle:

• W Heisenberg a German physicist in 1927, stated the uncertainty principle which is the consequence of dual behavior of matter and radiation.
• It states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously, the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron.

According to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

Where, Δx = Uncertainty in position, ΔP = Uncertainty in momentum, h = Plank’s constant

ΔP = m Δv

Where, ΔP = Uncertainty in momentum, m = mass of particle, Δv = Uncertainty in velocity.
Calculation:

Given: Δx = m Δv

According to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

ΔP = m Δv

EDTA is Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. It binds with ions like Fe²⁺/ Fe³⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions as a hexadentate ligand.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) ion is a hexadentate ligand having four donor oxygen atoms and two donor nitrogen atoms
Additional Information
Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA):

• Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid or EDTA is a complexing agent.
• Was first synthesized by Ferdinand Munz in 1935. This is also called amino polycarboxylic acid.
• It is colorless and water-soluble in its salt form.
• The structure consists of the basic ethane group which is attached to the two groups at the terminal positions forming an ethylene diamine.
• The two hydrogens from each amine group situated at the terminal positions are replaced by the acetic acid group(-CH₂COO) There are a total of four acetic acid groups attached to the ethylene diamine.
• As EDTA is a polydentate ligand, it is also a chelating ligand, it contains donor atoms so arranged that they can occupy more than one position around the same metal atom simultaneously in the first sphere of coordination.
• The resulting complexes are called chelates
• EDTA is a hexadentate ligand.
• It has four carboxylic acid groups and two amine groups with lone pairs of electrons on them. It is polyprotic acid.
• Along with the four carboxylic acid groups, EDTA can add two more hydrogens to the two nitrogens of the amine groups.

Concept:

Crystal Field Stabilization Energy -

• It is also abbreviated as CFSE.
• It is the amount of stabilization provided by the splitting of d-orbitals in two levels.
• It is denoted by Δ_o in the octahedral field and Δ_t in the tetrahedral field.
• If Δo > Pairing energy, the complex will be a low spin complex.
• If Δo < Pairing energy, the complex will be a high spin complex

Relation between CFSE in the octahedral field and tetrahedral field -

Crystal field splitting in the tetrahedral field is less than in the octahedral field.

It is compared mathematically as:

→ Δt =

Calculation:

[CoCl6]4− is an octahedral complex and {CoCl4]2− is a tetrahedral complex.

The relation between CFSE of the tetrahedral and octahedral complex is:

→ Δt =

Using this formula calculates the Δt for [CoCl4]2−.

Given, Δo = 18000 cm−1.

Δt =

Δt =

Δt = 8000 cm^-1

So, CFSE for [CoCl4]2− will be 8000 cm-1.

∴ The correct answer is option 2.

Concept:
Here, the major product undergoes the S_N1 reaction.
The S_N1 reaction is a substitution reaction. "SN" stands for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the fact that the rate-determining step is unimolecular. This relationship holds for situations where the amount of nucleophile is much greater than that of the carbocation intermediate.

Here, the 2 carbocation reaction takes place. Carbocations are carbon atoms in an organic molecule bearing a positive formal charge. Therefore, they are carbon cations. Carbocations have only six electrons in their valence shell making them electron deficient. Thus, they are unstable electrophiles and will react very quickly with nucleophiles to form new bonds.
The intermediate product reacts with CH₃OH (alcohol) the hydride shift from the alcohol and produce the 3° carbocation.