MPTET Varg 3 Mock Test - 3 - MPTET MCQ

We, humans, have our own made world. Apart from our physical presence, there is also our social, cultural, and practical world.

Key Points

We need anthropology when we have to know and understand things related to disciplining ourselves as a subject. It would be very interesting to understand human beings as a subject in human form. Humans want to understand themselves in all their forms.

• The word Anthropology literally means the science of human as Anthropos means human and logos means science
• Anthropology is less a subject matter than a bond between subject matters. It is in part history, part literature; in part natural science, part social science; it strives to study men both from within and without; it represents both a manner of looking at man and a vision of man-the most scientific of the humanities, the most humanist of sciences.
• Anthropologists are interested in understanding the origin and development of the human species. They are also interested in knowing how the environment affects culture and how culture has an impact on the growth and development of human personality. 

Thus, it is concluded that understanding an individual's uniqueness in different nationalities and cultures and across ages is called anthropology.

Hint

• History is the branch of knowledge dealing with past events.
• Sociology can be defined as a study of society or social life, group interaction, and social behavior.
• Social study is a study of how people live and work together at the local, national or international level.  

Let us observe a child learning to ride a bicycle. Perfection in riding the bicycle is not achieved through one trial. The child makes many attempts to acquire mastery over the skill. At the initial stage, he/she makes errors and gradually the errors are minimized. The child makes a number of attempts for a particular task or problem and finds his/her attempts ultimately rewarding.

• The Theory of Trial and Error Learning was developed by the American psychologist E.L.Thorndike through a series of experiments conducted on different animals, mostly on cats.
• From this experiment, Thorndike developed the following three laws of learning: Law of exercise, Law of readiness, and Law of effect.

Key Points

Law of Effect: Of the several responses, that occur just before a satisfying state of affairs tends to be learned easily. Those that occur before an annoying state of affairs tend to be forgotten or rejected.

• In other words, if the consequence to behavior is satisfying, then the behavior is likely to be learned.
• In this connection, the role of reward and praise have positive effects of strengthening the learned behavior whereas punishment and rebuff have the negative effect on the behavior being learned.

Thus, it is concluded that the current movement of behavior modification wherein tokens are awarded for correct responses, is a reflection of Thorndike’s Law of Effect.

Hint

• Law of Exercise:
  • Repetition of the activity makes the student retain the activity for a longer period. This essentially constituted of two laws: the law of use and law of disuse.
  • The first relates to the strengthening of the connection of stimulus (cause) and response(the behavior) by repetition and the second, the opposite of the first, relates to the weakening of connection when not used frequently.
• The five stepped system of lesson planning was started by J. Friedrich Herbert, a German psychologist. His five-stage system of lesson planning involves five discrete steps including preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application.
• John Locke is famously attributed for holding the proposition that the human mind is a Tabula Rasa, a "blank slate,". He gave the theory of empiricism which states that a child is born with a clean slate that is to be filled with knowledge, data, or information in the later years. 

Assessment serves to promote learning by reinforcing the efficacy of teaching-learning when teachers can customize their teaching plans through relevant information on students’ interests, abilities, and learning progress with constant involvement and inputs from students. ​There are three major purposes of assessment, which include ‘Assessment for Learning’, ‘Assessment as Learning’ and ‘Assessment of Learning’.

Key Points Assessment for Learning:

• It occurs during, rather than after, the teaching-learning process as it has its primary focus on the ongoing improvement of learning for all students.
• This assessment is school-based and integral to teaching-learning. As a school-based activity integrated with the teaching-learning, CCE helps in doing away with examination-related fear, anxiety, or trauma.
• It is multiple evidence-based as no single strategy of assessment is capable of providing complete information about a child’s progress and learning.
• It includes assessment of all aspects of students’ personality, i.e., knowledge, performance, skills, interests, dispositions, and motivation.
• It is sensitive to individual learning needs as this requires identifying individual and specific needs of all children.
• It helps the teacher to probe what a child can or cannot do and explore the reasons behind the learning gaps.
• After observing the gaps and determining the possible causes, the teacher builds logical connections between the existing and the new knowledge to address learning gaps.​

Christina took her class for a field trip before starting a new chapter in the class and after coming back, she discussed the trip with her students. It is an example of  "Assessment for Learning" because she wants to know what the child already knows about the new topic and then she will plan the lesson based on the previous knowledge.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process that starts from the pre-natal stage.

• In the pre-natal stage, the baby develops inside the mother's womb and becomes a mature one by passing through three different stages of prenatal development.
• The pre-natal stage is the development process of the child, that occurs during the period of 38 weeks prior to the child, during this period a single cell becomes a full-term baby.

Key Points

The three stages of pre-natal development include:

• Stage 1: The Germinal Stage:   
  • The two-week period after conception is said to be the Germinal Stage. Conception occurs when a sperm cell combines with an egg cell from a Zygote. 
• Stage 2: The Embryonic Stage: 
  • The Embryonic Stage lasts from 8 weeks from conception. The developing ball of cells is termed as Embryo. Embryo start to resemble human being.
• Stage 3: The Fetal Stage:
  • The last stage of prenatal development is the Fetal Stage, which lasts from 9 weeks until birth or 38 to 40 weeks. Skeleton and muscles develop at this stage .

Hence, it could be concluded that Embryonic stage of the development refers to the period of 2-8 weeks.

Given:

The angle = 70° 

Concept:

The sum of the supplement angles is 180° 

Calculation:

Let us assume the supplement angle of the 70° be X

⇒ X = 180° - 70° = 110° 

∴ The required result will be 110°.

Mathematics is the study of geometrical figures, their co-relation, and their dependency on each other. It deals with quantity, measurement, and spatial relationships.

• Achievement refers to what a person has acquired or achieved after the specific training or instruction has been imparted. Thus, to measure what a pupil has learned, achievement tests are used. 
• There are two categories of tests: teacher-made tests and standardized tests.
• Performance Tests, Written Tests, Language Tests, Skill tests, etc. are examples of achievement tests.

Key Points

Achievement tests are used in Mathematics mainly for the following purposes:

• To measure the knowledge and skills students acquired in the subject.
• To determine the academic progress they have made over a period. 
• To monitor students' learning and to provide ongoing feedback to both students and teachers during the teaching-learning process.
• To identify the students' learning difficulties - whether persistent or recurring.

Hence, it could be concluded that the purpose of the "Achievement test" in mathematics is to measure the knowledge and skills acquired in the subject.

Assessment is a part of the evaluation process that is done to measure the knowledge, skills, and aptitude in a specified field.

• It is mainly to identify the areas for improvement in the learning process and it can be used to determine how students are learning, what's difficulties they are facing, so that if there a need, the teacher can adjust their teaching methodologies.

Key Points

• Mathematical communication means the ability of students to explain daily life situations in the context of mathematical language i.e., using numbers, mathematical symbols, formulas in their life to solve real-world problems.
• For example, using the statistical data to explain the variation in the population of flora and fauna in various geographical areas.
• Assessment will be more relevant if it includes both formal and informal modes of mathematical communication such as the use of formal mathematical formulas to solve the problems in classroom activities (formal) and using mathematical knowledge while making paintings and sculptures (informal).
• When a teacher includes mathematical communication in assessment then the teacher will get to know the attributes of a child's personality in-depth such as the values of honesty, precision, and accuracy in his life.
• It also helps to know that how able are children to use and tackle real-life problems and also how much they are capable of using formal knowledge of mathematics in informal ways.

Thus, it is clear that while teaching mathematics, it is important to assess mathematical communication in a student.

Hint

• It is not important to assess the capacity to memorize without understanding as while teaching mathematics emphasis should be on developing contextual understanding and not just memorizing the formulas.
• The capacity to listen to the teacher does not need to be assessed as if the teacher is able to present his thoughts in an effective and interesting manner then the students will automatically listen to him.
• The attitude of not asking questions even if the concept is not understood is not needed to be assessed but it is required to be corrected as the teacher should encourage the students to ask questions so that their doubts can be resolved.

Mathematics deals with various types of geometrical figures, shapes, and patterns. It studies in depth their correlation and dependence on each other. It involves the quantity, measurements, and spatial relationships of various components of mathematics.

Key Points

• The term "spatial" comes from the Latin word "spatium" which interacts with space and its perception of objects in space.
• The person with spatial understanding can easily observe, understand, and visualize the world using his imagination and creativity, modify the surrounding based on their perception, and recreate aspects of their visual experience.
• The individual who is good at spatial understanding will be able to remember places, images, faces, fine details, and also be able to visualize things from all the different possible perspectives.
• He will be able to draw the top of a lunch box by using his visualizing abilities as he will first observe and visualize a lunch box before building it and then he will use his spatial reasoning as to where and how to draw it by keeping the given space in mind.

Hint

Hence, it is concluded that drawing on top of a lunchbox is most likely to develop spatial reasoning among students.

As we know,

1 km = 1000 m

1 m = 100 cm

1 cm = 10 mm

⇒ 0.5035 km = 0.5035 × 1000 = 503.5 m

⇒ 332.9 cm = 332.9 × (1/100) = 3.329 m

⇒ 1771 mm = 1772 × (1/1000) = 1.771 m

When manure or commercial fertilizers enter surface water, the nutrients they release stimulate microorganism growth. Without sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water, fish and other aquatic species suffocate, resulting in water pollution.

Key Points

Hence, if a teacher has to educate children about ground water pollution by fertilizers, an appropriate example of such fertilizer will be Nitrate fertilizer.

The correct answer is Mercury and Venus.

Key Points

• Venus and the planet Mercury are the only two planets that don't have a single natural moon orbiting them. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
• Mercury is the first planet from the sun in the solar system as well as the smallest planet among the eight planets.
• Named after the Roman god Mercury, the planet also has the shortest orbital period around the sun due to its closeness to the sun.
• As stated earlier, the planet does not have any known natural satellites.
• Just like Mercury, Venus also does not have any known natural satellites.
• Venus is the second innermost planet from the sun in the solar system.
• The planet has an orbital period of about 243 days although its orbital direction is unlike most of the other planets.

Important Points

• Satellite 
  • A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object. But usually, when someone says satellite, they are talking about a man-made satellite.
  • Man-made satellites are machines made by people. These machines are launched into space and orbit Earth or another body in space. Ex - Moon, sputnik -1, etc.
• Natural Satellite
  • A natural satellite is an object that orbits a planet or other body larger than itself and which is not man-made. Ex- Earth has a moon as a natural satellite.

Additional Information

Not only do we contribute to the causes of floods, but reckless building in vulnerable areas, poor watershed management, and failure to control the flooding also help create the disaster condition. Therefore there is an urgent need to mitigate the flood hazard by proper habitat management, watershed management and incorporating flood-resistant features in our buildings.

Key Points

The most effective measures for prevention against inundation are:

• to avoid residing on river banks and slopes on riversides and the sides of gorges.
• to build at least 250 meters away from the sea coast/river banks.
• to build a proper drainage system in all flood-prone areas, so that the water can be drained off quickly to prevent accumulation.
• to construct the building with a plinth level higher than the known high flood level.
• to construct the whole village or settlement on a raised platform higher than the high flood level.
• to construct buildings on stilts or columns with wall-free space at a ground level permitting free flow of water (inundation or flowing), provided that columns are circular and strong. 

Thus, the most effective measure for prevention against inundation during a flood is to build a proper drainage system in all flood-prone areas.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• Features of Indian Agriculture
  • Source of livelihood
    • Agriculture is the main occupation. It employs nearly 61% persons of the total population. It contributes 25% to national income.
  • Dependence on monsoon
    • Agriculture in India mainly depends on the monsoon. If monsoon is good, the production will be more and if the monsoon is less than average then the crops fail.
    • Sometimes floods play havoc with our crops. As irrigation facilities are quite inadequate, agriculture depends on the monsoon.
  • Labour intensive cultivation
    • Due to population increases, the pressure on landholding increased.
    • Landholdings get fragmented and subdivided and become uneconomical.
    • Machinery and equipment can not be used on such farms.
  • Underemployment
    • Due to inadequate irrigation facilities and uncertain rainfall, the production of agriculture is less, farmers find work a few months in the year.
    • Their capacity of work cannot be properly utilised. In agriculture, there is underemployment as well as disguised unemployment.
  • The small size of holdings
    • Due to large scale sub-division and fragmentation of holdings, landholding size is quite small.
    • The average size of landholding was 2.3 hectares in India while in Australia it was 1993 hectares and in the USA it was 158 hectares.
• Hence, Option 4 is correct.

भाषा को समग्रता की दृष्टि से देखने पर ही भाषा प्रयोग में अर्थ निर्माण की प्रक्रिया बन पाती है। भाषा को टुकड़े में पढ़ने पर वाक्य का अर्थ गुम जाता है।

• भाषा शिक्षण में शिक्षक का समग्रतावादी दृष्टिकोण महत्वपूर्ण होता है।
• समग्रतावादी दृष्टिकोण रखने वाला शिक्षक भाषा को पूर्ण व अर्थपूर्ण वाक्य के रूप में सीखाना आरम्भ करता है।
• बालको को उनके पूर्व ज्ञान से जोड़ने के लिए उनके सक्रिय अनुभवों को साझा करने के लिए कहता है। फिर उन
• अनुभवों के माध्यम से पढ़ना और लिखना सिखाता है। जैसे-
• कक्षा दो के भाषा शिक्षक द्वारा बालको द्वारा कही गयी खास बात को सीधे श्यामपट्ट पर लिखने के लिए कहता है।
• शिक्षक मानक वर्तनी या वर्तनी की शुद्दता पर ध्यान केंद्रित ना कर अभिव्यक्ति पर, ग्रहण करे और भाषा को समझने पर ध्यान केंद्रित रखता है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि कक्षा दो के भाषा शिक्षक द्वारा बालको द्वारा कही गयी खास बात को सीधे श्यामपट्ट पर लिखने के लिए कहना भाषा को समग्रता की दृष्टि से देखता है।

Additional Information

भाषा को टुकड़ों-टुकड़ों में पढ़ाने का एक उदाहरण देखिए- 

• शिक्षक ने बोर्ड पर वर्णमाला के कुछ अक्षर यह बताने के लिए लिखे कि अक्षर से शब्द का निर्माण कैसे होता है और शब्द से वाक्य कैसे बनते हैं।
  • घ, र, च, ल, घर, चल - घर चल
  • अ, म, न, घर, चल - अमन घर चल
  • चरण घर, चल - चरण घर चल
• उसके बाद शिक्षक ने बोर्ड पर लिखी वर्णमाला के अक्षर व अक्षर से बने शब्द और शब्द से बने वाक्यों को बच्चों द्वारा पढ़वाया।
• वह प्रत्येक बच्चे को बोर्ड पर बुलाते और बोर्ड पर लिखे हुए को पढ़वाते और साथ में अन्य बच्चों से उन शब्दों को दोहरवाते।
• पूरी प्रक्रिया अक्षरों व शब्दों की पहचान पर ही केन्द्रित रहती है और इनकी पहचान पर इतना जोर होने से वाक्य का अर्थ ही गुम हो जाता है।
• केवल इतना ही नहीं, विचार का यह बिन्दु विषयवस्तु से भी महत्त्वपूर्ण रूप से जुड़ा है, चुनी गयी व षयवस्तु को पढ़ना इस तरह से हो कि वह कदम-दर-कदम आगे बढ़े। अंततः
• विषयवस्तु वर्णमाला, शब्द (पहले कमल फिर कमला) या वाक्य (घर चल, नल पर चल, झटपट कर) और इसी तरह के वाक्य तक सीमित रहती है।
• बच्चों को ऐसे शीर्षक को पढ़ने के लिए बाध्य किया जाता है जिससे न तो वे अपने अनुभवों को जोड़ पाते हैं, न ही कोई अर्थ निकाल पाते हैं और न ही वे बातचीत करते समय ऐसे वाक्यों का उपयोग कर पाते हैं।

सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी से तात्पर्य है स्वयं के भावों, विचारों, संदेशों सूचना उपलब्ध को अतिशीघ्र तक प्रेषित करना। वर्तमान में समाज को इस संबंध में प्रभावित करने वाला सबसे प्रमुख साधन दूरसंचार है। जिसमें निरंतर सूचना को एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक भेजने की व्यवस्था को संचार व्यवस्था कहते है।

Key Points

इसके मुख्य भाग निम्न है:

• प्रेषक 
• चैनल
• अभिग्राही

• संदेश सिग्नल को सीधे ही प्रेषित करना सम्भव नहीं है, क्योंकि ये अधिक दूरी तक नहीं जा सकते है।
• संदेश सिग्नल को प्रेषित में भेजते है। प्रेषित्र को कार्य संदेश सिग्नल को प्रेशन योग्य बनाता है।
• प्रेषक से प्राप्त सिग्नल को चैनल में भेजा जाता है।
• चैनल एक ऐसा भौतिक माध्यम है जो प्रेषित और अभिग्राही को जोड़ता है संचार व्यवस्था के आधार पर यहाँ तार, केवल अथवा खुला आकाश हो सकता है। 

Important Points

संचार व्यवस्था दो प्रकार की है।

• बिन्दु से बिन्दुब॒त संचार व्यवस्था:- इसमें प्रेषित्र का सम्बन्ध केवल एक अभिग्राही से होता है चैनल के रूप में तार अथवा केबल काम में लेते है जैसे - टेलीफोन, टेलीग्राम, फैक्स आदि
• प्रसारण व्यवस्था:- इसमें प्रेषित्र का सम्बन्ध अनेक अभिग्राहियों से हो सकता है चैनल के रूप में खुला आकाश, वायुमण्डल काम मे लेते है। जैसे - रेडियो, टीवी, मोबाइल आदि

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि सूचना को एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान को भेजने की व्यावस्था को संचार व्यवस्था कहते हैं।

हम प्रकृति के हृदय को आघात पहुँचाते हैं यदि हमपारिस्थितिकी से छेड़छाड़ करते हैं 

Key Points

• यदि हम पारिस्थितिकी से छेड़छाड़ करते है ,तो हम पृथ्वी के हृदय को आघात /नुकसान पहुंचते है
• क्योकि गद्यांश में लिखा हुआ है पवित्र करने वाली भूमि ,हम कोई ऐसा काम न करे जिससे तेरे हृदय को आघात पहुंचे।
• गद्यांश के अनुसार ,हृदय को आघात पहुंचाने का अर्थ है -पृथ्वी के परिस्थिति के साथ क्रूर छेड़छाड़। 

• हृदय को आघात पहुँचाने का यहाँ अर्थ है पृथ्वी के पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के साथ क्रूर छेड़छाड़। 

'सर्वनाश से उबरा जा सके-'उबरा' का अर्थ है बचा  जा सके 

Key Points

पंक्ति में उबारा का अर्थ है बचा जा सके,पंक्ति में उबारा का अर्थ है बचा जा सके।  

Additional Information

सर्वनाश 

• परिभाषा - पूरा नाश
• समानार्थी शब्द - सत्यानाश , गुड़गोबर , मटिआमेट , मटियामेट
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग
• एक तरह का - विनाश

हटा

• परिभाषा - अपने स्थान आदि से हटा या गिरा हुआ
• समानार्थी शब्द - च्युत , हटा हुआ , अपगत , धता
• विलोम शब्द - अच्युत

अरण्य-संरक्षण' का अर्थ ,वनों की रक्षा  है।

Key Points

• 'अरण्य-संरक्षण का अर्थ वनो की रक्षा अर्थात उनको बचाने से है। 
• ‘अरण्य-संरक्षण’ से पृथ्वी का संरक्षण संभव है क्योकि विश्व विनाश से निपटने के लिए वनों का संरक्षण जरुरी है  

Additional Information

अरण्य

• परिभाषा - बड़े और घने जंगली क्षेत्र में स्थित पेड़-पौधे या अन्य वनस्पतियाँ
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - प्रकृति की परवाह न करते हुए मनुष्य जंगल को काट रहा है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - जंगल , वन , कानन , त्रस
• लिंग - पुल्लिंग

संरक्षण

• परिभाषा - रक्षा करने की क्रिया या भाव
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - किसान खेतों की रखवाली कर रहा है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - रखवाली , देख-रेख , हिफाजत , हिफ़ाज़त

'क्रूर शब्द विशेषण है।

 Key Points

संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द विशेषण कहलाते है और क्रूर विशेषण शब्द है।  

Additional Information

सर्वनाम

• परिभाषा - व्याकरण में वह शब्द जो संज्ञा की जगह प्रयुक्त होता है
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - मैं,तुम,वह आदि सर्वनाम हैं।

विशेषण

• परिभाषा - वह विकारी शब्द जो किसी संज्ञावाची शब्द की विशेषता बतलाता है
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - सुंदर लड़की में सुंदर विशेषण है जो लड़की की विशेषता बतला रहा है ।
• प्रकार - जलवायुविज्ञानी , संकेतवाचक विशेषण , गुणवाचक विशेषण , संख्यावाचक विशेषण

संज्ञा

• परिभाषा - व्याकरण में वह विकारी शब्द जो किसी वास्तविक या कल्पित वस्तु का बोधक होता है
  वाक्य में प्रयोग - राम, आम, दिल्ली आदि संज्ञा हैं।

क्रिया

• परिभाषा - व्याकरण में वह शब्द जिससे किसी व्यापार का होना या किया जाना सूचित होता है
  वाक्य में प्रयोग - खाना, सोना, चलना इत्यादि क्रिया शब्द हैं ।
• प्रकार - अकर्मक क्रिया, सकर्मक क्रिया

मलिच्छ शब्द का तत्सम म्लेछ है।

• अर्थ : जो पाप करता हो या पाप करने वाला।
• उदाहरण : धार्मिक ग्रंथों में वर्णित है कि जब-जब पृथ्वी पर पाप बढ़ता है,तब-तब प्रभु अवतार लेकर पापी व्यक्तियों का संहार कर देते हैं।

Key Points

• जिन शब्दों को संस्कृत से बिना किसी परिवर्तन के ले लिया जाता है, उन्हें तत्सम शब्द कहते हैं। 
• तत्सम शब्द संस्कृत भाषा के दो शब्दों, तत् + सम् से मिलकर बना है।
• तत् का अर्थ है – उसके तथा सम् का अर्थ है – समान।​​

Important Points

कुछ तद्भव एवं तत्सम:-

Additional Information

• तत्सम शब्दों में समय और परिस्थितियों के कारण कुछ परिवर्तन होने से जो शब्द बने हैं उन्हें तद्भव कहते हैं।
• तद्भव का शाब्दिक अर्थ है – उससे बने (तत् + भव = उससे उत्पन्न)

सिद्धांत नियमों की अपेक्षा अधिक व्यापक होते हैं। भाषा शिक्षण के कुछ प्रमुख सिद्धांत होते है, जो शिक्षण को सही व प्रभावी बनाने में आधार प्रदान करते हैं। 

अनुबंधन का सिद्धांत- यह सिद्धांत व्याख्या से अधिक प्रत्यक्ष सीखने पर बल देता है। जैसे- बच्चों को सेब या आम के बारे में किताब से जानकारी देने से अधिक सही तरीका प्रत्यक्ष दिखाकर उसके बारे में बताना होता है।

Key Points

शिक्षण के सामान्य सिद्धांत- 

• रूची जाग्रत करने का सिद्धांत- शिक्षण को सफल बनाने के लिए छात्रों का शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में रूची लेना अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। यदि छात्र स्वयं की रूची से शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में शामिल होगा तो उसका पूरा ध्यान शिक्षा ग्रहण करने की ओर केंद्रित होगा।
• अभिप्रेरणा का सिद्धांत- रूची, आवश्यकता और प्रयोजन शिक्षण के प्रमुख प्रेरणा स्रोत होते हैं। उद्देश्यहीन, प्रयोजन रहित कार्य शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में शिथिलता उत्पन्न करते हैं। अतः ज्ञानार्जन हेतु छात्रों को प्रेरित करना अत्यधिक महत्वपूर्ण है।
• क्रिया द्वारा सिखने (व्यवहारिक ज्ञान) का सिद्धांत- यह सिद्धांत बालकों के करके सीखने पर बल देता है। जिस शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में बच्चें सक्रिय होकर भागीदारी लेते हैं वह ज्ञान अधिक स्थायी होता है।

अतः निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि प्राथमिक स्तर की शिक्षिका बालको को हिंदी के नये शब्दों से परिचय कराने के लिए प्रत्यक्ष वस्तुओं को लाकर दिखाती है। शिक्षिका द्वारा उपयोग में लाया गया भाषा शिक्षण का सिद्धांत अनुबंधन का सिद्धांत है।

Additional Informationभाषा शिक्षण हेतु अन्य मनावैज्ञानिक सिद्धांत-

1. अनुकरण का सिद्धांत- वाइगोत्स्की के अनुसार बच्चा अनुकरण सिद्धांत के अन्तर्गत सामाजिक अंतःक्रिया द्वारा भाषा अर्जित करता है और सीखता है।
2. भाषा अर्जन का सिद्धांत- यह सिद्धांत चाॅम्स्की ने दिया। इस सिद्धांत के अनुसार बच्चों में भाषा सीखने की क्षमता जन्मजात होती है तथा समय के साथ धीरे-धीरे अनुकरण के द्वारा सही वाक्य बनाना सीख जाते हैं।
3. क्रियाशीलता का सिद्धांत- यह सिद्धांत भाषा प्रयोग के अधिकाधिक अवसरों और सृजनात्मकता पर विशेष बल देता है।
4. अभ्यास का सिद्धांत- किसी वस्तु को समझने में अभ्यास का अत्यधिक महत्व होता है। अभ्यास सीखने में निपुणता लाने का कार्य भी करते हैं।
5. जीवन समन्वय (ज्ञात से अज्ञात) का सिद्धांत- यह वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा सर्वमान्य है कि बच्चें उस विषय में अधिक रूची लेते हैं जो उनके जीवन से जुड़ा हो।
6. उद्देश्यपूर्ण शिक्षण का सिद्धांत- शिक्षण क्रिया का आरम्भ करने से पहले उसका उद्देश्य निश्चित होना चाहिए।
7. विविधता का सिद्धांत- भारत एक बहुभाषिक देश है और शिक्षक को बहुभाषिकता को संसाधन के रूप में इस्तेमाल करना चाहिए।
8. अनुपात एवं क्रम का सिद्धांत- भाषा के चारों कौशलों का सही सेक्रमबद्ध एवं साथ-साथ विकास होना अत्यन्त आवश्यक है। एक कौशल में कमी हो तो भाषा विकास अधुरा ही माना जाएगा।
9. बोलचाल का सिद्धांत
10. चयन का सिद्धांत
11. बाल केंद्रिता का सिद्धांत
12. शिक्षण सूत्रों का सिद्धांत- सरल से जटिल की ओर, ज्ञात से अज्ञात की ओर, विशेष से सामान्य की ओर, अंश से पूर्ण की ओर।
13. साहचर्य का सिद्धांत
14. विभाजन का सिद्धांत
15. पुनरावृत्ति का सिद्धांत

Language teaching is less about the school but more about the process of learning English. It rather depends on teachers' application of principles of language learning. Children can learn any language as easily as by walking, running, etc. So, applying various principles of learning is important.

Key Points

• The NEP 2020 has reconfigured the curriculum of school education to make students more responsive and the curriculum more relevant to the developmental needs and interests of learners at different stages of their development.
• The policy states that classroom learning will regularly contain more creative, collaborative, exploratory, and fun activities. For this Child-centered learning is important.
• Child-centered learning
  • Designed to develop the individual and social qualities of a student rather than provide generalized information or training by way of prescribed subject matter (used in elementary or secondary education or schools).
  • Children take command of their own learning. Teachers are there to provide support and facilitate the child’s learning but children determine the direction of their own learning by following their natural curiosities, interests, and passions.
  • Here, the active participation of the children is an important part as through this process, they learn more.

Important Points 

Hence, it is clear that to make sure that students are learning actively, it is important to apply the Principle of child-centeredness.

The correct answer is Aditya- L1.

Key Points

Refer to these lines of the passage:

• Aditya-L1 is India’s first dedicated space-based solar observatory of India and will be around the Earth-Sun Lagrange point L1. With the inclusion of multiple payloads, this project also provides an opportunity to solar scientists from multiple institutions within the country to participate in space-based instrumentation and observations. 

Upon the perusal of these lines, it can be concluded that project Aditya- L1 provides an opportunity to solar scientists to participate in space-based instrumentation and observation. Hence, option 3 is the correct answer choice.

The correct answer is 'Only II'.

Key Points

•  Let's refer to the following lines of the passage;
  • So far, ISRO only used X band for payload data downloading and used the S band for telemetry and command.
  • The indigenous antenna and station is capable of performing transmit and receive operations in both S and X bands.
  • Sivan said that the demand for the said antenna arrived from Aditya-L1 and has been commissioned as part of the preparations for the mission. "But other deep space missions and satellites can also use it in the future," he said. 
• From, above we can refer that the correct answer is option 3.

The correct answer is 'Alien'.

Key Points

• Indigenous: originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
  • Example: The indigenous peoples of Siberia.
• Alien: belonging to a foreign country or nation.
  • Example: This is an alien species of flower.
• Thus, from above we can conclude that the correct answer is option 4.

Additional Information

•  Let's explore other options:
  • Native: associated with the place or circumstances of a person's birth.
  • Domicile: the country that a person treats as their permanent home, or lives in and has a substantial connection with.
  • Attraction: the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something.

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics.

Key Points 

• He has proposed 'language acquisition theory that is primarily related to language development. It mainly emphasizes that 'children have an innate universal grammar' which helps them in:
  • Acquiring and understanding grammar regardless of where or how they are raised.
  • Developing grammatical sentence structures independence of sensory experience.
  • Serving as the basis for all languages, despite the existing differences between them.
• Chomsky proposed that humans are equipped with a language acquisition device (LAD) that enables a child to acquire and produce language.
• A human child is born with the ability to learn the language and they have LAD which generates grammar rules and helps to develop language.
• There are so many words that children initially pick by imitating in their earlier years i.e., saying PAPA, MUMMA, DADA, etc.
• During the period of infancy (birth to 2 years), the children observe and try to imitate the language of their elders in detail. It helps them in developing their language skills i.e., listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
• Over the years, they begin to imitate the words which are new to them and learn to use them in their language while communicating with others.
• Therefore, they do not just improve their vocabulary when they are learning a language through imitation but it is also enhancing their communication skills.

Hence, it is clear that language should be taught by imitation.

Hint 

• Language is a medium of communication that can not be learned alone.
• Explaining language skills in detail will only make them acquainted with the skills used in a language and will not improve their language skills.
• Teaching the children completely will not make them proficient in using language skills until and unless they are given opportunities to use them in real situations.

Additional Information

Other Aspects of Chomsky's Theory:

Learning a language involves the four basic foundational skills of language which are listening-speaking-reading-writing. These four processes are integrated with each other.

Key Points 

Listening is the most important skill to promote active communication and is the first step of language development. It is the ability to accurately Identify the sounds of speech to interpret messages for meaningful communication. 

• Under listening activity, sounds are recognized and meanings are deduced from them.
• It is a prerequisite to learning all the other skills in the language. It is a process of deriving the meaning out of what is spoken.
• It is a process of decoding the sounds that one hears in a linear fashion, starting from the smallest meaningful units to complete texts.
• Language learning starts from 'listening' as first we listen in order to assimilate information or to access messages through spoken word.
• Listening involves both social and cognitive processes - that is, our relationships with people and the way we structure our internal knowledge. 

Hence, it could be concluded that listening is the first step of language development.

Additional Information 

Basic language skills that are necessary for effective communication in any environment and to interact with others are:

• Listening: It is the first step since it is acquired merely by interacting with the surroundings and requires little effort for a child. It is re-productive in nature and requires passive command
• Speaking: This is the second step which he acquires usually by observing and imitating. It is productive in nature and requires action in nature.
• Reading: This is the third step and is acquired by drill and practice using textbooks, newspapers, etc. It is also re-productive in nature and requires passive command.
• Writing: It is the last and the most challenging step since it requires a lot of effort like review, edit, etc. It is also productive in nature and requires action in nature.

The learning process is aimed to bring out the permanent desirable changes in the behavior of an individual. The teaching-learning process respects the diversity among students and the teacher follows different paths to achieve the goals of learning.

• The teachers use different materials such as charts, models, film-strips, video clips, etc. to arouse the interest of students in learning and to keep them indulging actively in the teaching-learning process. These materials are known as  "TLM" or "teaching-learning materials".

Important Points

• Teaching-learning materials provide a range of learning experiences to learners from direct to indirect.
• TLM generally includes all the collections of things and objects which help the teacher and student in the learning process.
• It is an important component of the teaching-learning process which helps the teacher to make the teaching of a specific lesson/unit interesting.
• It is most important that while using TLM, a teacher should have to make sure that the material should be contextualized and fit to be used in an integrated manner.
• For example, to teach language to the students of class III, the teacher shows an English movie which the students are unable to interpret as they are in the beginner stage of language learning. So, here using movies as teaching material is neither contextualized nor fit. But if he uses cartoons to teach language in class III, that will be more contextualized and relevant.
• The use of TLM in the teaching process makes the teaching-learning process more stimulating, more reinforcing, and more effective. TLM used to provide direct and hands-on learning experiences to the students.

Therefore, it is concluded that the important thing for the selection of teaching-learning material for students is that the teaching-learning material should be contextualized and fit to be used in an integrated manner.

Hint 

• It is not necessary that the material is created by the students as it may consume them most of the time and make them feel burdened.
• Also, a teacher has to search for the materials that can make his teaching effective rather than thinking about the cheap or expensive material.
• It is not important that a teacher will use the material that is available in nearby markets as he can use the material that is wasted or available in school, or his house, or his surroundings. 

Mother tongue can often be referred to as your first language or native language.

• It is the language that you most commonly speak.
• However, the mother tongue is always referencing the language that the child has used from birth and in important and impacting times in the child’s life.
• According to the principle of using mother tongue, the mother tongue can be used in teaching a foreign language.
  • With the help of the mother tongue, it becomes easy to explain the meaning of words.
  • Hence, the acquisition of a foreign language has been found to be facilitated by it.

Thus, we can say that in learning a new language knowledge of the mother tongue is helpful.

Learning a language means developing four skills- Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. As teachers of English, we must know what each of these skills means and how to teach them effectively. We must remember that language is not an object. It is rather a set of skills. For being able to use the language successfully in our day-to-day life, we must acquire these language skills.

Speaking skills: A good language user would take care of appropriacy, accuracy, and fluency of speech. All these features of language use can be developed through practice. We will now see what we mean by each of these.

• Appropriacy: When we use language we have a specific purpose in mind. When e.g. you want to invite somebody to dinner, you have to consider who you are inviting and what form of language you would use to invite him/her. If you are inviting and what form of language you would use to invite him/her. If you are inviting your boss you would use one kind of language, and if you are inviting your friend your language would be different. If you are addressing students in the class you would use one kind of language, and if you are talking to a member of your family your language would be different. Thus, your language must be appropriate to the situation/context in which it is used. 
• Accuracy: Accuracy practice aims at practicing the form/grammatical rules of the language, e.g. pronunciation, stress. Intonation or verb forms, noun, pronoun, preposition, etc.
• Fluency: For developing communicative ability, less controlled/freer activities have to be practiced. Fluency practice aims at practicing the communicative function of language, i.e. giving information. Such practice is less controlled by the text materials or the teachers. Mistakes are not that important in fluency practice.

Hint

• Developing speaking skills practice may require, by cramming it will not develop and the learner can't develop fluency.

Hence, we can conclude that speaking skills cannot be developed through cramming.