MPTET Varg 3 Mock Test - 5 - MPTET MCQ

 All the individuals differ in their abilities, aptitudes, interests, ambitions, attitudes, achievements, learning styles, and aspirations. These are called individual differences.

Key Points

 Here, Mohan and Sohan are different in their personality and IQ. These differences are Inter-individual differences.

• Inter-individual differences are the variations that exist between two people in one or more kinds of traits.
• For example, gender, age, ethnic background, anxiety levels, personality, intelligence quotient, etc.
• When entering school, children exhibit interindividual differences as students are different from each other.

Thus, it is concluded that The personality and intelligence quotient of Mohan are different from Sohan. These differences are called Inter-individual differences.

Hint

Intra-individual differences:- These are those differences that exist within the person. It compares the child's ability in one area with the other area. For example- The child is good in Mathematics not in English so he is possessing intra-individual differences.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. His theory played a profound role in the development of moral psychology.

Key Points

Some of the points of criticism are: 

• Moral reasoning does not confer about moral behaviour. There is still a difference between knowing moral behaviour and actions. Moral reasoning, therefore, may not lead to moral behaviour.
• Researchers have focused that Kohlberg has overemphasized the concept of justice.  Interpersonal feelings, care, responsibility was not emphasized.  
• There is a Cultural bias as some cultures emphasize personal rights and other importance of society.
• Most of his subjects were under the age of 16 who had no experience with marriage. Thus, Heinz dilemma may have been abstract.
• Kohlberg's method of determining the moral reasoning abilities could underestimate the moral reasoning of individuals who do not have the ability to explicitly state the knowledge that they have
• Carol Gilligan suggested that Kohlberg's theory was gender-biased since all of the subjects in his sample were male.

Hence we can conclude that underestimating young children's moral reasoning abilities and basing his theory primarily on interviews of males as subjects are limitations of Kohlberg's theory of moral development. 

An error is an incorrect form and a sure indication that the learner has not mastered the core of the selective topic in a learning process.

• The errors are an important part of the learning process that can be the difference between the correct response and the answered one.

Key Points

• NCF-2005 also states that the errors of children should not be corrected until they are ready to do so. 
• It means that the errors can be corrected by the children themselves. So, a teacher should not immediately correct them.
• If a teacher is not able to correct all errors in the classroom it indicates that maybe he failed to recognize them or the children require remediation i.e., the same concept should be taught repeatedly with a different approach to help the children understand.
• A teacher should notice every error made by children so that he can help the children in the correction of their errors.
• It is not that if the teacher notices every error, he will not be able to cover the syllabus on time because making children understand the concepts contextually is more important than to just cover the syllabus.
• It is important to correct every error made by children whether it is time taking or tiresome for the teacher because it is the responsibility of the teacher to help children learn concepts in a correct way.

Thus it is clear that both (A) and (R) are incorrect.

John Dewey has been one of the most influential educational thinkers of modern times. His educational philosophy has been referred to as Pragmatism, Experimentalism, Functionalism, Instrumentalism, Operationalism, Practicalism, and Progressivism.

• Dewey has proposed the concept of 'Progressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.
• Dewey had a specific idea regarding how education should take place within the classroom. He criticized the undue importance given to the curriculum, which leads to the inactivity of the student in the entire process of learning.

Key Points 

Progressive Education:

• In Progressive Education, students thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum, and all students avail the opportunity to take part in their own learning.
• Content is presented in a way that allows the student to relate the information to prior experiences, thus deepening the connection with this new knowledge.
• It advocates for the educational structure that strikes a balance between delivering knowledge while also taking into account the interests and experiences of the student.
• Progressive Education is a continuous process of adjustment, having as its aim at every stage an added capacity of growth.’ He advocated the importance of education not only as a place to gain content knowledge, but also as a place to learn how to live.
• The experience of the child occupies the central place in this method of learning; ‘all learning must come as a by-product of actions’ child learns through participation in various activities.

Hence, it could be concluded that progressive education advocates for the educational structure that strikes a balance between delivering knowledge while also taking into account the interests and experiences of the student.

Additional Information 

• Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.
• Integrated education: It emphasizes the placement of children with disabilities in mainstream schools. The school system remains rigid and as a result, very few children with disabilities are able to cope with the demands of such a rigid system. 
• Special education: It is instruction designed for students with disabilities or gifts and talents, who also have special learning needs. Some of these students have difficulties in formal institutions so they need special education provisions to function in their classrooms.

Personality is the totality of one’s behavior towards one’s own self as well as others. It spreads over the subconscious and unconscious behavior of the person.

• Personality includes everything about the person, his/her physical, emotional, social, mental, and spiritual make-up.
• It refers to the different aspects of a person's character such as his/her interest, behavior, cognition, etc.

Key Points

Heredity and environment have an equal contribution in personality development as personality is a joint product of heredity and environment.

• All the mental and social traits depend on the environment.
• All the potential inputs for growth and development depend on heredity.
• All the inborn traits, instincts, potentials, and I. Q. depends on heredity.
• Heredity places limit on IQ and the environment determines the numeric position of IQ within these limits.

Hence, it could be concluded that Heredity and environment have an equal contribution in personality development.

Additional Information 

• Heredity: It refers to the traits that pass down from the parents to their offspring. It is the most important personality and intelligence determinant.
• Environment: It refers to the circumstances in which an individual lives. Child's immediate environment strongly influenced their personality and intelligence.

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.

• Classical Conditioning Theory explains that the process of learning takes place when a response becomes associated with a new stimulus and this process of a response to a new stimulus is known as conditioning.

Important Points

• Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon that involves suddenly displaying behavior that was thought to be extinct.
• This can apply to responses that have been formed through both classical and operant conditioning.
• Spontaneous recovery can be defined as the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response.
• For example:
  • While riding a normal bicycle one does not use gears. While driving the scooter one differentiates and further learns to use gears.
  • If the human being stops riding a bicycle or scooter for a long time he/she may temporarily forget the balance, this is extinction. However, on trying, relearning occurs very faster than the initial time to learn. This is spontaneous recovery.

​Thus, it is concluded that the sudden appearance of a response after a period of extinction is known as Spontaneous Recovery.

Additional Information

• Stimulus Generalization: If the behavior occurs in presence of another stimulus similar to the conditioned one, this is called generalization, e.g. salivation after hearing the sounds similar to bell (sometimes maybe in higher or lower tone also), is called the process of generalization.
• Stimulus Discrimination: It is referred to the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. For example, a student may feel fear during a Mathematics test but not during a moral science test. This shows the student is able to discriminate between the appropriate and inappropriate situations for a response.
• Extinction: It refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. For example, A dog previously learned that jumping up onto its owner will result in receiving a treat. When the owner stops giving treats to the jumping, the dog eventually stops.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

• It is a process by which an individual becomes a member of society through a mechanism of interaction. Its purpose is to prepare individuals for future roles.​

Key Points

Agents of socialization:

• The agents or agencies of socialization are those institutions that contribute to the process of socialization of an individual.
• Each institution in which a child participates like family, school, his neighbor can be considered as the agents of socialization.

Important Points 

The agents of socialization are mainly classified into two types:

​
Hint

• Communication is the element of socialization that helps in regulating the behavior of children in context with the approved norms and values. Using communication, the children can interact with different social agencies that will help them in socializing.

Hence, it is concluded that communication is least suitable to be categorized as the "agents of socialization" in the context of socialization.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. The nature of mathematics is logical and it relies on logic and connects learning with learners' day to day life.

Important Points

• Language of mathematics refers to the language used to express mathematical thought and ideas.
• It makes learners able to assimilate mathematical terms, to reason logically, and to recognise and employ patterns of mathematical thought.
• Mathematical Communication refers to the Communication by which learners discuss, share, analyze, and make their sense of Maths. 

Key Points

Mathematics and language are highly correlated because language helps in:

• enabling learners to reason logically.
• enhancing mathematical understanding.
• making learners able to assimilate mathematical terms.
• enabling learners to express mathematical thoughts and ideas.
• developing the ability to recognize the patterns of mathematical thought.
• enabling learners to use precise language while talking about mathematical statements and using them.

Hence, it could be concluded that Mathematics and language are highly correlated.

Concept Used:  

Follow the BODMAS rule according to the table given below:

Calculation:

(2 + 5) × 4 + (4/2) = ?

⇒ 7 × 4 + 4/2 = ?

⇒ 28 + 4/2 = ?

⇒ 28 + 2 = ?

⇒ 30 = ?

∴ The value of ? is 30

Mathematics Disability is characterized by a specific impairment in basic computational skills such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

• It should not include difficulties in higher mathematical skills such as algebra, trigonometry, geometry, or calculus.
• This should not be due to intellectual, sensory, perceptual, or neurological impairment or a poor teaching-learning environment.

Key Points

Characteristics of mathematical learning disability:-

• Mathematical learning disability is a variable state because it cannot be consistent over time. It can be changed by taking proper measures.
• People with learning disabilities can develop ways to cope with their disabilities.
• Getting help earlier increases the chance of success in school and later in life.
• If learning disabilities remain untreated, a child may begin to feel frustrated, which can lead to low self-esteem and other problems.
• No two individuals have the same learning disability. Adults with learning disabilities require a clinical assessment to determine the specific nature of their disability and appropriate strategies to treat the disability.

Hence, Mathematical learning disability is a variable state because can be changed so it cant be a stable state. It can be improved with appropriate input.

Concept  used:

Calculation:

6.8 × 4.8 ÷ 9.6 × 1.2 - 1.4

⇒ 6.8 × 0.5 × 1.2 - 1.4

⇒ 4.08 - 1.4

⇒ 2.68

Given:

(–4)[20  {(–2) (–8)}]

Concept used:

Calculation:

(-4)[20 ÷ {(–2) × (-8)}] 

⇒ (-4)[20 ÷ 16]

⇒ - 4 × 20/16

⇒ 20/- 4

⇒ - 5

∴ Required answer is - 5

Given:

Perimeter of square = 60 cm

Formula Used:

The perimeter of square = 4 × Side

Area of square = Side × Side

Calculation:     

Perimeter of square = 4 × Side

⇒ 60 = 4 × Side

⇒ Side = 15 cm  

Area of square = Side × Side

⇒ Area of square = 15 × 15

⇒ Area of square = 225 cm²

∴ Area of square is 225 cm².

Mathematics is a study of patterns, numbers, geometrical objects, data, and information. It deals with data analysis, integration of various fields of knowledge, involves proofs, deductive - inductive reasoning, and generalizations.

• The teaching of mathematics should be done in the way, in which a student learns the best i.e., following the child-centered approach by engaging students actively in the learning.
• The teacher should focus more on providing practical exercises and abstract knowledge to students to foster their individualized discovery-oriented learning.​

Key Points

• According to NCF 2005, the tall shapes of mathematics refer to those parts where one concept of mathematics is related to other concepts.
• There are a few concepts that cannot be understood if the prior concept is not clear. 
• The children are being taught the basic concepts of mathematics such as shapes, numbers, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• And in the higher classes, the children masters each concept with their sub-topics in detail.
• The children learn about the shapes at the primary level, they are able to identify and distinguish a certain shape from another.
• While at the upper levels, the children learn about the different shapes in detail such as to find out the perimeter, area, and volumes and to compare the area, volumes to the other shapes as well.

Hence, it could be concluded that tall shape of mathematics, mentioned in NCF 2005 refers to mastery of one topic is a prerequisite for the next.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. The nature of mathematics is logical and it relies on logic and connects learning with learners' day-to-day life.

• Teaching methods of mathematics include problem-solving, lecture, inductive, deductive, analytic, synthetic, heuristic, and discovery methods. The teacher adopts any method according to the needs and interests of students.

Key PointsInductive Method:  

The inductive approach is based on the process of induction. It is a method of constructing a formula with the help of a sufficient number of concrete examples. 

• Induction means to provide a universal truth by showing, that if it is true for a particular case.
• It starts from examples and reaches toward generalizations.
• Example: Square of an odd number is odd and the square of an even number is even.
• The inductive approach proceeds from-
  • Particular to general
  • Known to unknown
  • Simple to complex
  • Example to formula

Kindergarten method:

• The Kindergarten system of teaching is propounded by ‘Friedrich Frobel’, a German pedagogue.
• The word kindergarten originated in Germany. Kindergarten means children's garden because Kinder and Garten are synonymous with the words children and garden respectively in the German language.
• The purpose of this method is to provide children with rich, meaningful, and balanced learning through appropriate activities at their own pace in a collaborative environment.
• It is based on the physiological principle of development and growth to keep the child fit and enables the overall development of the child and understanding of the subject to make learning more effective.

Hint

• Lecture Method: It is a teacher-centered method in which the teacher delivers lectures on different topics which makes class monotonous.
• The teacher talks more or less continuously to the class. The class listens, writes, and notes facts and ideas for remembering and to think them over later.
• The teacher is an active participant, the students are passive listeners. Usually, the students do not converse with the teacher during the lecture by the teacher.

Thus it is clear that the Lecture method is not suitable to teach mathematics.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shape, quantity, and patterns. Mathematics is the ‘queen of all sciences’ and its presence is there in all the subjects. 

• Evaluation in Mathematics refers to a process of making value judgments based on both qualitative and quantitative data collected over a period of time.

Key Points

Evaluation in mathematics is necessary as it helps in:

• making reliable decisions about educational planning.
• determining the effectiveness of the learning process or program.
• providing constructive feedback to both the students and the teachers.
• assessing both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's growth.
• evaluating teaching methodology regarding the expected learning objectives.

Hence, it could be concluded that all of the above are true in the context of mathematical evaluation.

The correct answer is Arid Soil.

Key Points

• Arid Soil is not found in Madhya Pradesh.

Additional Information 

• Type of soil found in Madhya Pradesh
  • Shallow and Medium Black Soil - 6.91% in area Betul, Chhindwara and Seoni, etc.
  • Alluvial Soil - 7.57% in area Gwalior, Morena, Sheopurkala, Bhind & Shivpuri (Partly), etc.
  • Mixed Red & Black Soil - 18.30% in area Mandla, Dindori, Balaghat, Rewa, Satna, Panna, Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Shivpuri (Partly), Guna, etc.
  • Deep Medium Black Soil - 36.53% in the rest of the area.

The Correct Answer is ​Shifting agriculture.

• Every region follows different agricultural practices.
• Depending on the type of crop and scale of farming various agricultural practices are adopted.

Key Points

Primitive Farming:

• This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India.
• Primitive agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

About slash and burn/ Shifting agriculture:

• It is a type of primitive farming in which the farmer cultivates on a plot of land temporarily.
•  When he finds the land infertile to grow due to soil exhaustion, they move on to another plot.
• It is largely practised in the north-eastern region of India, including Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, etc.
• This way of farming is also known as "Jhum Kheti".
• It is a shifting cultivation practice.
• It is also known as fire-fallow cultivation.
• Forest land is cleaned and ashes are added to the soil.
• Cultivated spots/ areas are usually small.
• Short periods of crop occupation alternate with long fallow periods.
• Field rotation is practised instead of crop rotation.

Important Points

Shifting cultivation in India:​​

Shifting cultivation in the world:

• Milpa in Central America.
• Chitemene or Tavy in Africa.
• Chena in Sri Lanka.
• Conuco in Venzuela.
• Roca in Brazil.
• Masole in Central Africa.
• Ladang in Indonesia.
• Ray in Vietnam.

Thus, Bewar, Podu and Bringa are types of primitive farming.

Additional Information

Commercial farming:

• In commercial farming, crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in the market.
• The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large.
• Most of the work is done by machines.
• Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture.

Subsistence farming:

• Subsistence farming, a form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer’s family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade.
• Its characteristics are no surplus, distress sale, less or no use of fertilizers etc.

Plantation farming:

• Plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.
• A large amount of labour and capital are required.
• The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories.
• The development of a transport network is thus essential for such farming.

The correct answer is for growth and repair.

Key Points

• The protein components of our diet are mainly responsible for muscle growth and repair.
• A protein is a naturally found, extremely complex substance that contains amino acid residues attached to peptide bonds.
• Proteins are present in all living organisms and include many essential biological compounds such as enzymes, hormones and antibodies.
• Protein has many roles in your body. It helps in repairing and constructing your body tissue, allows metabolic reactions, and coordinates physical functions.

Additional Information​Protein foods are:

• Thin pieces of meat: beef, lamb, wheel, pork, kangaroo.
• Poultry: chicken, turkey, duck, emu, goose, shrub bird.
• Fish and seafood: fish, shrimp, crab, shrimp fish, muscles, oysters, scallops, clams.
• Dairy products: milk, yogurt (especially Greek yogurt), cheese (especially cheese).

The correct answer is Swachh Rail-Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

Important Points

• Consequent to the launch of 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan', India Railways had launched Swachh Rail-Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
• Swachh Rail, Swachh Bharat program was launched on Indian Railways on 2nd October 2014.
• To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put the focus on sanitation, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October 2014.
• Under the mission, all villages, Gram Panchayats, Districts, States and Union Territories in India declared themselves "open-defecation free" (ODF) by 2 October 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing over 100 million toilets in rural India.

Additional Information

• Piyush Goyal is the present Minister of Food and Public Distribution, Minister of Commerce and Industry, Minister of Consumer Affairs, and Minister of Railways.
• The present Minister of Culture and Tourism is Prahlad Singh Patel.

व्याकरण किसी भाषा के बोलने तथा लिखने के नियमों की व्यवस्थित पद्धति है अर्थात व्याकरण भाषा को व्यवस्थित करने का कार्य करती है। व्याकरण शिक्षण से भाषा में शुद्धता, अनुशासन, तथा स्थिरता आती है।  

Important Points 

व्याकरण-शिक्षण के सन्दर्भ में व्याकरण के व्यावहारिक पक्ष पर बल देना सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि व्याकरण के व्यावहारिक पक्ष का ज्ञान:

• भाषा के शुद्ध बोलने या लिखने को संभव बनाता है। 
• भाषा कि समरूपता तथा शुद्धता से परिचित करवाता है। 
• भाषा के विभिन्न स्वरूपों को शुद्ध और स्पष्ट रूप देने का कार्य करता है।
• भाषा में वर्ण, शब्द, तथा वाक्य विन्यास के सिद्धांतो का ज्ञान प्रदान करता है।
• पाठ में निहित व्याकरणिक नियमों का उल्लेख कर व्याकरण सीखने पर बल देता है।

अतः, यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि भाषा कौशलों के दक्षता के साथ शुद्ध प्रयोग में मुख्य भूमिका व्याकरण की होती है।

कवि जयदेव का 'वसन्त चित्रण' सुन्दर है, पर मनोहर नहीं, क्योंकि इसमें केवल सौन्दर्य वर्णन है 

Key Points

• एक वस्तु सुन्दर तथा मनोहर कही जा सकती है, परन्तु सुन्दर वस्तु केवल इन्द्रियों को सन्तुष्ट करती है, जबकि मनोरम वस्तु चित्त को भी आनन्दित करती है।
• इस दृष्टि से कवि जयदेव का वसन्त चित्रण सुन्दर है तथा कालिदास का प्रकृति वर्णन मनोहर है, क्योंकि उसमें चरित्र की प्रधानता है। 'सन्दर' शब्द संकीर्ण है, जबकि 'मनोहर' शब्द व्यापक तथा विस्तृत है।
• साहित्य में साधारण वस्तु भी विशेष प्रतीत होती है तथा उसे मनोहर कहते हैं। 

Additional Information

इन्द्रिय 

• परिभाषा - कुश्ती का एक पेंच
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - पहलवान ने विजय पाने के लिए इंद्रिय का उपयोग किया ।
• लिंग - स्त्रीलिंग

 सुखदायक

• परिभाषा - * वह जो आनन्द दे या जिससे आनन्द या प्रसन्नता मिले या जो प्रसन्नता का स्रोत हो
• वाक्य में प्रयोग - आपका साथ ही मेरे लिए सुखदायक है ।
• समानार्थी शब्द - सुखप्रदायक , आनंदप्रदायक

'प्रधानता' शब्द में मूल शब्द और प्रत्यय है: प्रधान, ता

• प्रधान + ता = प्रधानता
  • भाववाचक संज्ञा

Key Points

ता प्रत्यय से बने शब्द:

निपात शब्द ही, भी, मत, तो, तक, भर, सिर्फ, केवल आदि है। 

• जबकि मैं, तुम, तुम्हारा, आप, आपका, इस, उस, यह, वह आदि शब्द सर्वनाम है।

Key Points

• संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग होने वाले शब्दों को सर्वनाम शब्द कहते है।

          जैसे- हेमंत मेरा भाई है वह मुम्बई में रहता है (पुरूष वाचक सर्वनाम )

Important Points

Additional Information 

A multilingual classroom refers to the classroom where the pupils speak various languages. Multilingualism refers to the ability of a learner to communicate effectively in three or more languages.

• Multilingual classrooms are considered the biggest challenge for English language teachers and students not only in India but also in other parts of the world.
• The teachers and the students face a number of problems due to the different local languages spoken by the students in the classrooms.
• Multilingual classrooms are not easy to handle and sometimes it becomes very difficult for the English teachers to cope with the challenges. 

Key Points

Challenges faced by the teacher in a multilingual setting are as follows: 

• Different cultural experiences of the pupils- The teacher can use cultural experiences as a base to introduce class topics like- festivals or food vocabulary or otherwise stimulate the class with new perspectives. But, in a multilingual classroom, pupils are from different regions and cultures which sometimes become a challenge for the teacher.
• Absence of common language- Pupils in a multilingual classroom can't talk in their first language or ask teachers or classmate to clarify a grammar point or define a vocabulary in their mother tongue. 
• Pupils' have different learning styles- Learning styles differ from individual to individual.
• Pupils' are dependent on the teacher- Many times, pupils automatically look to the teacher for correct answers instead of trying themselves. If the teacher obliges them with the answer each time, it can become a detrimental problem.

From the above, we can conclude that the common learning style is correct in the context of the question.

English occupies a very important position in the school curriculum in the present context. While teaching English stress should be laid on the fundamental order of listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

Key Points

Following are the principles of teaching English:

• Principles of the Formation of Habits
  • The learner must form the habit of speaking, reading, and writing the target language frequently. 
  • Language is a subject that depends upon the skill and can be picked up easily if it is made a habit.
• Principles of Controlled Vocabulary
  • The vocabulary taught and practiced should strictly be in the context of real-life situations.
  • Efforts should be made to bring words from passive vocabulary to a child's active vocabulary.
  • When the learner gets the working knowledge of vocabulary, he should be taught the language pattern.

From the above, it is clear that the Principle of teaching English includes Principle of the Formation of Habits, and Principles of Controlled Vocabulary.

The correct answer is option 2) i.e., 'military power and economic power'

Key Points

• The given passage is part of a speech given by Dr Kalam where he talks about his visions for India.  
• The third vision he has for India is with respect to strength.
• In the speech he states that -'We must be strong not only as a military power but also as an economic power.'
• Hence, option 3 is the best fit filler for the given blank. 

The correct answer is option 2) i.e., 'Indians respect others' freedom and are non-violent.'

Key Points

• The given passage is part of a speech given by Dr Kalam where he talks about his visions for India. 
• The first vision he has for India is with respect to freedom. 
• The passage states that although India has been invaded by others time after time, India has not done the same to other countries. The passage states the reason behind this being - 'Because we respect the freedom of others.'
• Thus, we can infer that Indians did not react violently to foreign invasions because of this respect for others freedom. 
• Hence, option 2 is the best fit filler for the given blank. 

The correct answer is option 2) i.e., 'Dr Brahm Prakash'.

Key Points

• In the given passage it has been stated that  Dr Kalam worked with three great minds. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, of the Dept. of Space, Professor Satish Dhawan, who succeeded him and Dr. Brahm Prakash, father of nuclear material.
• Thus, option 2 is the correct answer for the given question. 

The correct answer is 'Some areas will get hotter while some will get colder'
Key Points

• The most appropriate answer for this question is 'Some areas will get hotter while some will get colder.'
• In the given passage refer to the line 'Global warming doesn't just mean that the world will slowly get warmer. Paradoxically, it could cause certain areas to get colder - a lot colder.' 
• This line suggests to us that due to global warming some areas around the world will get hotter and hotter while some will get even colder.

Thus the correct answer is option 4.
Additional Information

• The word paradoxically is an adverb and its meaning is in a way that seems impossible or difficult to understand. 
  • Example: Paradoxically, the cleaner lakes have made it easier for foreign species to thrive.
• ​​Synonyms: ambiguity, anomaly