OSSTET Science (CBZ) Mock Test - 1 - OTET MCQ

4) ସଂସ୍କୃତ ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମିଶି କୌଣସି ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିଲେ ତାକୁ ଶବ୍ଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ତତ୍ସମ, ତଭବ = ତତ୍‍ + ସମ / ତଦ୍‍ + ଭବ
• ଏଠାରେ ତତ୍‍ ଅର୍ଥ ତାହା / ସଂସ୍କୃତ
• ତତ୍ସମ, ତଭବ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଥିବା ‘ତତ୍’ 4) ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୁତ

Additional Information

• ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଧାରା ରେ 4 ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି
• ତତ୍‍ସମ , ତଦ୍‍ଭବ , ଦେଶଜ , ବୈଦେଶିକ
• ଗଠନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଏହାକୁ 2 ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି
• ମୌଳିକ ଓ ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପନ୍ନ

3) କ୍ରିୟା ବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ପଦ ମିଳିତ ହୋଇ ମନର ଭାବକୁ ସଂପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ବାକ୍ୟ ହୁଏ
• ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ , ବିଶେଷଣ , କ୍ରିୟାପଦ, କର୍ତ୍ତା ରହିଥାଏ
• ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରକାରର ସଜ୍ଞା କୁ ବୁଝାଏ ବା ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ , ତାହାକୁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ

ବିକଳ୍ପ ଗୁଡିକର ସଂଜ୍ଞା -

1. ଗୁଣବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ - ଯେଉଁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୌଣସି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଗୁଣ ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ଗୁଣବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
2. ଜାତିବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ - ଯେଉଁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୌଣସି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଜାତିର ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ଜାତିବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
3. କ୍ରିୟା ବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ - ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାକୁ କ୍ରିୟା ବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ କହନ୍ତି
4. ନାମବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ - ଯେଉଁ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୌଣସି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ନାମବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ

• ଏଥିରୁ ଆମେ ଜାଣିପାରୁଯେ ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ ତାକୁ 3) କ୍ରିୟା ବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ କହନ୍ତି

Additional Information

• ଆମ ଭାଷାରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପଦକୁ 5 ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ
• ନାମବାଚକ , ଜାତିବାଚକ , ବସ୍ତୁବାଚକ , ଗୁଣବାଚକ ଓ କ୍ରିୟାବାଚକ
• ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବିଶେଷର ନାମ ହେଲେ ଏହାକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ପ୍ରାଣୀର ନାମ ହେଲେ ପ୍ରାଣୀବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଅପ୍ରାଣୀବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ନିର୍ଜିବ ବସ୍ତୁର ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଯାଏ

Key Points

• କୌ ଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ ନିଜ ଅର୍ଥ ଛାଡ଼ି, ଅନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ସହିତ ମିଶି ସ୍ବତନ୍ତ୍ର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ଏହାକୁ ‘ରୂଢ଼ି’ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଧାତୁରୁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଢ଼ା ହୁଏ। ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଢ଼ା ହୋଇଥାଏ, ଶବ୍ଦ ତିନି ପ୍ରକାର–ରୂଢ଼, ଯୌଗିକ ଓ ଯୋଗରୂଢ଼
• ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ପ୍ରକୃତି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟଗତ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ ନ କରି ଭିନ୍ନ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ତାହା ରୂଢ଼ ଶବ୍ଦ
• ରୂଢ଼ି– ବି (ଗୃହ—ତି) ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧି, ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି, ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପତ୍ତି – ବହିର୍ଭୂତ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶର ଶକ୍ତି
• ଯଥା: ଅନ୍ଧାରକୁ ଟେକା ପକାଇବା - ଏହି ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥ ନୁହେଁ କୌଣସି ଅନ୍ଧାରିଆ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଟେକା ଫୋପାଡ଼ିବା
• ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି କୌଣସି ବିଷୟରେ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଜ୍ଞାନ ବା ଧାରଣା ଅର୍ଜନ ନ କରି କେବଳ ଅନୁମାନକୁ ଭିତ୍ତିକରି କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା
• ଭାବଗତ ସାମ୍ୟ ଯାହା ଥାଉନା କାହିଁକି, ଏଠାରେ ‘ଅନ୍ଧାରକୁ’,‘ଟେକା’ ଓ ‘ପକାଇବା’ ଶବ୍ଦ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆଭିଧାନିକ ବା ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପତ୍ତିଗତ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ତ୍ୟାଗକରି ଅଲଗା ଏକ ରୂଢ଼ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରୁଛନ୍ତି
• ତେଣୁ କୌଣସି ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ ମୂଳ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ଏକ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଲେ ତାହାକୁ ରୂଢ଼ି କୁହାଯାଏ
• "କୁଆ ଛୁଆ ଉଡ଼ିଯିବା" - ଏହି ରୂଢିଟିର ଅର୍ଥ 4) ନିର୍ମମ ମାଡ଼ ହେବା

Additional Information

• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭାଷାରେ ଏହାର ଉଦାହରଣ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ। ରୂଢ଼ି ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସରସ, ସୁନ୍ଦର ହୁଏ। ଯୁଗଯୁଗରୁ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନା ନେଇ ଫୁଟି ଉଠିଛନ୍ତି।
• ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷାରେ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ରୂଢ଼ିପ୍ରୟୋଗର ତିନୋଟି ଧାରା ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ।
• ଯଥା: କ୍ରିୟାହୀନ ରୂଢ଼ି (ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ନ ଥାଏ), କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ି (ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ଥାଏ) ଓ ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରୂଢ଼ି (ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ ଉପମାବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଯାଏ)

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ତ କୃତ୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ

Key Points

• ଧାତୁ ପରେ ଅ, ଏକ, ଅନ, ତ, ତି, ତବ୍ୟ, ଅନୀୟ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଲାଗେ । ଧାତୁରେ ଲାଗୁଥିବା ଏହି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସବୁକୁ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ବୋଲି କହନ୍ତି ।
• ନୂଆ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଢିବା ପାଇଁ ଧାତୁ ସହ ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୁକ୍ତ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ କୃତ୍ କହନ୍ତି ।
• ଧାତୁ ସହ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗ ହେବା ଦ୍ବାରା ଯେଉଁ ନୂତନ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ। ତାହାକୁ କୃଦନ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ବା କୃଦନ୍ତ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଧାତୁର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଭାବ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କୃଦନ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ କେବଳ ଭାବ ବା ଧାତୁର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ । ତାହାକୁ ଭାବ ବାଚ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• କର୍ତ୍ତା, କର୍ମ, କରଣ, ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ ପ୍ରଭୃତି କାରକ ଅର୍ଥରେ ଧାତୁରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଲାଗିଥିଲେ ସେହି ଅର୍ଥକୁ କାରକବାଚ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଓଡିଆ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ- ଅ, ଆ, ଇ, ଅଣ, ଅଣା, ଅଣି, ଆଣି, ଅନ୍ତା, ଏଣି, ଉଆଳ, ଇବା, ଉଣି, ଉଆ, ରା, ଅତି, ଉଣା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• କୃଦନ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ହେଉଛି- କର୍ତ୍ତା (କୃ-ତୃ), ପଠିତ (ପଠ୍-ତ) ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ପଦଟି ତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗରେ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଯେପରିକି- ଲୀ+ତ=ଲୀନ
• କୃଦନ୍ତ ସାଧାରଣତଃ କୃତ+ଅନ୍ତରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟ ।
• ଅର୍ଥାତ, ଯାହାର ଅନ୍ତ ବା ଶେଷରେ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ତାହା କୃଦନ୍ତ ।

Additional Information

• ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଧାତୁରୁ ଜାତ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏହିପରି ଧାତୁ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ତଦ୍ଭବ କୃଦନ୍ତ କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ଓଡିଆ ଧାତୁ ସହ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସଂଯୋଗ ହୋଇ ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ଦେଶଜ କୃଦନ୍ତ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ସଂସ୍କୃତ କୃତ୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି- ଅ, ଅନ, ଅକ, ତବ୍ୟ, ଅନୀୟ, ଇତ୍ର, ତ୍ର, ତୃ, ତ୍ରି, ଇନ୍, ତ, ଯ, ଇଷ୍ଣୁ, ଉକ, ଉର, ର, ଉ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• ଧାତୁ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସଂଯୋଗ ହେବା ଦ୍ବାରା ଏକ ଅର୍ଥବୋଧକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠନ ହୁଏ ।

ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ଉପମା ଅଳଙ୍କାରKey Points

• ଭାଷାକୁ ସୁନ୍ଦର ତଥା ମନୋରମ କରିବା କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ଅଳଙ୍କାରର ଭୂମିକା ଗୁରୁତ୍ବପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ।
• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ସ୍ରଷ୍ଟା ତାର ସୃଷ୍ଟିକୁ ସର୍ବଦା ପ୍ରଭାବଶାଳୀ ଓ ଚତ୍ମକାର କରିବାର ଅଭିଳାଷ ପୋଷଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ରମଣୀୟତା ବା ଚତ୍ମକାରିତା କାବ୍ୟରେ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଭାବରେ ପରିଗଣିତ ।
• ବ୍ୟାକରଣ ଶାସ୍ତ୍ରରେ ଅଳଙ୍କାରର ପରିଭାଷା ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ କୁହାଯାଇଛି, ଅଳଙ୍କାରୋତି ଇତି ଅଳଙ୍କାରଃ । ଅର୍ଥାତ ଯାହା ସୁଶୋଭିତ କରେ ତାହା ଅଳଙ୍କାର ।
• ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ୟ ନାମ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ବୋଲି ବାମନ ତାଙ୍କ କାବ୍ୟାଳଙ୍କାର ସୂତ୍ରବୃତ୍ତିରେ କହଛନ୍ତି ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟଟି ଉପମା ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ।
• ସମାନ ଧର୍ମାକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ଜାତୀୟ ଦୁଇଟି ବସ୍ତୁର ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ କଥିତ ହେଲେ ଉପମା ଅଳଙ୍କାର ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଉପମାର ଚାରୋଟି ଅଙ୍ଗ ହେଉଛି- ଉପମେୟ, ଉପମାନ, ସାଧାରଣଧର୍ମ ଓ ଉପମା ବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ ।
• ଉପମାନ ଓ ଉପମେୟର ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ କଥନ କରୁଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡିକୁ ଉପମାବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।

Additional Information

• କାବ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ଅଳଙ୍କାରକୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦୁଇଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଯଥା- ଶବ୍ଦାଳଙ୍କାର, ଅର୍ଥାଳଙ୍କାର ।
• ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଶବ୍ଦର ଚତ୍ମକାରିତା ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରିବା ଶବ୍ଦାଳଙ୍କାର ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ ।
• କାବ୍ୟର ଯଥାର୍ଥ ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥାଳଙ୍କାର ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭରଶୀଳ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଅର୍ଥର ରମଣୀୟତା ଓସୌକୁମାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବହୁପରିମାଣରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରିଥାଏ ଏହି ଅଳଙ୍କାରର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଉପରେ ।

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ

Key Points

• କୌଣସି କାଳ, ପୁରୁଷ ଓ ବଚନ ପ୍ରଭୃତିର ଧାରଣା ନ ଦେଇ ଯଦି ଧାତୁର ଅର୍ଥ ଅନୁସାରେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହା କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ନୁହେଁ କ୍ରିୟାବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ।
• ଯେଉଁ ପଦ କୌଣସି କ୍ରିୟାର ନାମକୁ ବୁଝାଏ, ତାହାକୁ କ୍ରିୟାବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ କହନ୍ତି । ଯଥା- ଭ୍ରମଣ, ଦର୍ଶନ, ଯିବା, ଆସିବା, ହସିବା, ଲେଖିବା, କାନ୍ଦିବା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• କ୍ରିୟାବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟଗୁଡିକୁ ସିଦ୍ଧକ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଧାତୁର ନାମ ବା ସଂଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ପଦ ହେଉଛି ସିଦ୍ଧକ୍ରିୟା ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଶୟନ ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟାବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ।
• ଶୟନ, ପଠନ, ଭୋଜନ, ଗମନ, ଲେଖିବା, ହସ, କାନ୍ଦ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ପଦଗୁଡିକରୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ସୂଚନା ମିଳୁଛି । ତେବେ ଏଗୁଡିକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ନୁହେଁ, କ୍ରିୟାବାଚକ ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ।
• କରିଛି କ୍ରିୟାରୁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟର ସୂଚନା ମିଳୁଛି । କରିଛି କ୍ରିୟାପଦରୁ କୃ ହେଉଛି କରିଛି କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ମୂଳପିଣ୍ଡ, ମୂଳଉତ୍ସ ବା ମୂଳରୂପ ।

Additional Information

• କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ସଂସ୍କୃତରେ ଧାତୁ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଧାତୁ ସହିତ କାଳସୂଚକ ବିଭକ୍ତି ଓ ପୁରୁଷ- ବଚନ ସୂଚକ ବିଭକ୍ତି ଯୋଗ ହୋଇ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ।
• କରିଛି କ୍ରିୟା ପଦରୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ, ତୃତୀୟ ପୁରୁଷ ଓ ଏକବଚନ ଧାରଣା ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି ।

The correct answer is 'will.'
Key Points

• The given sentence is the type 1 conditional.
• The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real.
  
• The structure of type 1 conditional is: 
  • Example: When it rains you will get wet.
• Correct sentence: When it finally starts down the runway, she will close her eyes.

Additional Information

• The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible.
• The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths.
• The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.
• In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

Hinglish

• दिया गया वाक्य type 1 conditional है।
• Type 1 conditional का का उपयोग वर्तमान या भविष्य को संदर्भित करने के लिए किया जाता है जहां स्थिति वास्तविक होती है।
• Type 1 conditional की structure है:

• Example: When it rains you will get wet.

The correct answer is - "1973-74"Key Points

• In the 3rd line of the given passage, it is clearly mentioned that "For the first time since independence inflation overshot the level of 20% in 1973-74, Reflecting the first overshot of 1973".
• From these line we get to know that the first domestic fuel prices began their upward surge in 1973-74.

​ So the correct option is Option A.

The correct answer is "Respect your elders."

Key Points

• An imperative sentence gives orders, instructions, advice, or expresses a request or command.
• While each sentence is imperative in nature, 'Respect your elders' is the most likely one to express advice because it advocates a general principle of conduct that is typically imparted by someone with wisdom or authority.
• The act of respecting elders is common advice given by adults to younger generations.
• Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 4".

Additional Information

• 'Please have another cup of tea.' is not advice, but an offer or polite request.
• 'March on, soldiers.' is a command, not advice.
• 'Have a smooth journey.' is a wish or a kind of blessing for someone who is about to travel.

The correct answer is "to see the cherry tree hung with white flowers".

Key Points

• From the given poem, it's clear that the poet has a great appreciation for the blooming cherry tree which is "hung with bloom along the bough".
• The poet expresses his intention to walk "About the woodlands".
• The last line of the poem is "To see the cherry hung with snow", which is a metaphor for the cherry tree's white blossoms.
• Therefore, it can be concluded that the poet wishes to go about the woodlands to observe the cherry tree with its white blossoms.
• Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Additional Information

• 'To see the cherry tree laden with snow' (option 1) and 'to see the snow on the cherry flowers' (option 4) might be misinterpretations of the poet's metaphorical use of the word 'snow' to describe the white blossoms.
• 'To collect the blossoms from the cherry tree' (option 3) is not suggested anywhere in the poem. The poet expresses a desire to observe the beauty, not to collect it.

The correct answer is "about the woodland path".

Key Points

• The poem mentions "And stands about the woodland ride."
• In this context, "ride" is an old term that refers to a path or a way through a wood.
• Therefore, the cherry tree in the poem stands about or along the woodland path.
• Therefore, the correct answer is "Option 2".

Additional Information

• There is no mention in the poem of the cherry tree standing in a garden (option 1), on the premises of a church (option 3), or on the bank of a river (option 4). These options are therefore incorrect.

The correct answer is "blossoms".

Key Points

• The first stanza of the poem provides a vivid description of a cherry tree.
• The cherry tree is described as the "loveliest of trees" and is said to be "hung with bloom along the bough," which suggests the tree is covered in blossoms.
• The phrase "Wearing white for Eastertide" also hints at the blossoms, as cherry blossoms are traditionally white.
• Considering all these points, it is clear that the first stanza of the poem is describing the blossoms of the cherry tree and not any other element.
• Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'

Additional Information

• Leaves: Although leaves are an essential part of any tree, this stanza does not focus on describing the leaves specifically.
  • The description is more about the tree being "Hung with bloom", referring to the blossoms.
• Roots: There is no description or reference made to the roots of the cherry tree in the first stanza of the poem.
• Fruits: Again, while cherries are fruits, the author does not describe the fruits per se.
  • The focus is solely on the beautiful blossoms that have appeared, indicating the arrival of spring.

The correct answer is Similar and Dissimilar atoms.

Key Points

• A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of atoms. electrons in equal proportion from both the atoms that are involved in the bond formation.
• It is basically about the involvement of the electrons and they are known as Bounding electrons or shared electrons.
• A covalent bond is also known as a molecular bond which involves the bonding of electrons between two similar or dissimilar atoms.
• Covalently bonded compounds do not have free electrons, so they do not conduct electric current.​

Additional Information

• In Similar atoms, the bond between two Hydrogen atoms forms a Hydrogen molecule.
• Similar molecules are possible for atoms to bond together in identical proportions to form different molecules. Such molecules are called isomers.
• In dissimilar atoms, One Oxygen atom joins with two Hydrogen atoms to form a Water molecule.

The correct answer is 1 that Democritus did not contribute to the creation of the modern periodic table.

Concept

• "The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers," is how the current Periodic law is best summarised.
• The number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the atomic number.
• The periodic chart as it exists now is known as the contemporary periodic table. 18 vertical columns and 7 horizontal rows make up the structure.

Explanation:

• The structure for the contemporary periodic table was developed in 1869 by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, who left spaces for elements that had not yet been discovered.
• listing the most well-known elements at the time by ascending atomic mass. This was a significant contribution to the field of periodic tables. Also, the components were positioned.
• Al-Razi

He categorised the elements according to the substances' chemical and physical characteristics.

• Dobereiner

His laugh triads were first presented in 1829 by a German chemist. He claimed that they consist of three aspects in this.

• The middle element's atomic mass is equal to the average of the other two elements. The attributes of each component of the triad system are the same.
• The octave law of Newlands

An English chemist named Newland published his legislation in 1864. 62 elements that were known at the time were categorised by him.

He sorted them in order of increasing atomic mass and discovered that every element found on Earth had characteristics with the first one.

Concept:

Chemical Reactions:

• A process in which one or more compounds are formed as products completely different from the reacting substances is known as a chemical reaction.
• There is generally a change in heat, colour, or appearance when a chemical reaction takes place.
• The evolution of gas may also occur.
• A chemical reaction may be reversible or irreversible in nature.

Types of Chemical Reactions-

The basis for different types of reactions is the product formed, the changes that occur, the reactants involved, and so on. Different types of reactions are

• Combustion reaction
• Decomposition reaction
• Neutralization reaction
• Precipitation or Double-Displacement Reaction

​Explanation:

• A displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound.
• For example,
• CuSO4 + Fe > FeSO4 + Cu
  • This reaction is an example of a Displacement reaction.
  • In this reaction when Iron is dipped in Copper sulphate solution, iron displaces the copper in copper sulphate and becomes Ferrous sulphate and metallic copper is formed.
• Those reactions in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions.
• In double displacement reactions, the positive ions exchange negative ion partners.

• A double replacement reaction is represented by the general equation: AB + CD → AD + CB

• For example,

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

• In this reaction Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate react by exchanging chlorine and sulphate ion with each other to Barium sulphate and Sodium chloride.

• A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound splits up into two or simpler substances.
• Isomerism is a process where substances change its arrangement in space and no new chemical substances are formed.

Hence, the reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds is a double displacement reaction.

Concept:

• During organic chemical reactions, covalent bonds are broken and formed.
• This leads to the formation of various reaction intermediates like carboniums, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes etc.
• Carbanions: In carbanions, a carbon center is generally bonded to three groups and bears a negative charge.
• Carbonium ions: In carbanions, a carbon center is generally bonded to five groups and bears a positive charge.
• Free Radicals: These are neutral species that have single lone electrons on their heads and are highly reactive.
• The covalent bonds can be broken by two processes of fission :
  • Homolysis
  • Heterolysis

Explanation:
Homolysis and Heterolysis:

• So when the Carbon - Chlorine bond is broken heterolytically, a carbonium ion and an anion are formed.
• An example is shown below:

• An example of homolysis is shown below:

• During Homolysis, two free radicals are formed.

Hence, carbonium is produced during Heterolytic fission.

Concept

• The Law of Independent Assortment states that when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, the segregation of one pair of characters is independent of the other pair of characters.
• When a round, green-seeded pea plant (RRyy) is crossed with a wrinkled, yellow-seeded pea plant, (rrYY) the seeds produced in the F₁ generation are round, yellow (RrYy) seeds.
• Punnet square can be effectively used to determine the independent segregation of the two pairs of alleles during meiosis and produce eggs and pollen in the F₁ generation RrYy plant.
• This is an example of a dihybrid cross.
• In a dihybrid cross, the phenotypes such as round, yellow; wrinkled yellow; round, green; and wrinkled green appeared in the ratio 9:3:3:1.

Explanation:

• Two pea plants one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce F₁ progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds.

The cross is in the following,

Therefore F1 generation: RrYy (Round and yellow)
Hence, the correct option is A) round and yellow.

Concept:

• The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland in the human body.
• After the ovulation from a ruptured follicle, it is developed, during the luteal phase.
• The phase at which the body prepares for the implantation of a fertilized egg is called the luteal phase.
• At the site of a follicle, or sac, the corpus luteum is formed inside the ovary.
• Until the fetus is producing adequate levels to sustain the pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone
• Human chorionic gonadotropin or HCG maintains the corpus luteum.
• The size of the corpus luteum starts decreasing after 10 weeks of pregnancy.

Explanation:
Option A: Corpus allatum – INCORRECT

• Corpus allatum is an endocrine gland of insects that plays a vital role in metamorphosis.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option B: Pineal gland – INCORRECT

• The pineal gland is a permanent gland of the human body that deals with the sleep cycle and solar cycle etc.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option C: Corpus cardiacum – INCORRECT

• Corpus cardiacum is one of the fused bodies that deal with the brain hormones in insects.
• Hence, this option is incorrect.

Option D: Corpus luteum – CORRECT

• The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland in the human body that secretes progesterone.
• Hence, this option is correct.

So, the correct answer is option D).

The answer is Isotherm

Key Points

• Thermodynamic Processes: This includes a set of changes a system undergoes where specific thermodynamic quantities are kept constant.
• Isothermal process: A process that occurs at a constant temperature.
• Boyle's law: This law describes the relationship between pressure and volume for a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature.
• Ideal Gas Law: A mathematical relationship among pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas.
• PV Diagrams: A tool in thermodynamics that graphically represents the pressure-volume process of a thermodynamic system.

Explanation:-
In thermodynamics, an isothermal process is one that takes place at a constant temperature.
When a graph is drawn in an isothermal process, it's called an isotherm.

One common form of an isotherm is the representation of Boyle's law, which states that the pressure (P) exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (V) when the temperature (T) and the amount of gas (in moles, n) are kept constant. This relationship leads to PV = constant for an isothermal process. In a Pressure-Volume (P-V) graph, an isotherm will typically be a hyperbolic curve.

Additional Information

• Isochoric and Isobar: An isochoric process occurs at constant volume or no work is done, while an isobaric process occurs at constant pressure. Neither specifically imply constant temperature.
• Isochoric: This term refers to a process that occurs at constant volume. It's not specifically linked with constant temperature, unlike the isothermal process.
• Isobar: Similarly, an isobaric process occurs at a constant pressure. Like an isochoric process, it doesn't directly correlate with a constant temperature condition.

The correct answer is option 1

Key Points

• Chemical equilibrium is a state in a reversible chemical reaction where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
• The concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant when a system is at equilibrium, even though reactions are still happening.
• Equilibrium is a dynamic state, not a static one. It's a balance of continuous action with reactants forming products and vice versa.
• Changing the concentration of either reactants or products will shift the equilibrium. Increasing the concentration of reactants pushes the equilibrium to the right (favouring products), while increasing the concentration of products pushes it to the left (favoring reactants).
• The equilibrium constant (K) quantitatively represents the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient. The value of K at a particular temperature demonstrates whether the reactants or products are favoured in the equilibrium.
• An equilibrium expression is a mathematical representation of a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It is derived from the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and the equilibrium constant.

Additional Information

• A reaction is said to be at equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction (reactants transforming into products) equals the rate of the backward reaction (products transforming back into reactants). At this point, there are still reactions happening, but there's no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.
• The statement "50% of the reactants are converted to products" doesn't necessarily describe equilibrium. Equilibrium doesn't require a specific ratio of reactants to products; rather, it requires the rates of the forward and backward reactions to be equal.
• The volume of reactants being equal to the volume of products is not a condition for chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium is about the rates of the forward and backward reactions, not the volumes or quantities of reactants and products.
• If all reactants are converted to products, the reaction is considered complete, not at equilibrium. A system at equilibrium still has both reactants and products present because the forward and reverse reactions continue to occur at the same pace.

Conclusion:-

So, the Reaction is said to be in equillibrium when the rate of transformation of reactants to products is equal to the rate of transformation of products to the reactants.

The answer is option 4

Key Points Hückel's Rule of aromaticity is a simple way to determine if a planar ring molecule might display aromatic properties. According to this rule, a ring molecule is aromatic if it is:

• Cyclic: The molecule must consist of a ring of atoms.
• Planar: The atoms in the molecule must all lie in the same plane.
• Conjungated: The molecule must have a continuous ring of overlapping p orbitals, allowing for delocalization of π electrons.
• Following the 4n+2 rule: The molecule must have a particular number of π electrons. Specifically, the total count of π electrons (those found in the overlapping p-orbitals) should be such that it fits the expression 4n+2, where n is any non-negative integer (including zero). If the quantity of π electrons can fit this formula, the molecule is aromatic.

Additional Information

Hexene is an alkene, not an aromatic compound. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond, but they do not have the special properties of aromaticity.

Aromatic compounds, in contrast, are organic compounds that contain a ring of continuously overlapping p-orbitals, like benzene. Aromatic molecules are unusually stable, and this stability, termed aromaticity, can be predicted based on the Hückel rule.

Hückel's rule states that a compound is aromatic if it has a continuous ring of p orbitals, is planar, is cyclic, and follows the 4n+2 rule, where n is a non-negative integer. The 4n+2 rule refers to the number of pi electrons in the compound.

• Benzene (C₆H₆) has six pi electrons, satisfying the 4n+2 rule where n=1. It is a classic example of an aromatic compound.
• 
  it follows 4n+2 rule, where n is 1
• Naphthalene (C₁₀H₈) has 10 pi electrons, satisfying the 4n+2 rule where n=2. Therefore, it is also an aromatic compound.
• 
  it follows 4n+2 rule, where n is 2
• Anthracene (C₁₄H₁₀) has 14 pi electrons, satisfying the 4n+2 rule where n=3. It is also a distinctively aromatic compound.
• 
  it follows 4n+2 rule, where n is 3
• hexene is non aromatic
• 
   it not planer

In contrast, Hexene does not have a ring of overlapping p-orbitals and does not follow the 4n+2 rule (since it does not have a ring structure at all)—showing that it does not possess aromaticity per Hückel’s rule.

Conclusion:-
So, Hexene is not an aromatic compound.

The correct answer is Option 3 i.e. Dimitry Ivanovsky.

Key Points Viruses were first discovered by Dmitri Ivanovsky, a Russian botanist, in 1892.

• Ivanovsky was studying a disease that was afflicting tobacco plants, now known as the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).
• When he passed sap from infected plants through a filter fine enough to trap bacteria, he found that the filtered material could still cause the disease, implying that the causative agent was smaller than a bacterium.
• However, it was Martinus Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist, who in 1898 recognized that the "filtered infectious materiel" from the plant sap that Ivanovsky had discovered was a new kind of infectious agent and named it "virus" (from the Latin virus referring to poison or venom).
• Both contributed significantly to the discovery and understanding of viruses, but often it's Ivanovsky who is credited with the initial discovery, while Beijerinck introduced the concept of viruses as we understand them today.

Additional InformationAntonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723): Leeuwenhoek is often referred to as the "Father of Microscopy". He greatly improved the microscope, and he was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules. His work laid the foundation for the field of microbiology.

Stanley Miller (1930–2007): An American chemist, Miller is best known for his experiments into the origins of life. The most famous is the Miller-Urey experiment, which he conducted with Harold Urey in 1953. They simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. The experiment was a success in that it produced amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, supporting the theory of abiogenesis, the notion that life arose from non-living matter.

Robert Koch (1843-1910) was a German physician and pioneering microbiologist in the 19th century, widely recognized as one of the founders of the field of bacteriology. He is best known for his work on the causative agents of deadly diseases such as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.

Conclusion- Viruses were first discovered by Dmitri Ivanovsky.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Uriniferous tubule.

The uriniferous tubule is a term that covers the entirety of a nephron and its associated collecting duct in the kidney, both of which play an integral role in the production of urine.

Each uriniferous tubule is divided into two main parts:

1. The Nephron: This is the basic functional unit of the kidney and is responsible for the filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes. Each nephron itself consists of two major parts:

• Glomerulus: A spherical structure consisting of tiny blood vessels, or capillaries. The filtration of the blood begins at glomerulus creating glomerular filtrate, which is similar to blood plasma but without proteins.
• Renal Tubule: Glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubule. The renal tubule is comprised of three sections: the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule. In these sections, necessary substances (e.g., glucose, amino acids, and some salts) are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, while wastes and excess substances are secreted into the tubular fluid.

2. The Collecting Duct: Each collecting duct takes the processed filtrate (now known as urine) from many nephrons towards the renal pelvis, from where it proceeds to the ureter and bladder for temporary storage before elimination from the body. The collecting duct also finalizes the processing of urine, primarily by determining its final concentration based on the body's hydration status.

Additional Information

• Seminiferous Tubules: Seminiferous tubules are located within the testes, and they are the specific location where the spermatogenesis, the creation of sperm takes place.

  Each testis consists of numerous, tightly coiled seminiferous tubules where immature germ cells transform into spermatozoa over time, a process regulated by hormones and supporting cells. The seminiferous tubules are coiled and connected in a network to deliver sperm to the epididymis, where they mature and are stored.

• Bowman's Capsule: This is part of the renal corpuscle in the kidney, which also includes the glomerulus. The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus, functioning to collect the filtrate that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus. The filtered fluid then goes through a series of tubules (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule), collectively called the renal tubule, which further processes the filtrate into urine.

• Nephrostomes are not found in human kidneys. They are part of the excretory system in some invertebrates, such as annelids (a group that includes earthworms), where they serve to connect coelomic cavities to tubular structures called nephridia for waste elimination

Conclusion- The term 'Uriniferous tubule' refers to the entire path that the developing urine takes from the start of filtration in the nephron to the point where the urine leaves the nephron and flows into the collecting duct.

Concept:

• In the case of degenerate orbitals, the electron filling follows Hund's rule.
• According to that, each degenerate orbital should be filled with single electrons first then only pairing takes place.

Explanation:

Consider the electronic configuration of chromium.

Its atomic number is 24.

Its electronic configuration becomes: .

• The d-subshell has five degenerate orbitals.
• Each one is filled with single electrons first equally.
• Then only the pairing of electrons takes place in these degenerate orbitals.
• This rule is called Hund's rule.

Thus, the presence of a maximum number of unpaired electrons in a given subshell is explained by Hund's rule.

Important Points

• Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce different types of cells in an organism.
• The cells which have this potential to produce all the differentiated cells are known as Totipotent stem cell.
• Scientists observed that whole plant could be generated from the explants.
• Which means a part of the plant is taken out and grown in a test tube , under sterile conditions in special nutrient media.
• This ability to produce a whole plant from any cell or explant is called totipotency.
• This property of totipotency is used in tissue culture.
• Tissue culture is the method of growing the tissues or cells in artificial nutrient medium at specific conditions in laboratory.
• The nutrient medium used must have a carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, and growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins etc.
• A large number of plants can be propagated in a short span of time using these methods.

Additional Information

Unipotent cells -

• Unipotent cells are the cells which can produce only one cell type.
• These cells have the ability of self renewal.

Multipotent cells -

• These cells can produce different cell types within a specific lineage.
• These cells are used for tissue repair.

Pluripotent cells -

• These are the cells which give rise to the three primary group of cells which are involved in making up the body i.e., Ectoderm, Endoderm and Mesoderm.
• They have the capability of self renewal.

The New Education Policy lays particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual. It is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities - both the ‘foundational capacities ’of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ cognitive capacities, such as critical thinking and problem-solving – but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions.

Key Points

• NEP promotes multilingualism as multilingual education stresses using a student's mother tongue, or native language, to teach students and to make learning effective.
• Multilingualism has great cognitive benefits for young students, children will be exposed to different languages early on (but with a particular emphasis on the mother tongue), starting from the Foundational Stage onwards.
• It can be used as a resource and strategy to teach language to children.
• It is well understood that young children learn and grasp nontrivial concepts more quickly in their home language/mother tongue. Home language is usually the same language as the mother tongue or that which is spoken by local communities.

Thus, it is concluded that Multilingualism both as a policy, resource, and strategy is true of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 on language education in schools

Key PointsAdolescence Education Program:

• The Adolescence Education Programme was upscaled and launched in 2005 as a key mainstreaming initiative by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), in collaboration with NACO in all the government schools in the country for the students of higher secondary.
• Adolescence Education Program (AEP) focused on enhancing life skills among adolescents to enable them to respond to real-life situations effectively.
• The AEP aims at providing adolescents with age-appropriate information on the process of growing up during adolescence, HIV and AIDS, STI, and substance abuse. It focuses on the development of life skills as the most effective way to cope with the challenges of adolescence, thus striving to curtail the spread of the infections such as HIV and reduce the instances of substance abuse and other risky behaviors.
• The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 that guides the school curriculum across the country recognizes Adolescence Education as an important area in school education. Furthermore, the framework also outlines that rather than a stand-alone program, the AEP should become an integral part of school education.
• Adolescence Education Programme has so far focused only on secondary and higher secondary stages.

Hence, we can conclude that Adolescence Education Program (AEC) is an initiative by MHRD.Additional Information

School-community relationships involve collaborative efforts between educational institutions and the local community to enhance educational outcomes, promote community engagement, and support the overall well-being of students. These partnerships often involve communication, shared resources, and joint initiatives to create a positive and enriching educational environment.

Key Points Enriched school-community partnerships contribute to a positive parental attitude by fostering communication, involvement, understanding, and a supportive learning environment. When parents feel valued, engaged, and connected to the school community, it strengthens the overall educational experience for both students and their families.

• Enhanced Communication: School-community partnerships facilitate open and transparent communication between schools and parents. Regular updates, newsletters, and collaborative platforms create a more informed and engaged parent community.
• Inclusive Decision-Making: Involving parents in decision-making processes, such as school committees or advisory boards, fosters a sense of ownership and inclusion. When parents feel their opinions are valued, they are more likely to develop a positive attitude toward the school.
• Understanding School Values: Partnerships provide opportunities for parents to better understand the values, mission, and educational philosophy of the school. Clear communication of these aspects helps parents align their expectations with the school's objectives, promoting a positive perception.
• Parental Involvement in Learning: Enriched partnerships encourage parents to actively participate in their child's education. Involvement in school activities, parent-teacher conferences, and volunteering opportunities strengthens the connection between parents and the educational process.
• Supportive Learning Environment: Schools that actively engage with the community create a supportive learning environment. Parental support, both at home and within the school community, contributes to a positive atmosphere that fosters students' academic and personal development.
• Resource Sharing: School-community partnerships often involve resource sharing. This can include educational workshops for parents, access to community services, and the sharing of expertise. When parents feel supported and equipped, their confidence in the school increases.
• Building Trust and Relationships: Collaborative efforts build trust and positive relationships between parents and school staff. When parents trust that the school has their child's best interests at heart and values their input, it cultivates a positive attitude toward the school.
• Community Engagement Activities: Schools can organize events and activities that involve the broader community. This could include cultural celebrations, sports events, or community service projects. Such activities create a sense of belonging and pride, contributing to a positive perception of the school.

Thus, it is concluded that the more positive attitude of parents toward school can be derived from enriched School-community partnerships.

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning, demonstrating how animals could learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a reflex response through repeated pairing. His groundbreaking research laid the foundation for the understanding of behavioral conditioning in psychology.

Key Points Pavlov's experiments with dogs and the discovery of classical conditioning played a pivotal role in reshaping the landscape of psychology and the social sciences, challenging and expanding our understanding of learning and behavior. The experiments and their impact:

• Classical Conditioning:
  • Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, conducted experiments in the early 20th century to study the digestive processes of dogs.
  • During his research, Pavlov observed an interesting phenomenon in which dogs started salivating not only in response to the presentation of food but also to the sound of footsteps or other unrelated stimuli.
• Experimental Procedure:
  • Pavlov's experiments involved pairing a neutral stimulus (such as a bell ringing) with an unconditioned stimulus (food). The unconditioned stimulus naturally elicited a response, like salivation.
  • Over time, the neutral stimulus alone (bell ringing) began to elicit the salivation response, even without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (food).
• Key Findings:
  • The dogs had learned to associate the neutral stimulus (bell) with the presentation of food, creating a conditioned response (salivation) to the previously neutral stimulus.
  • This process of learning through association became known as classical conditioning.
• Implications for Social Sciences:
  • Pavlov's work in classical conditioning had profound implications for the field of psychology and the social sciences.
  • It challenged the prevailing behaviorist theories and provided a new understanding of how organisms learn and adapt to their environments.
  • Classical conditioning became a foundational concept in behavioral psychology, paving the way for the study of learned behaviors, phobias, and emotional responses in humans.
• Contributions to Psychology:
  • Pavlov's experiments laid the groundwork for the development of behaviorism, a school of psychology that focused on observable behaviors and their association with stimuli.
  • The principles of classical conditioning influenced subsequent psychological theories and therapies, contributing to the broader understanding of human behavior.

Thus, it is concluded that Pavlov's experiments with dogs led to the discovery of a new principle which revolutionized thinking in social sciences.

A learner-centric approach in education places the learner at the center of the learning process, emphasizing personalized instruction, active engagement, and tailoring teaching methods to individual needs. It recognizes and accommodates diverse learning styles, preferences, and the unique background of each student.

Key Points In a learner-centric approach, the teacher acts as a guide and facilitator, recognizing the individuality of each learner and creating an environment that supports active engagement, critical thinking, and self-directed learning. In a learner-centric approach, a teacher should facilitate student learning:

• Understanding Individual Needs:
  • A learner-centric approach involves recognizing and understanding the diverse needs, interests, and abilities of each student.
  • Teachers should take into account the unique learning styles and preferences of students to create a more personalized learning experience.
• Creating a Positive Learning Environment:
  • Foster a positive and inclusive classroom environment where students feel safe, supported, and encouraged to express their thoughts and ideas.
  • A positive atmosphere enhances motivation and engagement, promoting a conducive space for effective learning.
• Encouraging Active Participation:
  • Facilitate active student participation by incorporating interactive activities, discussions, and group projects into the learning process.
  • Encouraging students to actively engage with the material enhances understanding and retention.
• Providing Constructive Feedback:
  • Offer timely and constructive feedback that focuses on the process of learning rather than just the end result.
  • Feedback should highlight strengths, areas for improvement, and guide students toward self-reflection and continuous growth.
• Adapting Teaching Methods:
  • Be flexible in teaching methods to accommodate different learning preferences and abilities.
  • Utilize a variety of instructional strategies, including visual aids, hands-on activities, and technology, to cater to diverse learning styles.
• Promoting Critical Thinking:
  • Encourage critical thinking and problem-solving skills by posing open-ended questions and challenging students to analyze, evaluate, and apply their knowledge.
  • Foster a culture of inquiry where students actively question, explore, and deepen their understanding.
• Facilitating Self-Directed Learning:
  • Empower students to take responsibility for their learning by fostering self-directed inquiry and exploration.
  • Provide opportunities for independent research, projects, and collaborative learning experiences that allow students to pursue their interests.

Thus, it is concluded that in a learner-centric approach, a teacher should facilitate student learning.