OSSTET Science (PCM) Mock Test - 1 - OTET MCQ

4) ସଂସ୍କୃତ ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଏକ ବା ଏକାଧିକ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ମିଶି କୌଣସି ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥିଲେ ତାକୁ ଶବ୍ଦ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ତତ୍ସମ, ତଭବ = ତତ୍‍ + ସମ / ତଦ୍‍ + ଭବ
• ଏଠାରେ ତତ୍‍ ଅର୍ଥ ତାହା / ସଂସ୍କୃତ
• ତତ୍ସମ, ତଭବ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ଥିବା ‘ତତ୍’ 4) ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୁତ

Additional Information

• ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଧାରା ରେ 4 ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି
• ତତ୍‍ସମ , ତଦ୍‍ଭବ , ଦେଶଜ , ବୈଦେଶିକ
• ଗଠନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ଏହାକୁ 2 ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି
• ମୌଳିକ ଓ ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପନ୍ନ

1) କୃତବିଦ୍ୟ ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ପରସ୍ପର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଥିବା 2 ବା ତତୋଧିକ ପଦକୁ ଏକ ପଦରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବାର ନାମ ହେଉଛି ସମାସ
• ଯେଉଁ ସମାସରେ ସମସ୍ତପଦ ସମସ୍ୟମାନ ପଦମାନନ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ କାହାର ଅର୍ଥ ନ ବୁଝାଇ ଅନ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥ ବୁଝାଏ ତାହାକୁ ବହୁବ୍ରୀହି ସମାସ କୁହାଯାଏ
• କୃତ ବିଦ୍ୟା ଯାହାର ଏହାର ସମସ୍ତ ପଦ - 1) କୃତବିଦ୍ୟ

Additional Information

• ସମାସ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ପଦ - ସମସ୍ତପଦ , ପୂର୍ବପଦ , ପରପଦ , ସମସ୍ତମାନପଦ ଓ ବିଗ୍ରହବାକ୍ୟ
• ଅର୍ଥର ପ୍ରାଧାନ୍ୟ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ସମାସକୁ 6 ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି
• ତତ୍‍ପୁରୁଷ , କର୍ମଧାରୟ , ଦ୍ୱିଗୁ ,ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ ,ଅବ୍ୟୟଭାବ , ବହୁବ୍ରୀହି

1) ପରାଧୀନ ରହିବାର ଶିକ୍ଷା ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଜାତିର ଜନକ ମହାତ୍ମା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ଭାରତର ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ପ୍ରାପ୍ତି ନିମିତ୍ତ ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ସୂତ୍ରପାତ କରିଥିଲେ
• ସେତେବେଳେ ସେ ସ୍କୁଲ କଲେଜର ଛାତ୍ର ମାନଙ୍କୁ ସ୍କୁଲ କଲେଜ ଛାଡି ଚାଲି ଆସିବା ପାଇଁ ଆହ୍ୱାନ କରିଥିଲେ
• କାରଣ ସେ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ସଂଗ୍ରାମରେ ଏ ଦେଶର ଯୁବସମାଜ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପନ୍ଥା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁ ଏବଂ ଏ ଦେଶର ଛାତ୍ର ସମାଜ ସ୍କୁଲ କଲେଜରେ ଯେଉଁ ଶିକ୍ଷାଲାଭ କରୁଅଛି ତାହା କେବଳ ପରାଧୀନ ରହିବାର ଶିକ୍ଷା
• ତେଣୁ ପରାଧୀନ ଭାରତରେ ଶିକ୍ଷାନୁଷ୍ଠାନରେ ଦିଆଯାଉଥିବା ଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ଗାନ୍ଧିଜୀ 1) ପରାଧୀନ ରହିବାର ଶିକ୍ଷା ବିଚାରୁଥିଲେ

Additional Information

• ତେଣୁ ସେ ସ୍କୁଲ କଲେଜର ଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ଯଥାର୍ଥରେ ଶିକ୍ଷାର ମୂଲ୍ୟ ଦେବାକୁ ଉଚିତ ମାନେ କରି ନଥିଲେ
• ସ୍କୁଲ କଲେଜ ଛାଡି ଆସିବା ପାଇଁ ମହାତ୍ମା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ଛାତ୍ର ମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆହ୍ୱାନ କରିଥିଲେ ବୋଲି କେହି ଯେପରି ମାନେ ନକରନ୍ତି ଯେ ମହାତ୍ମା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ଚାହିଁଥିଲେ ଛାତ୍ରମାନେ ରାଜନୀତିରେ ସକ୍ରିୟ ଅଂଶଗ୍ରହଣ କରନ୍ତୁ
• ମହାତ୍ମା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ ଯେଉଁ ରାମରାଜ୍ୟର ସ୍ବପ୍ନ ଦେଖିଥିଲେ ସେଥିରେ ସେଥିରେ ଛାତ୍ର ସମାଜ ପାଇଁ ତାଙ୍କର ପରିକଳ୍ପନା ଥିଲା ବହୁ ଉଚ୍ଚରେ

ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଦେବା

Key Points

• ପଦ ବା ପଦ ସମଷ୍ଟିର ମୌଳିକ ଅର୍ଥ ବ୍ୟତିରକେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହାରକୁ ରୂଢି ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଅର୍ଥ ଓ ରୂପ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରୁ ରୂଢି ଏକ ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ ହେଲେ ହେଁ, ଏହାର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଚ୍ଛନ୍ନ ଭାବର ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପ୍ରକାଶ ସମ୍ଭବ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ରୂଢିର ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପତ୍ତିଗତ ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧି ସମ୍ପନ୍ନ ।
• ତେଣୁ ଲୋକଭଙ୍ଗୀର ଏକ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ରୀତିସିଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦ ଚାତୁରୀକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ରୂଢି କୁହାଯାଇପାରେ ।
• ଯୁକ୍ତିସିଦ୍ଧ ବା ବୈୟାକରଣିକ ଗଠନରୀତି ଅପେକ୍ଷା ଲୌକିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଉପରେ ଏହାର ସାର୍ଥକତା ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ନିର୍ଭର କରିଥାଏ ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• କଥା ପକାଇବା - ରୂଢିଟିର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଦେବା ।
• ଏହା ଏକ କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୁଢି ।
• ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶରେ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଥାଏ , ତାହା କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୁଢି ଅଟେ । ଯଥା- ଅକଲସଲାମି, କାଠିକର ପାଠ
• ରୂଢି ଅନୁଭୂତିଲବ୍ଧ ଏକ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟକ୍ଷଜ୍ଞାନ, ଯଦିଓ ଏହାର ପ୍ରକାଶଭଙ୍ଗୀ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ରୀତିକୁ ଅବଲମ୍ବନ କରିଥାଏ।
• ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ, ବିଶେଷଣ ଓ କ୍ରିୟାପଦର ଗୁରୁତ୍ବ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଓଡିଆ ଭାଷାରେ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ରୂଢିକୁ ତିନିଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଯଥା- କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢି, କ୍ରିୟାହୀନ ରୂଢି, ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରୂଢି ।

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ତ କୃତ୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ

Key Points

• ଧାତୁ ପରେ ଅ, ଏକ, ଅନ, ତ, ତି, ତବ୍ୟ, ଅନୀୟ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଲାଗେ । ଧାତୁରେ ଲାଗୁଥିବା ଏହି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସବୁକୁ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ବୋଲି କହନ୍ତି ।
• ନୂଆ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଢିବା ପାଇଁ ଧାତୁ ସହ ଯେଉଁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୁକ୍ତ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ କୃତ୍ କହନ୍ତି ।
• ଧାତୁ ସହ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗ ହେବା ଦ୍ବାରା ଯେଉଁ ନୂତନ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ। ତାହାକୁ କୃଦନ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ବା କୃଦନ୍ତ ପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଧାତୁର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଭାବ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯେଉଁଠାରେ କୃଦନ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ କେବଳ ଭାବ ବା ଧାତୁର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ । ତାହାକୁ ଭାବ ବାଚ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• କର୍ତ୍ତା, କର୍ମ, କରଣ, ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ ପ୍ରଭୃତି କାରକ ଅର୍ଥରେ ଧାତୁରେ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଲାଗିଥିଲେ ସେହି ଅର୍ଥକୁ କାରକବାଚ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଓଡିଆ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ- ଅ, ଆ, ଇ, ଅଣ, ଅଣା, ଅଣି, ଆଣି, ଅନ୍ତା, ଏଣି, ଉଆଳ, ଇବା, ଉଣି, ଉଆ, ରା, ଅତି, ଉଣା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• କୃଦନ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ହେଉଛି- କର୍ତ୍ତା (କୃ-ତୃ), ପଠିତ (ପଠ୍-ତ) ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ପଦଟି ତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗରେ ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଯେପରିକି- ଲୀ+ତ=ଲୀନ
• କୃଦନ୍ତ ସାଧାରଣତଃ କୃତ+ଅନ୍ତରୁ ସୃଷ୍ଟ ।
• ଅର୍ଥାତ, ଯାହାର ଅନ୍ତ ବା ଶେଷରେ କୃତ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ତାହା କୃଦନ୍ତ ।

Additional Information

• ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଧାତୁରୁ ଜାତ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏହିପରି ଧାତୁ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟନିଷ୍ପନ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ତଦ୍ଭବ କୃଦନ୍ତ କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ଓଡିଆ ଧାତୁ ସହ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସଂଯୋଗ ହୋଇ ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ଦେଶଜ କୃଦନ୍ତ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ସଂସ୍କୃତ କୃତ୍ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି- ଅ, ଅନ, ଅକ, ତବ୍ୟ, ଅନୀୟ, ଇତ୍ର, ତ୍ର, ତୃ, ତ୍ରି, ଇନ୍, ତ, ଯ, ଇଷ୍ଣୁ, ଉକ, ଉର, ର, ଉ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ।
• ଧାତୁ ଓ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ସଂଯୋଗ ହେବା ଦ୍ବାରା ଏକ ଅର୍ଥବୋଧକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଠନ ହୁଏ ।

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି "ସୁଷମା"।

Key Points

• ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଶବ୍ଦକୋଷରେ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରୁଥିବା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମଷ୍ଟିକୁ ଶବ୍ଦ କୁହାଯାଏ।
• କାଳ କାଳ ଧରି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତ ଓ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ହୋଇଆସୁଛି।
• ଏହି ଉଦ୍ଧୃତ ଶବ୍ଦାବଳୀର ଶୁଦ୍ଧତାକୁ ବଜାୟ ରଖିବା ଅପରିହାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅଟେ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ସାଧାରଣତଃ କହିବା ଓ ଲେଖିବାବେଳେ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନିତ କିଛିଟା ଭୁଲ୍ ହେଇଯାଇଥାଏ 'ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣଗତ' ହେଉ କିମ୍ବା 'ଲିଖିତଜନିତ' ହେଉ।
• ଲିଖନ ସମୟରେ 'ମାତ୍ରାଜନିତ' ହେଉ ବା 'ବନାନଜନିତ' ବା 'ବ୍ୟାକରଣଜନିତ' ଭୁଲ୍ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଅଶୁଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇଯାଏ।
• ତେଣୁ ସଠିକ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହାର ନିମିତ୍ତ ସାବଧାନତା ଅବଲମ୍ବନ କରିବା ଅବାଞ୍ଛନିୟ।
• ଏଠାରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ବିକଳ୍ପଗୁଡିକ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ 'ସୁଷମା' ହେଉଛି ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ବନାନଯୁକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ।
• 'ସୁଷମା' ବ୍ୟତୀତ ଅନ୍ୟ ସମସ୍ତ ବିକଳ୍ପଠାରେ 'ମାତ୍ରାଜନିତ' ବା 'ବନାନଜନିତ' ଅଶୁଦ୍ଧତା ଘଟିଥିବା ହେତୁ ଅଶୁଦ୍ଧ ଶବ୍ଦ।
• ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅଭିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ 'ସୁଷମା' ଶବ୍ଦଟି 'ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଶୋଭା ବା ସୁନ୍ଦରତା'କୁ ସୂଚାଏ। ​​​
• ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ: କାଶ୍ମୀରର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ସୁଷମା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଟକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆକର୍ଷିତ କରେ।

Additional Information

• ପରିସ୍କାର - ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରୂପ: ପରିଷ୍କାର; ପୌରହିତ୍ୟ - ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରୂପ: ପୌରୋହିତ୍ୟ; ଅମୀୟ - ଶୁଦ୍ଧ ରୂପ: ଅମିୟ।

• କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବୁଝାଉଥିବା ପଦହିଁ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଓ କ୍ରିୟାର ମୂଳରୂପ ହେଉଛି 'ଧାତୁ'।
• ଆମେ କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଏକକ ଭାବରେ ଓ ମିଶ୍ରଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥାଉ।
• ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟା ଗୋଟିଏ ପଦରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ‘ଅମିଶ୍ର କ୍ରିୟା’ ଏବଂ ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟା ଏକାଧିକ ପଦରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ ‘ମିଶ୍ର କ୍ରିୟା’ କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ପିଲାଟି କାନ୍ଦୁଛି - ପିଲାଟି କ୍ରନ୍ଦନ କରୁଛି।
• ଏଠାରେ ‘କାନ୍ଦୁଛି’ ଓ ‘କ୍ରନ୍ଦନ କରୁଛି’ ର ଅର୍ଥ ସମାନ।
• ମାତ୍ର କାନ୍ଦୁଛି - ଗୋଟିଏ କ୍ରିୟା ଓ ଏକପଦରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇଛି।
• କିନ୍ତୁ କ୍ରନ୍ଦନ + କରୁଛି - ଏଠି ‘କରୁଛି’ କ୍ରିୟା ପୂର୍ବରୁ କ୍ରନ୍ଦନ ପଦ ମିଶିଛି ଓ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇଛି।

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଦତ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟଟି - ଅତିଥି ଖାଇଲେ।
• ଏଠାରେ 'ଖାଇଲେ' - ଗୋଟିଏ କ୍ରିୟା ଓ ଏକପଦରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇଛି।
• ଅତଏବ ଏହା ଏକ ‘ଅମିଶ୍ର କ୍ରିୟା’।
• ଏହାକୁ ଯଦି ମିଶ୍ର କ୍ରିୟାରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବା :- ଖାଇଲେ - 'ଭୋଜନ କଲେ' ହେବ।
• ଏଠାରେ ‘ଖାଇଲେ’ ଓ ‘ଭୋଜନ କଲେ’ ର ଅର୍ଥ ସମାନ।
• କିନ୍ତୁ ଭୋଜନ + କଲେ - ଏଠି ‘କଲେ’ କ୍ରିୟା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଭୋଜନ ପଦ ମିଶି ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହୋଇଥିବା ହେତୁ ଏହା ମିଶ୍ର।

• ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦରେ କର୍ମ ଥାଏ, ତାହା ସକର୍ମକ ଓ ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦରେ କର୍ମ ନ ଥାଏ, ତାହା ଅକର୍ମକ।
• ରାମ ଭାତ ଖାଉଛି - 'ଖାଉଛି' ସକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା; ପିଲାଟି ସୁଖରେ ଶୋଇଛି - 'ଶୋଇଛି' ଅକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା।
• ଆମ ଭାଷାରେ କେତୋଟି କ୍ରିୟା ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ସକର୍ମକ ହୋଇ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି, ସେଥି ମଧ୍ୟରୁ 'ଖାଇବା' ଏକ ଉଦାହରଣ।
• ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଦ୍ୱାରା ବାକ୍ୟ ଶେଷ ହୋଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅସମାପ୍ତ ଭାବରେ ଘଟିଚାଲିବାର ବା ଚାଲୁଥିବାର ବୁଝାପଡ଼େ, ତାହାକୁ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ଯଥା: ମୁଁ ଠାକୁର ପୂଜି ଭାତ ଖାଇବି - 'ପୂଜି' ଏକ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା।

The correct answer is - "1979-80".

Key Points

• In the given passage, the author said that in the last line that similar situations led to reappearance of high inflation in 1979-80.
• So it gives the idea that inflation reappear in 1979-80 as it was appear in the 1970s.

So the correct option is Option 4

The correct answer is |f ∂ ʊ n|.Key Points

• The word phone has only one syllable.
• The symbol ∂ ʊ represents the sound of o.
• The letter f represents the sound of 'ph'.
• The symbol ∂ ʊ is used in words such as in go, sow etc.

Hence, 'option 1' is the correct answer.Additional Information

• Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds by means of symbols.

CONCEPT:

• The device that stores electrical energy in an electric field is called a capacitor.
• The capacity of a capacitor to store electric charge is called capacitance.
• When combination, where two or more capacitors are connected in such a way that their ends are connected at the same two points and have an equal potential difference across them, is called the parallel combination of a capacitor.
• Equivalent capacitance (Ceq) for parallel combination:

Ceq = C1 + C2

• When two or more capacitors are connected end to end and have the same electric charge on each is called a series combination of the capacitor.
• Equivalent capacitance (Ceq) in series combination:

Where C1 and C2 are two capacitors in the circuit.

CALCULATION:

• Here, , so the combination is a Wheatstone bridge. Hence the 2μF capacitor can be neglected.
• Here 3 μF and 6 μFare in series combination, therefore the effective capacitance of 3μF, 6μF is given by

• Here 4 μF and 8 μFare in series combination, therefore the effective capacitance 4μF, 8μF is given by

• Now, C₁ and C₂ are in parallel combination, hence, the effective capacitance is

⇒ C_total = C₁ + C₂

Substituting the given values in the above equation

C_total = 2 μF + 8/3 μF = 14/3 μF

• The effective capacitance is
• Hence, option 3 is the answer

Concept:

• Isochoric specific heat (Cv) - The molar specific heat capacity of a gas at constant volume C_V is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of the gas by 1°C at the constant volume.
  • Its value for a monatomic ideal gas is 3R/2 and the value for a diatomic ideal gas is 5R/2.
• Isobaric specific heat (Cp) - The molar specific heat of a gas at constant pressure C_P is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of the gas by 1°C at the constant pressure.
  • Its value for a monatomic ideal gas is 5R/2 and the value for a diatomic ideal gas is 7R/2.
• The ratio of the specific heats, also called the adiabatic index, is given by,
   
• Here f is the degrees of freedom of the gas molecule.
• The degrees of freedom are 3 for monatomic gas and 5 for diatomic gas.

Explanation:

• Nitrogen accounts for 78% of the atmospheric air volume. Nitrogen is an inert, neutral and colorless gas.
• Nitrogen gas (N₂) is a diatomic gas consisting of molecules each containing two covalently bonded atoms of nitrogen.
• Specific heat at a constant pressure of nitrogen gas is ​​7R/2
• Specific heat at a constant volume of nitrogen gas is 5R/2

​Additional Information

• C_P - C_V = R
• where R is known as Characteristic Gas Constant (or simply Gas Constant)
• C_P/C_V for monoatomic gas is 1.66
• C_P/C_V for diatomic gas is 1.4
• C_P/C_V for triatomic gas is 1.33

Concept:

• Electron affinity is one of the periodic properties of the elements.
• Along the group from top to bottom electron affinity decreases.
• Along the group from left to right electron affinity increases.

Explanation:

• In the case of halogens, the regular trend in electron affinity is not observed between Cl and F.
• Cl-atom has more electron affinity than F-atom.
• The reason is Cl-atom's size is larger than F-atom.
• So, F-atom experiences more repulsions between the electrons.
• In Cl-atom the charge distribution is more compared to fluorine.
• So, when an extra electron is added to chlorine, then more amount of energy is released compared to fluorine and it attains more stability.

Thus, the order of electron affinity among halogens follows the order of Cl > F > Br > I.

Concept:

• Isoelectronic species contain the same number of valence electrons.
• In the case of isoelectronic species, the anion with a high charge is larger in size. and the cation with a more positive charge has the smallest size.

Explanation:

The given ionic species are Na+, F−, Mg2+, and O2−.

• All these ions have the same number of valence electrons which is 10.
• They are isoelectronic species.

O^2-

• The anion O^2- has the largest size.
• The reason for its larger size is due to the decrease in its effective nuclear charge.
• In its nucleus, there are 8 protons only.
• The number of protons is less than the number of electrons.

Mg²⁺

• The size of Mg²⁺ is smaller due to the increased effective nuclear charge between the nucleus and the valence electrons.
• There are 10 electrons and 12 protons in it.

Thus, the overall size order of the given isoelectronic species

Mg²⁺ < Na²⁺ < F^- < O^2-

Concept Used:

-1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 and 2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ

Calculation:
sin θ . cos θ
⇒(2 sin θ . cos θ)/2
⇒(sin 2θ)/2
⇒ -1 ≤ sin 2θ ≤ 1
⇒ -1/2 ≤ (sin 2θ)/2 ≤ 1/2

Hence, the maximum value required is 1/2.

Concept:

Concave Mirror:

• The concave mirror is the type of mirror which is having a reflecting surface curved inwards.

Magnification:

• In a concave mirror, magnification is defined as the ratio of the height of the image to the height of an object.
• When the image is real, then magnification is negative, because the real image is inverted.
• When the image is virtual, the magnification is positive, because the virtual image is erect.

m = -u/v

where m is magnification. v is the distance of the image from the mirror and u is the distance of the object from the mirror.

Image formation by Concave mirror:

Explanation:

• It is given that object is placed perpendicularly, and the image formed is erect and magnified.
• Such kind of an image is formed when the object is placed between the principal focus and the pole.

So, Option 1 is correct.

Concept:

Young's Double Slit Experiment:

• In the double slits experiment, we use two long parallel slits as the sources of light in place of pin holes.
• The light coming out of the two slits is intercepted on a screen placed parallel to the plane of the slits.
• The slits are illuminated by a parallel beam of monochromatic light.
• A series of dark and bright strips, called fringes, are observed on the screen.

The intensity of the interference:

where I_a and I_b stand for the intensities of the coherent sources a and b

For bright fringe, ϕ = 2nπ

For dark fringes, ϕ = (2n + 1)π

Calculation:

Given:

I_max/I_min = 49/9

For bright fringes, ϕ = 0

---(1)

For dark fringes, ϕ = π

---(2)

Dividing equation 1 by 2

Concept:

• The name of an IUPAC compound consists of three parts: prefix, root word and suffix.
• The prefix indicates the substituents, root word indicates the length of the carbon chain.
• The suffix has two parts: The primary suffix and the secondary suffix.
• The primary suffix represents the type of carbon chain.
• The secondary suffix represents the functional group.

Explanation:

• The structure of the given compound is shown below:
  
• The longest carbon chain has four carbons. So, the root word is but.
• The suffix is -ene.
• The two methyl groups on the third carbon act as substituents.
• The name of the given compound is 3,3-dimethyl-but-1-ene.
  

Concept:

• The orbitals in the central atom of a molecule will overlap and form the most stable hybrid orbitals.
• The hybrid orbitals of the central atom are involved in the bond formation with other atoms.

Explanation:

• The hybridisation of the central atom given is dsp³.
• The shape of the s-orbital is spherical.
• The three p-orbitals are along the x,y and z are along axes.
• The d-orbital that is confined along the axis can intermix with the sp orbitals and form dsp³ hybridisation.
• The d-orbital that is along one axis is .

Concept Used:

For a function f(x) to be continuous at x = a, the following condition needs to be met

Calculation:

for f(x) = to be continuous at x = 1,

Taking limit, we get
K = 4 = K

Hence, K = 4.

The New Education Policy lays particular emphasis on the development of the creative potential of each individual. It is based on the principle that education must develop not only cognitive capacities - both the ‘foundational capacities ’of literacy and numeracy and ‘higher-order’ cognitive capacities, such as critical thinking and problem-solving – but also social, ethical, and emotional capacities and dispositions.

Key Points

• NEP promotes multilingualism as multilingual education stresses using a student's mother tongue, or native language, to teach students and to make learning effective.
• Multilingualism has great cognitive benefits for young students, children will be exposed to different languages early on (but with a particular emphasis on the mother tongue), starting from the Foundational Stage onwards.
• It can be used as a resource and strategy to teach language to children.
• It is well understood that young children learn and grasp nontrivial concepts more quickly in their home language/mother tongue. Home language is usually the same language as the mother tongue or that which is spoken by local communities.

Thus, it is concluded that Multilingualism both as a policy, resource, and strategy is true of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 on language education in schools

Child-centered education- Child-centered education means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.

Key Points

• Child-centered education is one that gives primacy to children's experiences and needs. It is an approach that emphasizes providing ample opportunities to the children to foster their own strategy of learning.
• In this education, teachers, and students both are active. The teacher plays the role of facilitator as well as counselor and guides the learner to take part actively in classroom learning.
• Child-centered education should be done according to the mental level of the child because in an Inclusive class the learner of diverse background comes together, and study with normal students in the same class in the same school and in the same environment.

Thus, it is concluded that in child-centered education teacher and students are both active.

Development can be defined as a broad term that includes a series of qualitative and progressive changes. The development of human beings is divided into different stages such as Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood.

• Adolescence is a phase of the life of a person when he is no more a child and not yet an adult. This is a critical time in life because the experiences, knowledge, and skills acquired in adolescence have important implications in adulthood.

Key Points

"The one word which best characterizes adolescence is 'change'. The change is physiological, sociological and psychological". This statement is stated by Biggie and Hunt as:

• The word adolescence is derived from the Latin word “adolescere” meaning “to grow up” or “to mature.” It is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that involves a number of changes in body and mind.
• Adolescence is a phase of life between 11-19 years of age characterized by physical, emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral changes, thus, bringing about transformation from childhood to adulthood.
  • ​Physiological changes: These are physical changes. For example, Increase in height, development of muscle mass, etc.
  • Sociological changes: These are the changes that are not observable as physical but definitely the behavior of adolescents changes due to emotional and social changes happening in their minds. For example, Conflicts with family/elders.
  • Psychological changes: Adolescents develop stronger reasoning skills, logical and moral thinking, and become more capable of abstract thinking and making rational judgments.

​Thus, it is concluded that the above statement is of Biggie and Hunt.

Childhood is generally considered to be either a natural biological stage of development or a modern idea or invention. It is generally referred to as the pre-school or school period.

Key Points

• It appears that women are happier than boys during childhood as they can express their emotions and are free from any stress.
• Men and women were trained to show distinct emotions, according to research on gender and pleasure. Men tend to exhibit more anger, pride, and disdain, which are more compatible with a protector and provider role, while women are more likely to express happiness, warmth, and fear, which aids in social bonding and seems more consistent with the traditional position of the main career.
• Women, in particular, display pro-social emotions like thankfulness more frequently, which has been associated with higher levels of pleasure.

Hence, it is concluded that Girls as a group tend to be happier than boys during childhood.

A subject's value, worth, and relevance are determined and assessed systematically using criteria that are guided by a set of standards known as Evaluation.

Key Points

• Measurement refers to the process by which the attributes or dimensions of some physical object are determined. When used in the context of learning, it refers to applying a standard scale or measuring device to an object, a series of objects, events, or conditions, according to practices accepted by those who are skilled in the use of the device or scale.
• Evaluation takes place with the help of tests and measurements
• The evaluation process includes four steps: process education, objectives, learning experiences, and behavior change.
• Evaluation can be formative or summative.

• Only those procedures that are utilized to examine a student's aptitude are considered to be measurements.
• Evaluation tests behavioral changes using a variety of methodologies, including observation, hierarchy, criterion, interest and tendency assessment, etc. Measurement includes things like achievement tests, IQ tests, and personality tests.
• The assessment seeks to alter the educational system by bringing about a change in behavior. The only measurement is the aim of measurement.

Psychological factors are unique or specific to the individuals engaged in the process of learning. Thorough knowledge and understanding of these factors is very essential for the teachers and parents in providing and guiding learning among the children

Key Points

• A learner’s readiness and willpower to learn is a great deciding factors for his/her results in learning.
• It is presumed that if an individual has the will to learn, then automatically he/she will find ways for effective learning. In other words, the learner should be mature enough to learn a particular skill or task.
• This means that there is an optimal or most appropriate time for each individual to learn a specific skill or a concept with ease and efficiency.

Thus, we can conclude that one basic factor influencing learning is readiness.

Throughout this resource, we refer to both graded and ungraded exercises as "assessments." Examinations, papers, reflection questions, in-class student replies, discussion observations, and exams are a few forms of assessments that could be used in a course.Key Points

• A sort of course evaluation that takes place after the conclusion of a training or program is known as a summative assessment. It involves comparing what students already know to what they ought to know in order to evaluate their knowledge, competency, and performance.
• Summative questions are asked at the last step of teaching in a period.
• Summative evaluation gauges a student's proficiency in a particular subject area in accordance with the course's or training's learning goals and objectives. For instance, a science course will assess a student's understanding at the conclusion of the term through experiments and other hands-on activities.

Hence, it is concluded that Summative type of questions are asked at the last step of teaching in a period.

Additional Information

• Diagnostic:- The diagnostic test is the test that is constructed to find out the causes of failure of a student or group of students in learning a particular part of the subject matter taught to them and with the help of which findings remedial suggestions are given.
• Placement:- Placement questions are asked at the time of job placement.
• Formative:- The goal of formative assessment is to monitor student learning to provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. These questions are asked at the time of learning.

Growth is the physical expansion of a certain amount over time. Changes in height, weight, body composition, and general physical appearance are included.

Key Points

• According to Crow & Crow, "Growth refers to structural as well as those changes in behavior that come from environmental stimulation."
• It refers to structural and physiological change.
• Growth is subject to measurement, quantified, and observable in nature.
• Growth is the quantitative change of anything.
• Growth stops at a certain point in life.
• Growth halts upon maturation.

Although they have different conceptual meanings and are frequently used interchangeably, neither growth nor development occurs on their own.

Key Points

• Growth is essentially the quantitative adjustments to body proportions, such as changes in height, weight, internal organs, etc.
• Growth refers to an increase in the size of the body's components, including the head, arms, trunk, heart, and muscles, in addition to the body's overall dimensions in terms of height and weight.
• Early growth stages give way to later stages of development.
• Therefore, growth is limited to the physical changes that can be measured.
• Along with changes in overall stature and weight, growth involves alterations in body composition.
• It ends after a certain period of time.

Thus, we concluded that growth is not a continuous process.

Family structure, child-rearing practices, and childcare services are three crucial factors considered in child development. Many factors, including those that are physical, intellectual, spiritual, economic, and social, influence the child's development.

Key Points

• It is necessary to consider the environmental factors that influence a child's growth and development.
• The physical, emotional, social, and economic environments fall under this category.
• Heredity is not the only thing that affects development. The environment also has an important effect.
• Heredity is the sum total of the traits potentially present in the fertilized ovum. All the qualities that a child has inherited from the parents is called heredity.
• Environment means the totality of the stimuli that impinge on the organism from without whatever found around the individual may be called by the term environment.

Thus, we conclude that Both heredity and environment factor influences development of the child.

Learning refers to the modification of behavioral patterns as it modifies the behavior and personality of an individual. Learning is an internal activity that leads to a change in behavior. It can't be directly observed.

Key Points

• Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.
• According to Cronbach, “Learning to be a change in behavior as a result of experience.”
• Learning is a behavior change, for better or worse.
• Learning is a change that takes place through practice or experience; changes due to natural growth or maturation are not learning.

Thus, it is concluded that Cron bach defined "Learning to be a change in behavior as a result of experience".