OSSTET Science (PCM) Mock Test - 2 - OTET MCQ

ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ଆମର ସାହିତ୍ୟ କେବଳ ପାଠ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଆବଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇ ରହିଛି

Key Points

• ପ୍ରତି ନୂତନ ଯୁଗ ମଣିଷପାଇଁ ନୂଆ ସତ୍ୟ, ଜୀବନର ନୂଆ ରୂପ ନୂଆ ଅର୍ଥ, ନୂଆ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର ସମ୍ବାବନା ନେଇ ଆସେ । ମଣିଷକୁ ଚ୍ୟାଲେଞ୍ଜ କରି ଆସେ ।
• ତା'ର ଆହ୍ଵାନକୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣପାତ ନ କରି ଆମେ ଅତୀତର ଜୀବନ୍ୟାସପାଇଁ ତନ୍ତ୍ରସାଧନା କରୁଛୁ । ପ୍ରତି ନୂତନ ଯୂଗରେ ମଣିଷ ଅନେକ ରାଜ୍ୟ ହରାଏ, ପୁଣି ଅନେକ ନୂଆ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଜିଣିନିଏ ।
• ମାତ୍ର ଯେଉଁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆଧୁନିକ ସମାଜ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ଯେଉଁ ସେନାପତିଙ୍କ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଆମେ ନୂତନ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଜିଣନ୍ତୁ, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆମେ କେଉଁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଦେଖୁ ?

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସମାଜରେ ସାହିତ୍ୟର ସାମାଜିକ ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ଅନସ୍ୱୀକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ପାଠ୍ୟ-ପୁସ୍ତକ ଜାତୀୟକରଣ ପରେ ପ୍ରାଇଜ୍‌ ସିଲାବସ୍‌ରୁ ବାହାରି ପଦାକୁ ଆସି ପାରି ନ ଥିବା ଆମ ସାହିତ୍ୟ ମଲାଣି କି ବଞ୍ଚିଛି ତଦନ୍ତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଏକ କମିଶନ ବସିବା ଦରକାର ପଡୁଛି।
• ପ୍ରକୃତିର ଅତ୍ୟାଚାରରୁ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବାର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟର ଗୋଟିଏ କାରଣ। ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟ ଓ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧଯୁକ୍ତ ବୋଲି ପ୍ରମାଣ କରିବା ହୁଏତ କଷ୍ଟକର ।
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପ୍ରତି ଆମର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ହେଲା ଗୋଟିଏ ଆଚ୍ଛଦ ପରି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଆମପାଇଁ ମୂଲଲାଗୁ ।

ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ସେବକ ରୂପେ

Key Points

• ପ୍ରତି ନୂତନ ଯୁଗ ମଣିଷପାଇଁ ନୂଆ ସତ୍ୟ, ଜୀବନର ନୂଆ ରୂପ ନୂଆ ଅର୍ଥ, ନୂଆ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର ସମ୍ବାବନା ନେଇ ଆସେ । ମଣିଷକୁ ଚ୍ୟାଲେଞ୍ଜ କରି ଆସେ ।
• ତା'ର ଆହ୍ଵାନକୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣପାତ ନ କରି ଆମେ ଅତୀତର ଜୀବନ୍ୟାସପାଇଁ ତନ୍ତ୍ରସାଧନା କରୁଛୁ । ପ୍ରତି ନୂତନ ଯୁଗରେ ମଣିଷ ଅନେକ ରାଜ୍ୟ ହରାଏ, ପୁଣି ଅନେକ ନୂଆ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଜିଣିନିଏ ।
• ମାତ୍ର ଯେଉଁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆଧୁନିକ ସମାଜ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ଯେଉଁ ସେନାପତିଙ୍କ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଆମେ ନୂତନ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଜିଣନ୍ତୁ, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆମେ କେଉଁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଦେଖୁ ?
• ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସମାଜରେ ସାହିତ୍ୟର ସାମାଜିକ ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ଅନସ୍ୱୀକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ପାଠ୍ୟ-ପୁସ୍ତକ ଜାତୀୟକରଣ ପରେ ପ୍ରାଇଜ୍‌ ସିଲାବସ୍‌ରୁ ବାହାରି ପଦାକୁ ଆସି ପାରି ନ ଥିବା ଆମ ସାହିତ୍ୟ ମଲାଣି କି ବଞ୍ଚିଛି ତଦନ୍ତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଏକ କମିଶନ ବସିବା ଦରକାର ପଡୁଛି।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ପ୍ରକୃତିର ଅତ୍ୟାଚାରରୁ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବାର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟର ଗୋଟିଏ କାରଣ।
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟ ଓ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧଯୁକ୍ତ ବୋଲି ପ୍ରମାଣ କରିବା ହୁଏତ କଷ୍ଟକର ।
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପ୍ରତି ଆମର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ହେଲା ଗୋଟିଏ ଆଚ୍ଛଦ ପରି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଆମପାଇଁ ମୂଲଲାଗୁ ।
• ଦେଶ ଦରିଦ୍ର ହେଲା, ଲୋକସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ାଏ ବଢ଼ିଲା ବୋଲି ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ବଢ଼ାଇବାକୁ ଏ ଅଣଆଧ୍ୟାତ୍ମିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଲା ସିନା !
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଆମର ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନକୁ କଳୁଷିତ କରୁଛି, ସଂସ୍କୃତି ନଷ୍ଟ କରୁଛି। ତଥାପି ତାକୁ କେତେବେଳେ ଛାଡ଼ି ହେଉନି, ଆମର ଆଶା ଧର୍ମକର୍ମ ଟିକିଏ ବଢ଼େଇଦେଲେ,
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଘଟୁଥିବା କ୍ଷତିପରୂଣ ହୋଇଯିବ ।

ସଠିକ୍ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ଅଧିକ ଧର୍ମପରାୟଣ ହେବା ଦ୍ୱାରା

Key Points

• ପ୍ରତି ନୂତନ ଯୁଗ ମଣିଷପାଇଁ ନୂଆ ସତ୍ୟ, ଜୀବନର ନୂଆ ରୂପ ନୂଆ ଅର୍ଥ, ନୂଆ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣାର ସମ୍ବାବନା ନେଇ ଆସେ । ମଣିଷକୁ ଚ୍ୟାଲେଞ୍ଜ କରି ଆସେ ।
• ତା'ର ଆହ୍ଵାନକୁ କର୍ଣ୍ଣପାତ ନ କରି ଆମେ ଅତୀତର ଜୀବନ୍ୟାସପାଇଁ ତନ୍ତ୍ରସାଧନା କରୁଛୁ । ପ୍ରତି ନୂତନ ଯୁଗରେ ମଣିଷ ଅନେକ ରାଜ୍ୟ ହରାଏ, ପୁଣି ଅନେକ ନୂଆ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଜିଣିନିଏ ।
• ମାତ୍ର ଯେଉଁ ସ୍ତମ୍ଭମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ଆଧୁନିକ ସମାଜ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠିତ ଯେଉଁ ସେନାପତିଙ୍କ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ଆମେ ନୂତନ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଜିଣନ୍ତୁ, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଆମେ କେଉଁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଦେଖୁ ?
• ଗୋଟିଏ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ସମାଜରେ ସାହିତ୍ୟର ସାମାଜିକ ଦାୟିତ୍ୱ ଅନସ୍ୱୀକାର୍ଯ୍ୟ । ପାଠ୍ୟ-ପୁସ୍ତକ ଜାତୀୟକରଣ ପରେ ପ୍ରାଇଜ୍‌ ସିଲାବସ୍‌ରୁ ବାହାରି ପଦାକୁ ଆସି ପାରି ନ ଥିବା ଆମ ସାହିତ୍ୟ ମଲାଣି କି ବଞ୍ଚିଛି ତଦନ୍ତ କରିବାପାଇଁ ଏକ କମିଶନ ବସିବା ଦରକାର ପଡୁଛି।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ପ୍ରକୃତିର ଅତ୍ୟାଚାରରୁ ଲୋକଙ୍କୁ ରକ୍ଷା କରିବାର ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟର ଗୋଟିଏ କାରଣ।
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଅଭ୍ୟୁଦୟ ଓ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ବିକାଶ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧଯୁକ୍ତ ବୋଲି ପ୍ରମାଣ କରିବା ହୁଏତ କଷ୍ଟକର ।
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପ୍ରତି ଆମର ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ହେଲା ଗୋଟିଏ ଆଚ୍ଛଦ ପରି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଆମପାଇଁ ମୂଲଲାଗୁ ।
• ଦେଶ ଦରିଦ୍ର ହେଲା, ଲୋକସଂଖ୍ୟାଗୁଡ଼ାଏ ବଢ଼ିଲା ବୋଲି ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ବଢ଼ାଇବାକୁ ଏ ଅଣଆଧ୍ୟାତ୍ମିକ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ସାହାଯ୍ୟ ନେବାକୁ ପଡ଼ିଲା ସିନା !
• ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଆମର ସାମାଜିକ ଜୀବନକୁ କଳୁଷିତ କରୁଛି, ସଂସ୍କୃତି ନଷ୍ଟ କରୁଛି। ତଥାପି ତାକୁ କେତେବେଳେ ଛାଡ଼ି ହେଉନି, ଆମର ଆଶା ଧର୍ମକର୍ମ ଟିକିଏ ବଢ଼େଇଦେଲେ, ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଘଟୁଥିବା କ୍ଷତିପରୂଣ ହୋଇଯିବ ।

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ବହୁବ୍ରୀହି ସମାସ

Key Points

• ସମସ୍ୟମାନ ପଦମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଯେଉଁ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଉକ୍ତି ବା ବାକ୍ୟ ବା ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସମାସ ବାକ୍ୟ ବା ବ୍ୟାସ ବାକ୍ୟ ବା ବିଗ୍ରହ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯଥା- ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଯାହାର, କମଳ ପରି ଲୋଚନ, ପିତାଙ୍କ ଭକ୍ତ
• ପରସ୍ପର ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଥିବା ଏକାଧିକ ପଦକୁ ଏକପଦ କରିବାର ନାମ ହେଉଛି ସମାସ ।
• ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧଯୁକ୍ତ ଦୁଇ ବା ତତୋଧିକ ପର ମିଳନରେ ଯେଉଁ ଏକ ପଦ ଗଠିତ ଦୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସମସ୍ତ ପଦ ବା ସମାସପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯଥା- ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣବୁଦ୍ଧି, କମଳଲୋଚନ, ପିତୃଭକ୍ତ ।
• ସମସ୍ତ ପଦ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ପ୍ରଥମଟି ପୂର୍ବପଦ ଓ ଦ୍ବିତୀୟ ପଦଟି ପରପଦ ବା ଉତ୍ତର ପଦ । ଯଥା- ବୀଣାପାଣି । ବୀଣା ପୂର୍ବପଦ ଓ ପାଣି ପରପଦ ବା ଉତ୍ତର ପଦ ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ ଘୋଡାମୁହାଁ ଶବ୍ଦଟି ଘୋଡାର ମୁହଁ ପରି ମୁହଁ ଯାହାର ତାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ଯେଉଁ ବହୁବ୍ରୀହି ସମାସରେ ପୂର୍ବପଦ ଉପମାନ ସହ ପରପଦ ଉପମେୟର ସମାସ ହୁଏ, ସମସ୍ତ ପଦରେ ଉପମାନର ଅଂଶବିଶେଷ ଲୋପପାଏ ଏବଂ ସମସ୍ତ ପଦ ଅନ୍ୟାର୍ଥକୁ ବୁଝାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଉପମିତ ବହୁବ୍ରୀହି ବା ମଧ୍ୟପଦଲୋପୀ ବହୁବ୍ରୀହି କୁହନ୍ତି ।
• ଏଠାରେ ଘୋଡାର ମୁହଁ ଉପମାନ, ମୁହଁ ଉପମେୟ । ସମସ୍ତ ପଦରେ ମୁହଁପରି ଉପମାନର ଏକ ଅଂଶ ଲୋପ ପାଇଛି ।
• ଅବଶିଷ୍ଟ ଉପମାନ ଘୋଡା ସହିତ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ମୁହଁ ଉପମେୟର ସମାସ ହୋଇଛି ।

Additional Information

• ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଭାବ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ସମାସର ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ।
• ସମାସ ଦ୍ବାରା ରଚନା ସରସ ଓ ଶ୍ରୁତିପ୍ରିୟ ହୁଏ । ଲେଖା ଓଜୋଗୁଣଦୀପ୍ତ ହୁଏ ।
• ବିଭକ୍ତିଯୁକ୍ତ ପଦର ବ୍ୟବହାର ହ୍ରାସ ପାଏ । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ସମାସ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଦ୍ବାରା ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ପଦର ଅର୍ଥବୋଧଗମ୍ୟତା ଆସେ ।

• ଯେଉଁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣସମଷ୍ଟି ଦ୍ଵାରା ସଂଖ୍ୟା (ଏକବଚନ, ବହୁବଚନ) କାରକ (କର୍ତ୍ତା, କର୍ମ, କରଣ ପ୍ରଭୃତି) ସୂଚିତ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ବିଭକ୍ତି କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ବିଭକ୍ତି ସାତ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ, ଯଥା – ପ୍ରଥମା, ଦ୍ଵିତୀୟା, ତୃତୀୟା, ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ, ପଞ୍ଚମୀ, ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ଓ ସପ୍ତମୀ ବିଭକ୍ତି।
• ବିଭକ୍ତି ଶବ୍ଦଟି ବି - ଉପସର୍ଗ ‘ଭଜ୍’ ଧାତୁ ଓ ‘ତି’ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟ ଯୋଗରେ ଗଠିତ, ଯାହାର ଆଭିଧାନିକ ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ବିଭାଗ ବା ବଣ୍ଟନ କରିବା।

• ସପ୍ତମୀ ବିଭକ୍ତିର ଏକବଚନ ଚିହ୍ନଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ଏ, ରେ, ଠାରେ, ଠାଇଁ, ଠି, ଠେଇଁ, ତହିଁ ଏବଂ ବହୁବଚନର ଚିହ୍ନ ଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ମାନଙ୍କରେ, ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ, ମାନଙ୍କଠାଇ, ମାନଙ୍କଠେଇଁ, ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ, ଗୁଡ଼ିକଠାରେ, ଗୁଡ଼ିକଠେଇଁ, ଗୁଡ଼ିକଠି।
• କ୍ରିୟା ଯେଉଁ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବା ଯେଉଁ ସମୟରେ ସାଧିତ ହୁଏ, ସେହି ସମୟର ବା ସ୍ଥାନର ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକରେ ସପ୍ତମୀ ବିଭକ୍ତି ହୁଏ ।
• ଯଥା – ବର୍ଷାକାଳରେ କଦମ୍ବ ଫୁଟେ । ପୁଷ୍କରିଣୀରେ ପଦ୍ମ ଫୁଟିଅଛି ।
• ଏଠାରେ 'ବର୍ଷାକାଳରେ' ଓ 'ପୁଷ୍କରିଣୀରେ' - ଅଧିକରଣ କାରକ ହେତୁ ସପ୍ତମୀ ବିଭକ୍ତି ବ୍ୟବହୃତ।
• ଠିକ ସେହିପରି 'ସଂପଦ କାଳେ ସର୍ବେ ସଖା, ବିପଦେ ନ ଦିଅନ୍ତି ଦେଖା' - ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ପଦଟି 'ବିପଦ ସମୟରେ' କୁ ସୂଚାଉଛି।
• ଦେଖା ନ ଦେବା କ୍ରିୟା ବିପଦେ (ବିପଦ + ଏ) ବିପଦ ସମୟରେ ସାଧିତ ହେଉଛି - ଅତଏବ 'ବିପଦେ'ଠି ଅଧିକାରଣ କାରକ ଲାଗିଛି।
• ପୁନଶ୍ଚ 'ବିପଦେ (ବିପଦ + ଏ)' ପଦଟିରେ 'ବିପଦ' ସହ ସପ୍ତମୀ ବିଭକ୍ତି ଏକବଚନ ଚିହ୍ନ 'ଏ' ଯୁକ୍ତ ହେଉଛି।
• ଅତଏବ ଏଦିଗରେ ଏହା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଯେ ବ୍ୟାକରଣିକ ନିୟମାନୁଯାୟୀ ବାକ୍ୟଟିରେ ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ପଦଟିରେ ଅଧିକାରଣ କାରକ ହେତୁ ସପ୍ତମୀ ବିଭକ୍ତି ଲାଗିଛି।

• ଅନ୍ୟ ବିକଳ୍ପଗୁଡିକ ଦତ୍ତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଟି ପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରତିପାଦନ କରିବାରେ ଅସମର୍ଥ।
• ତୃତୀୟା ବିଭକ୍ତିର ଏକବଚନ ଚିହ୍ନଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ଏ, ରେ, ଦ୍ୱାରା, ଦେହି, ଦେଇ, କର୍ତ୍ତୃକ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି; ଏବଂ ବହୁବଚନର ଚିହ୍ନ ଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ମାନଙ୍କ ଦ୍ଵାରା, ମାନଙ୍କଦେଇ, ମାନଙ୍କ ଦେହି,ମାନଙ୍କ କର୍ତ୍ତୃକ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି।
• ଚତୁର୍ଥୀ ବିଭକ୍ତିର ଏକବଚନ ଚିହ୍ନଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - କୁ, ଙ୍କୁ, କି, ଙ୍କି, ପାଇଁ, ନିମିତ୍ତ, ସକାଶ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି; ଏବଂ ବହୁବଚନର ଚିହ୍ନ ଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ଙ୍କୁ, ମାନଙ୍କୁ, ମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ, ମାନଙ୍କ ନିମିତ୍ତ, ମାନଙ୍କ ସକାଶ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି।
• ଷଷ୍ଠୀ ବିଭକ୍ତିର ଏକବଚନ ଚିହ୍ନଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ର, ଙ୍କ, ଙ୍କର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି; ଏବଂ ବହୁବଚନର ଚିହ୍ନ ଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି - ଙ୍କର, ମାନଙ୍କ, ମାନଙ୍କର, ଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି।

The correct answer is A small piece of bread.Key Points

• This extract has been taken from the poem- "The Ant and The Cricket."
• It is a fable in the form of poetry by Aesop. This poem is a story of a desperate and silly cricket and a miserly ant.
• Here, crumb means a small piece of something such as bread or biscuit.
• The silly cricket was so busy in his singing that he hardly found time to gather food for winter.
• As a result in winter, he faces scarcity of food.

Hence, 'option 1' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A Fable.Key Points

• Fable is a fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature.
• It illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson at the end.
• The Ant and the Cricket is a fable in the form of poetry by Aesop. This poem is a story of a desperate and silly cricket and a miserly ant.
• This fable gives us the moral- Make the hay while the sun shines.

Therefore, 'option 2' is the correct answer.

The correct answer is - "lay down"

Key Points

• From the given alternatives, the most correct answer is "lay down".
• Lay down means to put (something) down gently or carefully.
  • Eg. She laid the baby down on the bed.
• Let us see the meaning of the given option -
  • Lie down - to lie on floor
  • Other are same as lie down.
• Thus, Option 1 is correct option.

The correct answer is Innocence. Key Points

• Wars cause suffering and pain to children.
• They also lose their innocence due to such conflicts.
• Therefore, people should spread peace and harmony everywhere.

Thus, 'option 3' is the correct answer.

Concept:

Chemical Reactions:

• A process in which one or more compounds are formed as products completely different from the reacting substances is known as a chemical reaction.
• There is generally a change in heat, colour, or appearance when a chemical reaction takes place.
• The evolution of gas may also occur.
• A chemical reaction may be reversible or irreversible in nature.

Types of Chemical Reactions-

The basis for different types of reactions is the product formed, the changes that occur, the reactants involved, and so on. Different types of reactions are

• Combustion reaction
• Decomposition reaction
• Neutralization reaction
• Precipitation or Double-Displacement Reaction

​Explanation:

• A displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound.
• For example,
• CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
  • This reaction is an example of a Displacement reaction.
  • In this reaction when Iron is dipped in Copper sulphate solution, iron displaces the copper in copper sulphate and becomes Ferrous sulphate and metallic copper is formed.
• Those reactions in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds are called double displacement reactions.
• In double displacement reactions, the positive ions exchange negative ion partners.

• A double replacement reaction is represented by the general equation: AB + CD → AD + CB

• For example,

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

• In this reaction Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate react by exchanging chlorine and sulphate ion with each other to Barium sulphate and Sodium chloride.

• A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound splits up into two or simpler substances.
• Isomerism is a process where substances change its arrangement in space and no new chemical substances are formed.

Hence, the reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds is a double displacement reaction.

Concept used:

Integral test:

Let f(x) be positive decreasing continuous function such that f(n) = a_n

then series a_n is Convergent iff f(x) dx converges

Calculations:

(n) (say);

ϕ (n) is +ve and decreases as n increases. So let us apply the integral test.

dt {t = x², dt = 2xdx}

which is finite.

By integral test, ∑u_n is convergent.

Concept:

Charle's Law:

• The volume and absolute temperature of a gas at constant pressure relation is given by Charle's law.
• According to that the volume and absolute temperature of a gas are directly proportional to each other.
• Its mathematical form is as shown below:
  V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
• where V₁ and V₂ are the initial and final volumes of the gas.
• T₁ and T₂ are the initial and final temperatures of the gas.

Calculation

Given

• The initial volume is V₁=150 mL.
• The final volume is V₂=450 mL.
• The initial temperature is T1=300 K.
• The final temperature is T2=?
• V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂
  150ml/300K = 450ml/T₂
• T₂ = 900K 

Hence, the gas is heated to 900K. to increase the volume of gas from 150 ml to 450 ml on heating.

Concept:

Capacitor:

• A capacitor is an electrical component that stores charges within an electrical system.
• Apart from this, there is an inherent opposition of the capacitor to the imposition of alternating currents, which can be found in our outlets.
• The measure of this opposition is known as the reactance of the capacitor.

Explanation:
We need to determine the capacitive reactance, X_C, of the given configuration of the circuit. We do this by applying the formula:

where f is the frequency and C is the capacitance value of the component. We use the following values for the variables:

Given:

• frequency, f = 50 Hz 
• Capacitance, C = 2μF = 2.0 x 10^-6 F
• Voltage, V = 220 V

Calculation:

So, option 2 is correct.

Concept:

Electric Power -

• Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
• The SI unit of Power is the Watt or One Joule per second.
• Power in the resistor is given by
• P = V²/R

Calculation:
Let the resistance of the bulb be R
Now since the bulb is rated at Power 100 W and Voltage 200 V
So, from equation 1
100 = 200²/R
⇒ R = 400Ω
When the bulb is connected to a 160 V power supply then power is P = V²/R
P = 160²/400 = 64 W

Concept:

• Weak acids undergo dissociation in water. They do not completely ionize.
• For example, organic acids (acetic acid, oxalic acid etc) are considered as weak acids.

Explanation:

• The concentration of acetic acid given is 0.1 M.
• The dissociation of acetic acid with ICE(initial, change and concentration table) is shown below:
• 
• Here C represents the concentration of the acid and alpha is the dissociation of the acid.
• Hence, at equilibrium, the concentration of acid is Cα.
• [H⁺] = Cα
  = 0.01 M x 0.001
  = 1.0 x 10^-5
• The value of pH of the solution :
• pH = -log[H⁺]
  = -log[1.0 x 10^-5]
  = 5.0
• Thus, the pH of the given acetic acid solution is 5.0.

Concept Used:

The sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers is given by the formula:

Calculation:

22 + 42 + 62 + …… + 202 = 2² + (2 × 2)² + (2 × 3)² . . . + (2 × 10)²

⇒ 22 × (1² + 22 + 32 + …… + 102)

⇒ 4 × = 4 ×

⇒ 2 × 10 × 11 × 7 = 1540

Hence, the required value is 1540.

Evaluation is “a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved.

Key Points

• The purpose of the evaluation is to make a judgment about the quality or worth of something.
• It is also used to refer to the product or outcome of the process.
• It demands the use of grades instead of marks.
• It is broader than assessment.“Measurement and assessment are the means and evaluation is the end”. In the process of evaluation, measurement is the first step, assessment comes next and when value judgment is added to it, it becomes evaluation.
• Children can be encouraged to be involved in the work process in the evaluation process.
• It determines the relative effectiveness of the program in terms of students’ behavioral output.

Hence we conclude that only statements III is correct concerning evaluation.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) refers to a system of school-based evaluation of students that covers all aspects of students' development.

• CCE was introduced by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in India to evaluate the student’s development in all aspects throughout the academic year on a continuous basis.
• The objective of CCE is to make evaluation an integral part of learning through diagnostic and remedial teaching.
• CCE helps in improving student’s performance by identifying his/her learning difficulties at regular time intervals right from the beginning of the academic session and employing suitable remedial measures for enhancing their learning performance.

CCE describes two different types of evaluations which include summative and formative assessment/evaluation.

• "Summative Evaluation", commonly known as "Assessment of Learning" is a type of evaluation which:

  • measures, certifies, and reports the level of students' learning by assessing them at the end of the term.
  • produces an accurate description of students' potential and achievement to promote them to the next grades.

• "Formative evaluation", commonly known as "Assessment for Learning" is a type of evaluation which:

  • monitor the child's progress throughout the teaching-learning process and improves students' academic achievements.
  • diagnoses and removes the learning difficulties of students with appropriate strategies.

Hence, it becomes clear that Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation includes both formative and summative assessments using a wide variety of strategies.

CCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development. It emphasizes two-fold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner.

Key Point

Features of CCE:

• The 'continuous' aspect takes care of the 'continuous' and periodic aspects of evaluation.
• The 'Comprehensive' aspect involves determining the educational and further co-educational aspects of student development.
• CCE uses multiple techniques of evaluation informally. Evaluation of Co-Scholastic areas is done using several techniques based on recognized criteria, while evaluation of Life Skills is done based on indicators of Assessment and checklists.

Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it can be concluded that the statement, "the achievements of students are evaluated as marks" is false about continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) is false.

Exceptional children are those who deviate from the normal population and need special education services to meet their needs. It includes children who are gifted, backward, creative, learning disabled, etc.

• A gifted child is the one who displays consistently remarkable performance in various physical or cognitive aspects and exhibits superiority in general intelligence levels.

Characteristics of Gifted Child:

• Exhibit verbal proficiency, have a high energy level, high curiosity.
• Learn quickly and easily have the ability to abstract and reason critically see relationships between ideas and events.
• Separate classes and enrichment programs can be used for gifted children to satisfy and utilize their intelligence.

Important Points

There are different kinds of method to identify gifted children some of them includes:

• Observation: Observation refers to the act of observing something carefully. It is used to identify gifted children by observing them while asking, drawing, discussing, and behaving individually as well as in groups.
• Intelligence test: Intelligence test is a test designed to determine the relative mental capacity of a person. It identifies gifted children by measuring their intelligence.
• Personality test: These tests are designed to reveal those central aspects of the personality of gifted children that lie in the unconscious mind of an individual.

Hence, it could be concluded that all of the above methods are relevant for identifying gifted children.

CCE stands for Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation. It has been introduced as a school-based system of evaluation by the CBSE in 2009 with the enactment of the Right to Education Act.

Key PointsThe objectives of CCE are:

• to lay emphasis on thought processes and de-emphasize memorization.
• to minimize misclassification of students on the basis of marks and to eliminate unhealthy cut-throat competition among high achievers
• to identify learning progress on a small portion of the content

• to the all-around development of students including cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains.

• to emphasize continuity and regularity of assessment.

• to assess both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's growth.

• to make evaluation an integral part of learning through diagnostic and remedial teaching.

• It refers to all-around development including both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects of a child's growth. The objective of CCE is to make evaluation an integral part of learning through diagnostic and remedial teaching.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that CCE stands for Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation.

Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.

• There are many theories related to intelligence. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human intelligence.

Key Points

• The theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of eight different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'.

This theory emphasizes that:

• intelligence is of several kinds rather than dominated by a general factor.
• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain as each individual has his/her own abilities.
• how cultures shape the potential of the human using Intelligence as a multi-dimensional set of complex abilities.

Important Points

Types of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner in this theory:

Hence, it could be concluded that the theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of eight different kinds of intelligence, is propounded by Howard Gardner.

Additional Information

• The two-factor theory of intelligence was propounded by Charles Spearman. According to his theory, intelligence consists of two factors: ‘g’ and ‘s’, where ‘g’ stands for generalized factor and ‘s’ stands for the specific factor.
• Lev Vygotsky: He was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Thorndike has propounded the Multi-factor theory. According to this theory, Intelligence is said to be constituted of a multitude of separate factors or elements.

The term problematic child stands for that type of child who shows an abnormality in their behavior i.e., the problem in adjusting to their environment.

• The children whose basic needs are not gratified to the extent of causing serious adjustment problems to themselves and the environment become maladjusted and disturbed.
• The other reasons can be their lack of required maturity and understanding for coping with the needs of the environment.

Key Points

• Problematic child falls easy victims to many behavioral problems like nail-biting, thumb-sucking, stealing, lying, depression, pulling or stretching of hairs, negativism, fear of specific objects or things, etc.
• These types of children generally are not capable of adjusting themselves to their environment. Their improper behavioral patterns, frequent quarreling, and fighting make them distant from the peers and other members of their family.
• These children do not feel comfortable in initiating interaction with others and have excessive fear and anxiety. His peers become biased toward them and discriminate against them and start neglecting them.
• These children show more uncontrolled, intensive, and irrational emotions which makes them mentally unstable. They show every emotion like fear, disgust, anger, jealousy, joy, shame, anxiety, envy, hope, etc. in excess or very minimal.
• These children have an inferiority complex and have a very short attention span due to which they are not able to concentrate on their studies. So, they have a lack of interest in the study.

Hence, it could be concluded that Socially adjusted is not a true quality related to a Problem Child.

Development is a general phrase that refers to a number of qualitative and gradual changes. Human development is broken down into several phases, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Key Points

• Adolescence is the period of a person's life when they are neither children nor adults. This stage of life is crucial because what you learn, experience, and develop as a teenager will affect you greatly as an adult.
• In the words of Bigge and Hunt "Change is the one term that best describes adolescence. There is a physical, social, and psychological transformation.
• The word adolescence is derived from the Latin word “adolescere” meaning “to grow up” or “to mature.
• Adolescence is a period of development between the ages of 11 and 19 that is defined by behavioral, emotional, and psychological changes that help people transition from childhood to adulthood.

Hence, it is concluded that "The one word which best characterizes adolescence is Change. The change is physiological, sociological, and psychological." said Bigge and Hunt.

The term "multilingual education" typically refers to "first-language-first" education or instruction that starts in the student's mother tongue before moving on to other languages.

Key Points

• Odisha is a multilingual state having more than 40 ethnic languages among the 62 scheduled tribes, along with Modern Indian Languages like Hindi, Bengali, and Telugu.
• To address the language- education of ethnic minorities children in schools, the Odisha government started a Multilingual Education programme, ten tribal languages in the year 2005.

• In a Mother Tongue based Multilingual Education (MLE) programme, the education starts in the mother tongue and gradually transitions to other languages.
• Tribal children face difficulty learning other languages. They feel comfortable in their own language

Thus, we conclude that multilingual education is for tribal student.

Puberty is the stage of life during which you become biologically and sexually mature. Puberty is often talked about as a period of turbulence and trials because the child begins to develop a sex drive, experience mood swings, develop relationships with people of the same and/or opposite gender, and face different kinds of pressure at home at school.

Key Points

• The word 'puberty' is derived from the Latin word pubertas, meaning adulthood.
• Puberty happens to all individuals – boys and girls. It is the period of 13-19 years of age.
• The body not only grows in size but the features that distinguish boys and girls also develop during these years.
• For a brief period of two or three years, both boys and girls experience what is referred to as a growth spurt.

Thus, it is concluded that The word "puberty" is derived from the Latin word Pubertas.

Intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. It includes the power of adaptation of an individual to his milieu and his ability to learn and abstract thinking.

Key Points P< />erformance test, also known as a non-verbal intelligence test is a test that:

• assesses learners' ability to understand and interpret visual information like pictures or diagrams.

• emphasizes activating learners' logical, spatial, and abstract reasoning to solve a particular task.
• determine the system performance in terms of speed, reliability, and stability under varying workloads.
• Performance testing is the process of analyzing the quality and capability of a product.
• These test results are most helpful to foreigners as knowledge of language is least required in this test.

Thus, we can conclude that performance-based intelligence tests are most useful for foreigners.

The Latin word "movers," which means to move, is where the word "motivation" comes from.

Key Points

• Motivation is an internal energy that prompts rapid behavioral responses.
• It fuels the learner, assists in meeting their requirements, and is an internal component or condition of learning.
• An effective classroom depends on motivated learners. It also encourages creativity and curiosity, which captivates pupils' interest in learning more.
• Students' questions are seen as an indication of a motivated learning environment that makes the classroom more interactive and lively.
• To get the most out of their educational experiences, students are encouraged to ask questions via motivated learning.

Hence, it is concluded that in a motivated learning situation, the learner becomes interested to ask questions

Child-centered teaching puts the student at the center of the educational process. Teachers give students opportunities to learn independently and from one another while also teaching them the necessary skills.

Key PointsChild-centered teaching and learning

• Emphasis on the learning process
• Emphasis on self-learning
• Place a premium on holistic development
• It encourages children to imagine and create, which is a crucial component of education that is focused on them.
• Children have the chance to practice social interaction while they play.

Thus, we concluded that emphasis on classroom teaching is not related to child-centered teaching and learning.

The term 'motivation' is derived from the Latin word 'movere' which means 'to move'. The mechanism of motivation can be regarded as a movement toward the desired object. It refers to the process that guides an individual to achieve a goal.

Key Points

• Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual.
• The motivating factors are external, or outside rewards such as money, grades, praise, prize, recognition, etc.
• These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide.

Thus, it is concluded that Interest is not an example of extrinsic motivation.