OSSTET Science (PCM) Mock Test - 3 - OTET MCQ

• କୌଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ ନିଜସ୍ବ ଅର୍ଥ ଛାଡ଼ି, ଅନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ସହିତ ମିଶି ସ୍ବତନ୍ତ୍ର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ଏହାକୁ ‘ରୂଢ଼ି’ କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ଧାତୁରୁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଢ଼ା ହୁଏ। ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ଗଢ଼ା ହୋଇଥାଏ, ଶବ୍ଦ ତିନି ପ୍ରକାର–ରୂଢ଼, ଯୌଗିକ ଓ ଯୋଗରୂଢ଼।
• ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ପ୍ରକୃତି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟଗତ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ ନ କରି ଭିନ୍ନ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ତାହା ରୂଢ଼ ଶବ୍ଦ।
• ଯଥା— କ୍ଷତ– ତ୍ରୈ + ଅ = କ୍ଷତ୍ର। ‘କ୍ଷତ୍ର’ ଶବ୍ଦର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟୟଗତ ଅର୍ଥ– ଯେ କ୍ଷତରୁ ତ୍ରାଣ କରେ। ମାତ୍ର ଏହାର ସାଧାରଣ ଅର୍ଥ–ଜାତି ବିଶେଷ।
• ରୂଢ଼ି– ବି (ଗୃହ—ତି) ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧି, ଉତ୍ପତ୍ତି, ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପତ୍ତି – ବହିର୍ଭୂତ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶର ଶକ୍ତି।
• ଯଥା: ଅନ୍ଧାରକୁ ଟେକା ପକାଇବା - ଏହି ଖଣ୍ଡବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥ ନୁହେଁ କୌଣସି ଅନ୍ଧାରିଆ ସ୍ଥାନକୁ ଟେକା ଫୋପାଡ଼ିବା।
• ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି କୌଣସି ବିଷୟରେ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଜ୍ଞାନ ବା ଧାରଣା ଅର୍ଜନ ନ କରି କେବଳ ଅନୁମାନକୁ ଭିତ୍ତିକରି କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିବା।
• ଭାବଗତ ସାମ୍ୟ ଯାହା ଥାଉନା କାହିଁକି, ଏଠାରେ ‘ଅନ୍ଧାରକୁ’,‘ଟେକା’ ଓ ‘ପକାଇବା’ ଶବ୍ଦ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଆଭିଧାନିକ ବା ବ୍ୟୁତ୍ପତ୍ତିଗତ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ତ୍ୟାଗକରି ଅଲଗା ଏକ ରୂଢ଼ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରୁଛନ୍ତି।
• ତେଣୁ କୌଣସି ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ ମୂଳ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ଏକ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହେଲେ ତାହାକୁ ରୂଢ଼ି କୁହାଯାଏ।
• ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଭାଷାରେ ଏହାର ଉଦାହରଣ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ। ରୂଢ଼ି ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସରସ, ସୁନ୍ଦର ହୁଏ। ଯୁଗଯୁଗରୁ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସ୍ଵତନ୍ତ୍ର ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନା ନେଇ ଫୁଟି ଉଠିଛନ୍ତି।
• ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷାରେ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ରୂଢ଼ିପ୍ରୟୋଗର ତିନୋଟି ଧାରା ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ।
• ଯଥା: କ୍ରିୟାହୀନ ରୂଢ଼ି (ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ନ ଥାଏ), କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ି (ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ଥାଏ) ଓ ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରୂଢ଼ି (ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ ଉପମାବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଯାଏ)।
• କ୍ରିୟାହୀନ ରୂଢ଼ି: ଅନ୍ଧର ଲଉଡ଼ି–(ଅସହାୟର ସହାୟ) - ଶ୍ରବଣ କୁମାର ବୃଦ୍ଧ ପିତାମାତାଙ୍କର ଅନ୍ଧର ଲଉଡ଼ି ଥିଲେ।
• କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ି: ଆଖିଦେବା/ଦୃଷ୍ଟିପକାଇବା–(ବିଷ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ଦେଖିବା/ଲୋଭ କରିବା) - ପରଦ୍ରବ୍ୟ ପ୍ରତି ଆଖିଦେବା/ଦୃଷ୍ଟି ପକାଇବା ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ।
• ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରୂଢ଼ି: ଏଣ୍ଡୁଅ ପରି ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଙ୍ଗାରିବା– ସେ କିଛି ବୁଝୁ ନ ବୁଝୁ ସବୁବେଳେ ଏଣ୍ଡୁଅ ପରି ମୁଣ୍ଡ ଟୁଙ୍ଗାରୁଥାଏ।

• ଦତ୍ତ 'କୁହୁଡ଼ି ପହଁରିବା' - ରୂଢ଼ିଟିର ପଦ ସଂହତିରେ କ୍ରିୟା ପଦ ଥିବା ହେତୁ ଏହା ଏକ କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ି।
• ଏହି କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ିଟିକୁ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରି ଗୋଟିଏ ଉଦାହରଣ ଦେଖିବା:-
• ଆଜିକାଲିର ନେତାମାନଙ୍କର କଥାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରିବା କୁହୁଡ଼ି ପହଁରିବା ସହିତ ସମାନ।
• ଏହି ବାକ୍ୟଟିରୁ 'ଆଜିକାଲିର ନେତାମାନଙ୍କର କଥାରେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରିବା ବୃଥା ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରିବା ସହିତ ସମାନ, କାରଣ ଆଜିକାଲିର ନେତାମାନଙ୍କର କଥା କେବଳ ଲୋକ ଦେଖଣା ପାଇଁ, ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ତାହା କେବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ' ଅର୍ଥ ଲାଘବ ହେଉଛି।
• ଅତଏବ 'କୁହୁଡ଼ି ପହଁରିବା' – କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ିଟି 'ବୃଥା ପରିଶ୍ରମ' ଅର୍ଥକୁ ସାଧନ କରୁଅଛି।

• ଅନ୍ୟ ବିକଳ୍ପ ଗୁଡିକ 'କୁହୁଡ଼ି ପହଁରିବା' କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ିଟିର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ରୂଢ଼ ଅର୍ଥକୁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତ କରିବା ନିମିତ୍ତ ଅସମର୍ଥ ହେତୁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଉତ୍ତର ନୁହଁ।

• ସାହିତ୍ୟକୁ ସରସ, ସୁନ୍ଦର ଓ ରମଣୀୟ କରିବାକୁ ଯେଉଁ ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟବର୍ଦ୍ଧକ ଉପାଦାନ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ହୁଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଅଳଙ୍କାର କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହା ବାକ୍ୟର ଶୋଭା ବୃଦ୍ଧି କରେ ।
• ପାଠକ ପ୍ରାଣକୁ ଆମୋଦିତ କରେ । ବସ୍ତୁତଃ ଅଳଙ୍କାର (ସୌନ୍ଦର୍ଯ୍ୟତତ୍ତ୍ୱ) ହେଉଛି ସାହିତ୍ୟର ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟ, ତଦ୍ଦ୍ୱାରା କାବ୍ୟ କବିତା ରମଣୀୟ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।
• କାବ୍ୟର ଅଳଙ୍କାରକୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦୁଇଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଏ । ଯଥା- ଶବ୍ଦାଳଙ୍କାର ଓ ଅର୍ଥାଳଙ୍କାର ।
• ଯାହାଦ୍ଵାରା ଶବ୍ଦ ସରସ, ସୁନ୍ଦର ଓ ଶ୍ରୁତିମଧୁର ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ଶବ୍ଦାଳଙ୍କାର କୁହାଯାଏ । ଯଥା— ଯମକ, ଅନୁପ୍ରାସ, ଶ୍ଳେଷ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ।
• ଯାହାଦ୍ଵାରା ଅର୍ଥ ରମଣୀୟ ଓ ଚିତ୍ତାକର୍ଷକ ହୁଏ ତାହାକୁ ଅର୍ଥାଳଙ୍କାର କୁହାଯାଏ । ଉପମା, ଉତ୍‌ପ୍ରେକ୍ଷା, ରୂପକ, ବ୍ୟତିରେକ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଅର୍ଥାଳଙ୍କାର ।

• ଉପମାନ ଓ ଉପମେୟ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଭେଦ କଳ୍ପିତ/କଥିତ ହେଲେ ଏବଂ ଉପମେୟରେ ଉପମାନର ଆରୋପ ହେଲେ ରୂପକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ହୁଏ।
• ରୂପକ ଅଳଙ୍କାରରେ ଉପମାନ ଓ ଉପମେୟର ଅଭେଦ କଳ୍ପନା କରାଯାଇଥାଏ।
• ଉଦାହରଣ- ଦରିଦ୍ରତା-ପଙ୍କପୂର୍ଣ ମୋ ଜୀବନ-ସର, ଜଞ୍ଜାଳ-ଜଳଦ-ଜଳେ ଆବିଳ ଉଦର [ ତପସ୍ୱିନୀ – ଗଙ୍ଗାଧର ମେହେର ] ।
• ଏହି ପଦରେ ‘ଦରିଦ୍ରତା’ରେ ‘ପଙ୍କ’ର ଆରୋପଣ ହେତୁ ‘ଜୀବନ’ ଓ ଜଞ୍ଜାଳ’ରେ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ 'ସର’, ‘ଜଳଦ-ଜଳ’ର ଆରୋପ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
• ଠିକ ସେହିପରି ଦତ୍ତ 'କଳୁଷ - ପଙ୍କେ ମୁହିଁ କେତେ ମଳିନ ​କେମନ୍ତେ ସରି ତୋର ହେବି ନଳିନ ।' - ରେ ରୂପକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ବ୍ୟବହୃତ। ଏହି ପଦ୍ୟାଂଶଟି କବି ଭକ୍ତକବି ମଧୁସୂଦନଙ୍କ 'ପଦ୍ମ' କାବ୍ୟରୁ ଉଦ୍ଧୃତ।
• ଏଠାରେ କଳୁଷ ଓ ପଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅଭେଦ କଳ୍ପନା କରାଯାଇଛି ଏବଂ କଳୁଷ ଯାହା ପଙ୍କ ତାହା ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଇଛି । ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ କଳୁଷ ଓ ପଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ଭେଦନାହିଁ - ଦୁହେଁ ଏକ ବସ୍ତୁ ବୋଲି କଳ୍ପନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।

• ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦ ଦୁଇ ବା ତହିଁରୁ ଅଧୁକ ଭିନ୍ନାର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ସେଠାରେ ଶ୍ଳେଷ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ହୁଏ । ଯେଉଁ ଶବ୍ଦ ଏକାଧିକ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରୁଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଶ୍ଳିଷ୍ଟପଦ କୁହାଯାଏ ।
• ପ୍ରକୃତ ବସ୍ତୁରେ (ଉପମେୟରେ) ଅପ୍ରକୃତ ବସ୍ତୁ (ଉପମାନ)ର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ବା ତର୍କଣା କରାଗଲେ ଉତ୍‌ପ୍ରେକ୍ଷା ଅଳଙ୍କାର ହୁଏ ।
• ଏହି ଅଳଙ୍କାରରେ ‘କି, ସତେକି, ସିନା, ସତେ, ଅବା, କିବା, ବା, ବୋଧେ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଉତ୍‌ପ୍ରେକ୍ଷାବାଚକ ଶବ୍ଦ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ।
• ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଉପମାନ, ଉପମେୟ ସମାନଧର୍ମ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟ (ପରି, ତୁଲ୍ୟ, ସଦୃଶ, ଯେହ୍ନେ, ଯେସନ, ସରି, ଯଥା ପ୍ରଭୃତି) ସାଧାରଣବୋଧକ ଶବ୍ଦଦ୍ଵାରା ଅଭିହିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ, ସେଠାରେ ଉପମା ଅଳଙ୍କାର ହୁଏ ।

• 'ଷତ୍ଵ' ବିଧି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ 'ଅ' ବା 'ଆ' ପରେ 'ସ' ଥିଲେ 'ସ'ର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ।
• ଯଥା: ଆସ୍ତିକ - ଆ ସ୍ ତ୍ ଇ କ୍ ଅ - ଆ ପରେ 'ସ୍' ଅଛି।
• ପୁନଶ୍ଚ 'ଇ', 'ଈ', 'ଉ', 'ଊ', 'ଏ', 'ଐ', 'ଔ', ପରେ 'ଷ୍' ଲାଗେ।
• ଯଥା: ନିଷାଦ - ନ୍ ଇ ଷ ଆ ଦ୍ ଅ - 'ଇ' ପରେ 'ଷ୍' ଅଛି।

• ଏଠାରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ବିକଳ୍ପଗୁଡିକ ମଧ୍ୟରେ 'ବିସୂଚିକା' ଶବ୍ଦଟି 'ଷତ୍ଵ' ବିଧି ନିୟମର ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ।
• କେତେକ ସ୍ଥଳରେ ଏପରି ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ ଘଟିଥାଏ, ଆହୁରି ଉଦାହରଣ - ଅନୁସନ୍ଧାନ, ଅନୁସରଣ, ବିସ୍ମରଣ, ବିସର୍ଗ, ବିସ୍ତାର।
• ପୁରୁଷ, ପ୍ରସାଦ ଓ ଔଷଧ - ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ 'ଷତ୍ଵ' ବିଧି ନିୟମ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଗଠିତ।

• ପୁରୁଷ - ପ୍ ଉ ର୍ ଉ ଷ୍ ଅ - 'ଉ' ପରେ 'ଷ୍' ଅଛି।
• ପ୍ରସାଦ - ପ୍ ର୍ ଅ ସ୍ ଆ ଦ୍ ଅ - ଅ ପରେ 'ସ୍' ଅଛି।
• ଔଷଧ - ଔ ଷ୍ ଅ ଧ୍ ଅ - 'ଔ' ପରେ 'ଷ୍' ଅଛି।

The correct answer is 'brush'.

Key Points

• Silent letters are letters that you can't hear when you say the word, but that are there when you write the word.
• In the word Mnemonic, the first letter i.e. 'm' is silent. So we will pronounce it as 'nemonic'.
• In the word wreath, the letter 'w' is silent. it is pronounced as 'reath'.
• In the word hymn, the letter 'n' is silent. It is pronounced as 'hym'.
• Thus, option 3 i.e. brush is the most appropriate choice.

Additional Information

Let's look at the meaning of the following words

• Mnemonic -
  A system such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations which assists in remembering something.
  • for eg - The usual mnemonic for star types is 'O Be A Fine Girl Kiss Me'.
• Wreath - A
  n arrangement of flowers, leaves or stems fastened in a ring and used for decoration or for laying on a grave.
  • For eg - The Queen laid a wreath at the Cenotaph
• Hymn - A religious song or poem of praise to God or a god.

Important Points

Characteristics of silent letters:

• Silent letters can distinguish between homophones. This is an aid to readers already familiar with both words.
  • for eg - in/inn; be/bee; lent/leant.
• Silent letters may give an insight into the meaning or origin of a word,
  • for e.g - vineyard suggests vines more than the phonetic 'vinyard' would.
• Silent letters help to show long vowels
  • for e.g - rid/ride
• Silent letters help to show 'hard' consonants
  • for e.g - guest/gest
• They can help to connect different forms of the same word
  • for e.g - resign/resignation.

The correct answer -brush

The correct answer is - "Weavers"

Key Points

• From the given options, the most appropriate answer is "weavers"​.
• Throughout the poem, the poet points out weaver, like how weaver weave and what he/she weave, their weaving timings, etc.
• By reading the poem once as a whole, we get to know that it is about weavers who weave clothes.
• Thus, Option 1 is correct option.

The correct solution is 'discomfort'.

Key Points

• The word comfort can be found from the fifth sentence, ' Many parents work hard so that they can provide comfort and stability to their children'
• The word comfort means 'a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint.'
• The word which is opposite to 'comfort' would be 'discomfort' which means 'mental or physical uneasiness'
• Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

CONCEPT:

Doppler effect:

• If the source or the observer or both move with respect to the medium, then the frequency observed may be different from the frequency of the source.
• This apparent change in frequency of the wave due to the motion of the source or the observer is called the Doppler Effect.
• The apparent frequency of the sound experienced by the observer, when the observer is stationary and the source is moving is

• The apparent frequency of the sound experienced by the observer, when the source is stationary and the observer is moving is

Where, v = speed of sound in the medium, ν ’= apparent frequency, νo = natural frequency and u = speed of the source.

EXPLANATION:

• From the above equation, it is clear that the apparent frequency does not depend on the distance between source and observer. Therefore option 4 is correct.
• Hence, the frequency will remain the same irrespective of change in the distance if all the other factors are constant.

The correct answer is Similar and Dissimilar atoms.

Key Points

• A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of atoms. electrons in equal proportion from both the atoms that are involved in the bond formation.
• It is basically about the involvement of the electrons and they are known as Bounding electrons or shared electrons.
• A covalent bond is also known as a molecular bond which involves the bonding of electrons between two similar or dissimilar atoms.
• Covalently bonded compounds do not have free electrons, so they do not conduct electric current.​

Additional Information

• In Similar atoms, the bond between two Hydrogen atoms forms a Hydrogen molecule.
• Similar molecules are possible for atoms to bond together in identical proportions to form different molecules. Such molecules are called isomers.
• In dissimilar atoms, One Oxygen atom joins with two Hydrogen atoms to form a Water molecule.

Concept:

Bohr's atomic model.

• The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits with discrete energy, i.e, the energy is quantized.
• The radius of the orbits is also fixed and depends on the principal quantum number n.
• When electrons are supplied with energy, they jump to higher orbitals.
• The angular momentum of the electrons is quantized and given by

.

• The frequency of light ν required to transition of an electron that differs in energy by

where hν'' and hν' is the energy of higher and lower orbitals respectively.

• The Energy of an electron in a stationary orbit is given by:

Explanation:

The principal quantum number n and size of orbitals :

• This quantum number designated as ' n ' gives the number of major energy shells or orbit to which an electron belongs.
• It can have any positive whole number values excluding zero.
• The number ' n ' thus can have infinite positive values.
• The value of ' n ' represents the shells that are designated by capital letters K, L, M, N.
• The principal quantum number determines the distance of the electron from the nucleus.
• A lower value of ' n ' represents that the electron is nearer to the nucleus.
• On increasing the value of ' n ', the size of the orbital will also increase then.

Thus, ' n ' represents the size of the orbits.

Hence, the Principal quantum number determines the size of the orbital.

Additional Information

Concept:

A-1 =

Explanation:

We are given A =

On finding its determinant, we get,

|A| = 0(0 - 0) - 0(0 - 0) + 1(0 -1) = -1

⇒|A| = -1.

Now,

Finding the cofactors of A, we get,

A₁₁ = = 0, A₁₂ = = 0, A₁₃ = = -1

A₂₁ = = 0, A₂₂ = = -1, A₂₃ = = 0

A₃₁ = = -1, A₃₂ = = 0, A₃₃ = = 0

i.e. adj(A) =

⇒ adj(A) =

Since, A^-1 =

⇒A^-1 =

⇒A^-1 = = A

​​Concept:

Simple Harmonic Motion or SHM is a specific type of oscillation in which the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle from the mean position.

• Kinetic energy = mω²(A² - x²)
• Potential energy = mω²x²
• Total energy = mω²A²
• Where, m = mass, A = amplitude, ω = angular frequency, x = displacement of the particle

​​Calculation:

Given that the displacement is equal to one-third of the amplitude, x = 1/3A

Then, Kinetic energy = 1/2mω²(A² - (1/3A) ²) = 8/9 x 1/2 mω²A² --- (1)

Potential energy = 1/2mω²(1/3A)² = 1/9 x 1/2 mω²A² --- (2)

From equation 1 and 2, the ratio of potential energy to kinetic energy is

Concept:

• To name the given carboxylic acids according to IUPAC rules,
• the -COOH group gets the least priority.
• The numbering should start with the -COOH carbon.
• The rest of the functional groups can be considered substituents.

Explanation:

• The given compound is shown below:

• To name it according to IUPAC rules, the numbering order is shown below:

• The substituent Bromo at the third carbon and the substituent nitro group at the second carbon will become the prefixes.
• The secondary suffix is -oic acid due to the -COOH group.
• The primary suffix is the -ane as there is no unsaturation in the given compound.
• Hence, the IUPAC name of the compound becomes:

.

Concept:

• Kolbe's electrolysis is the reaction in which decarboxylation takes place along with the formation of an alkane by passing electricity through sodium/potassium carboxylate salts.

Explanation:

The given reactant molecule is sodium acetate.

• Through this salt solution when electricity is passed then at the cathode hydrogen gas is released.
• At the anode, ethane gas is formed.

The overall reaction is as shown below:

This reaction proceeds through the free radical mechanism.

The chemical reaction at the cathode is shown below:

The chemical reaction at the anode is shown below:

There fore we can conclude that ethane is produced on the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium acetate.

Given:

Maclaurin series is given by

Concept Used:

Maclaurin's theorem states that:

Explanation:

we have the Maclaurin series as

It can be observed from the given series that values of f (0), f'(0), f'''(0) and so on are zero.
So, we can obtain from the option that only sin x² can fulfill this condition.
So, let us start solving by taking f(x) = sin x²
⇒f (0) = 0, f'(0) = 0
⇒f''(0) = 2{cos x² - 2x² sin x²} = 2

Hence, we have f(x) =

Option 4 is correct.

Concept:

• Electric Flux is the total number of electric field lines passing through a given area in a unit of time is defined as the electric flux.
  • ​
• Electric flux is a scalar quantity.
• Gauss’s law for states that the flux of the net electric field through a closed surface is equal to the net charge enclosed by the surface divided by ϵ₀
  • 
• From Gauss’s law, the electric flux ϕ across any closed surface is
  • 
• Where, q_in = total charge placed inside the closed surface, ϵ₀ is the permittivity of air.

Calculation:

Given, totally charge placed inside the closed surface, qin = 3q + (- 3q) = 0

From gauss's law, the flux of the electric field due to the charges through the surface of the shell is

Concept:

• A wave is a disturbance that carries energy and transfers from one place to another place.
• The displacement wave can be described by the equation:
• y = A sin (ωt - kx ) --- (1)
• Where, A = amplitude, ω = angular frequency, k = wave number
• Wavelength is the distance between successive crests or troughs of a wave.
  • λ=2π/k
• Frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time.
• It is the reciprocal of the period, or time interval.
• The relation between frequency and angular frequency is
  • ​v = ω/2π

Calculation:

Given equation of wave y = 60 sin π/3 (6t − x)

⇒ y = 60 sin (2πt - π/3x)

Then, after comparing from equation 1

Amplitude, A = 60, angular frequency, ω = 2π, wave number, k = π/3

Then, Wavelength, ​​

Also, Frequency,v = ω/2π =  2π/2π = 1

Concept:

• Convex Lens is a type of converging lens that converges light rays going parallel to its axis.
• The focal length of a convex lens is the distance from the lens’s centre to the focus.
• Lens formula
• Where, u = object distance, v = image distance, f = focal length
• For quadratic equation - ax² + bx + c = 0 ---- (1)
• The value of x is real if b² - 4ac ≥ 0

Calculation:

Let the distance between the object and its real image is D and the distance of image from the lens be v.

Then the distance of object from the lens, u = - (D - v)

From lens formula,

⇒ fD = vD - v²

⇒ v² - vD + fD = 0

After comparing equation 1

a = 1, b = - D, c = fD

For image to be real b² - 4ac ≥ 0

(-D)² - 4 × 1 × fD ≥ 0

⇒ D ≥ 4f

Concept:

• The carbon atom bearing a negative charge is called a carbanion.
• The stability of carbanion can be explained based on resonance, -I effect.

Explanation:

• The stability of phenylmethanide increases with -I groups if attached to the aromatic ring.
• Among the given molecules, groups are electron donating groups.
• So they destabilise the given carbanion.
  
• The compound is stabilised by resonance.

Hence, it is more stable among the given compounds.

Concept:

• The acidity of the given compound depends on the stability of its conjugate base.
• The conjugate base of an acid is formed by losing a proton by the acid.

Explanation:

• The given compounds are:
• Methyl alcohol, phenol and p-nitrophenol.
• The stability of their conjugate bases increases by resonance.
• The -I groups also increase the stability of the carbanions.
• The order of stability of the conjugate bases of the given compounds is shown below:
• p-nitrophenol>phenol>methyl alcohol.
• 
• Hence, the acidity order is p-nitrophenol>phenol>methyl alcohol.

Concept Used:
for any function f(x) if g(f(x) = x then g is called inverse of f(x).

Calculation:
f(x) = 3x-2/5
Let f(x) = y
⇒ y = 3x-2/5
⇒ 5y = 3x - 2
⇒ x = 5y+2/3
Hence, f^-1(x) = 5x+2/3.

Teaching-learning strategies refer to the structure, system, methods, techniques, procedures, and processes that a teacher uses during instruction. These are strategies the teacher employs to assist student learning.

Key Points

• Learning is a continuous process and it continues to occur even after we grow old. But the most significant part of our learning occurs in schools.
• Passive imitation strategy is the strategy that a teacher should avoid while facilitating learning among students as it is not effective in learning as, through passive imitation, one only acquires the style of another person while the knowledge, logic, and technique are left behind.

​Thus, it is concluded that Passive imitation strategy should a teacher avoid while facilitating learning among students.

​ Additional Information

• A concept map is a diagram or graphical tool that visually represents relationships between concepts and ideas.
• Discovery learning is a technique of inquiry-based learning and is considered a constructivist based approach to education.
• Intuitive guessing means going with one's first instinct and reaching decisions quickly based on automatic cognitive processes. This type of guessing encourages students to think divergently.

Some of the theories presented by the proponents of multiple intelligences are excessive and have too many constructs to account for the explanation of intelligence. Guilford’s Structure-of-Intellect (SOI) Model is such a multiple intelligences theory.Key Points

• Guilford believed that intelligence was not a monolithic, global attribute but a combination of multiple abilities, which were relatively independent. He applied the factor analytic method to study these mental abilities.
• In 1956, the first version of the Structure-of-Intellect (SOI) model was presented. The structure of intellect defines intelligence as a systematic collection of abilities
  or functions for processing different kinds of items of information in various ways.
• Originally the SOI model included four types of mental contents dimension (figural, symbolic, semantic, and behavioural), five types of operations dimension
  (cognition, memory, evaluation, convergent production and divergent production), and six types of products dimension (units, classes, relations, systems, transformations and implications), thus resulting in 120 factors, with over 100 having been empirically verified.

Hence, it can be concluded that Guilford has given 120 mental abilities.

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently.

There are different kinds of teaching-learning methods which makes learning a fruitful process and student-centered approach is one of them.

• The student-centered approach emphasizes the child's active involvement in the construction of knowledge.
• In these learning methods, teachers facilitate students by providing them with the proper environment and materials to learn at their own pace.

Key-Points

The student-centered approach includes:

Hint

• Demonstration Method: It is a strategy in which a teacher demonstrates concepts and students learn by observing and improving understanding through visual analysis.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Demonstration method is not suitable for student-centered approach.

"Abraham Maslow" was a ​Humanistic psychologist who proposed the "Hierarchical Needs Theory". He claimed that needs are structured in steps that resemble a ladder. He suggested a hierarchy of demands, starting with physiology and progressing to self-transcendence. Basic survival needs or lower order needs come first, followed by higher order demands. A higher-order need will arise as a lower-order need is met and take on greater significance in life.

Key PointsMaslow’s hierarchy of needs:​

Hence, we can conclude that Education is not an element of Maslow's Hierarchical Needs Theory.

Whenever the measurement of individual differences is considered, intelligence is also viewed in the same context. Measuring intelligence means measuring the mental ability of the child or finding out which mental abilities are there and how much.

Key Points

• Performance intelligence is also known as the Non-Verbal Intelligence test.
• Performance intelligence taps the ability to analyze visual information and solve problems without necessarily using words.
• Performance intelligence is measured by Picture Arrangement.
• In this test, the tasks may involve the ability to recognize visual sequences, understand and recognize the relationships between visual concepts and situations, as well as perform visual analogies.

Hence, we can conclude that performance intelligence is measured by Picture Arrangement.

Emotional Development: It is one of major aspects of human development. Emotions like love, anger, fear, etc. play a great role in the development of a child’s personality. It can be expressed in various ways, like facial expressions on the face, like gestures, like volume and tone of speech, by the behavioral display or motives of a person. There is no moment in our life when we do not experience emotions. They can result from a variety of external or internal stimulations.

Characteristics of emotions:

• Emotions are prevalent in every living organism.
• Emotions are present at all stages of development.
• Emotions rise abruptly but die slowly.
• Emotions play a role in the shaping of the future behavior of an individual.
• Emotions help in effective interaction with others

Important Points

Primary emotions:

• Happiness: When we are able to achieve something that makes us feel pleasurable and elated. It is a feeling of joy that is experienced when we are content, gratified, and satisfied with our life.
• Fear: Any situation that induces a feeling of terror or threat to one’s wellbeing causes fear. Fear plays an important role in survival as it motivates the person to protect him or herself. There is an increase in heart rate, respiration rate and the body muscles become tense.
• Sadness: Sadness is another emotion that is characterized by feelings of discontentment, grief, and unhappiness. The person may feel frustrated due to certain failures in life or personal loss and a condition of apathy may occur. The person feels dull, low, disinterested in things around him or her. The person feels hopeless and disappointed.
• Anger: When we are unable to reach our goals, it causes frustration that provokes anger. Sometimes when people do things that are unjust or hurt us with verbal insults or physically hurting us, then it instigates one to get angry. There can be various reasons behind the feeling of anger and the expression of anger may also vary across age groups and gender.
• Surprise: Surprise is a very brief emotion that is generally very intense. It is a response to a stimulus that may be unexpected, maybe pleasant, or unpleasant and it leads to a state of startle. The person may display it by raised eyebrows or dilated pupils, loud screams or gasp, jumping behavior, or opening of the mouth.
• Disgust: When we are faced with a situation or environment that is unhygienic or repulsive insight or evokes a smell then it produces disgust. Generally, in disgust, the person shows a nose crunch and moves away from the annoying stimulus in order to avoid experiencing the unpleasantness.

Hence, we can conclude that happiness is being experienced by Reena.

Assessment tool refers to the technique or method of evaluating information to determine an individual's knowledge and learning.

• A qualitative assessment tool measures the quality or effectiveness of the learning in detail rather than just measuring the amount of knowledge.

Key Points

• A qualitative assessment is based on the knowledge, wisdom, and experience of the assessment team members.
• The observation technique of evaluation is said to be a subjective technique to assess the students on different process skills as it is a qualitative assessment tool in which teachers:
  • observe students' behavior such as bodily gestures, facial expressions, etc.
  • observe students while asking, drawing, discussing, and behaving individually as well as in groups.
  • establish friendly relationships with students to observe them effectively to get realistic information.
  • don't let the students realize that they are under observation that's why students act naturally which leads to qualitative observation.

Hence, it is concluded that an example of commonly employed qualitative assessment tool is observation.

The term "co-curriculum" describes the extracurricular pursuits and educational opportunities offered in addition to the formal academic program. In order to provide a well-rounded education, academic achievement is a crucial component of school life. It is complemented by a large and interesting co-curriculum.

• Co-curricular activities are those that allow for the curricular or primary syllabus activities to be supplemented and enhanced.
• These are essential components of educational institutions that help students develop their personalities and enhance classroom learning.
  These events are planned outside of regular school hours and are therefore referred to as extracurricular activities or other curricular activities.
• Co-curricular activities span a broad spectrum to support a child's cultural, social, and aesthetic growth.
• Co-curricular activities help students develop their minds and personalities in a variety of ways, including in the intellectual, emotional, social, moral, and artistic realms. The results of extracurricular activities include the dimensions of personality development such as creativity, enthusiasm, and energetic, positive thinking

Hence, it is concluded that Co-curricular activities are also known as other curricular activities.

With a view to enhancing enrollment, retention, and attendance and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August 1995, initially in 2408 blocks in the country.

Key Points

• The midday meal scheme refers to the government of India program introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunch.
• The Mid-day Meal Scheme is the Government of India's school meal program intended to improve the nutritional status of school-age children nationwide.
• The program provides free working day lunches for children in government and aided primary and upper primary classes, the scheme also provides free meals for children in educational institutions of government assistance, local bodies.

Thus, we conclude that a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on school education is Mid-Day Meal scheme.

Learning is facilitated through the use of metacognitive strategies that identify, monitor, and regulate cognitive processes. Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

Key Points Law of Assimilation of response by Analogy:

• Learners have different strategies, approaches, patterns of abilities, and learning styles that are a function of the interaction between their heredity and their prior experiences to see similarities and differences and generate analogies.
• It is the tendency to respond automatically as responded in the past. A young child responds to a new situation on the basis of the response made by him/her in a similar situation as in the past.

​Thus, we can conclude that the process of establishing a new fact from given facts is known as Analog.

Additional Information

• Deductive approach includes: -It goes right to the point, which can save time. Many principles, particularly rules of form, may be stated simply and swiftly, allowing greater time for practice and application.
• Inductive approach includes: - Induction is the form of reasoning in which a general law or principle is derived from a study of particular objects or specific processes.
• Imagery :- Imagery may be defined as the representation of sense experience through language. The word 'image' often suggests a mental picture, and visual imagery is the most frequent kind of imagery in literary writings.