OSSTET (TGT Arts) Mock Test - 2 - OTET MCQ

1) ଗୌଣ କର୍ମପରେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ କର୍ମ ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

• ଯେ କ୍ରିୟାସାଧନ କରେ ସେ କର୍ତ୍ତା
• କ୍ରିୟାସାଧନରେ କର୍ତ୍ତାର ଯାହା ଅଭିଳଷିତ ଓ କରଣୀୟ ତାକୁ ବ୍ୟାକରଣରେ କର୍ମ କୁହାଯାଏ
• ଯେଉଁ କ୍ରିୟା 2ଟି କର୍ମ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାଏ ତାହାକୁ ଦ୍ଵିକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା କୁହାଯାଏ
• ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ଵିକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟାପଦ ଥିଲେ 1) ଗୌଣ କର୍ମପରେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ କର୍ମ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ

Additional Information

• ଆମେ ସକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟାକୁ ଦ୍ଵିକର୍ମକ କ୍ରିୟା ଭଳି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଇପାରିବ
• ବାକ୍ୟରେ 2ଟି କର୍ମ ଥିଲେ 'କାହାକୁ' ର ଉତ୍ତରଟି ଗୌଣ କର୍ମ ଓ 'କଣ' ଉତ୍ତରଟି ପ୍ରଧାନ୍/ମୁଖ୍ୟ କର୍ମ ହୋଇଥାଏ

2) ଅମାନ୍ୟ କରିବା ସଠିକ୍‍ ଉତ୍ତର

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା :

କୌଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ ନିଜ ଅର୍ଥ ଛାଡି , ଅନ୍ୟ ଶବ୍ଦ ସହ ମିଶି ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ ତାହାକୁ 'ରୂଢି' କୁହାଯାଏ

ପ୍ରଥମେ ବିକଳ୍ପ ଅର୍ଥ ଗୁଡିକର ରୂଢି ଜାଣିବା -

1. ସୁନାମ ଅର୍ଜନ କରିବା - ନାଁ କରିବା
2. ଅମାନ୍ୟ କରିବା - ତଳେ ପକାଇବା
3. ଛୋଟ କଥାକୁ ବଡ କରିବା - ତିଳ କୁ ତାଳ କରିବା
4. ଯଶ ରଖିବା - ନାଁ ରଖିବା

ତେଣୁ ତଳେ ପକାଇବା -ଏହି ରୂଢିର ଅର୍ଥ 2) ଅମାନ୍ୟ କରିବାAdditional Information

• ଓଡିଆ ଭାଷାରେ ପ୍ରଚଳିତ ରୂଢି 3 ପ୍ରକାରର ହୋଇଥାଏ
• କ୍ରିୟାହୀନ , କ୍ରିୟାଯୁକ୍ତ , ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି 'ଶୋଷିତ ଓ ଅବହେଳିତ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ'।
Key Points

• ଦତ୍ତ ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦରେ ଲିଖିତ ଯେ; ନିଜେ ଜୀବନରେ ଅଜସ୍ର ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ସହିଥିବାରୁ ସମାଜର ଶୋଷିତ, ଲାଞ୍ଛିତ ଓ ଅବହେଳିତଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କ ଅନ୍ତରର ଦରଦ ଓ ସହାନୁଭୂତି ଥିଲା ଅସୀମ ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦର ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣିତ ଅଂଶରୁ ଏହା ପରୋକ୍ଷ ରୂପେ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଯେ, ସମାଜର ଶୋଷିତ ଓ ଅବହେଳିତ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ ପ୍ରତି ଫକୀର ମୋହନଙ୍କର ​ବିଶେଷ ସହାନୁଭୂତି ଥିଲା।
• ଜନ୍ମରୁ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଫକୀର ମୋହନଙ୍କର ଜୀବନ ଥିଲା ଝଡ଼ଝଞ୍ଜା ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ।
• ସେ ଏକାଧିକବାର ଜୀବନ ସଙ୍କଟରୁ ଅପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଶିତ ଭାବରେ ରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଥିଲେ।
• ତାଙ୍କର ଆତ୍ମୀୟ ଓ ଇତରଲୋକମାନେ ବହୁବାର ତାଙ୍କୁ ତାଚ୍ଛଲ୍ୟ, ଅବହେଳା, ଈର୍ଷା ଓ ବିଶ୍ଵାସଘାତକତା କରିଥିଲେ।
• ତଥାପି ସେ ନିଜ ସାହିତ୍ୟ ସାଧନାରୁ ପଛେଇ ନ ଥିଲେ ବରଂ ମଣିଷ ଚରିତ୍ର ଓ ତା'ର ସମାଜ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ ଚିତ୍ତରେ ସଞ୍ଚିତ କରିଥିଲେ ବହୁ ତିକ୍ତ - ମଧୁର ଅନୁଭୂତି।
• ନିଜେ ଜୀବନରେ ଅଜସ୍ର ଯନ୍ତ୍ରଣା ସହିଥିବାରୁ ସମାଜର ଶୋଷିତ, ଲାଞ୍ଛିତ ଓ ଅବହେଳିତଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କ ଅନ୍ତରର ଦରଦ ଓ ସହାନୁଭୂତି ଥିଲା ଅସୀମ ।

ସଠିକ ଉତ୍ତର ହେଉଛି- ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ

Key Points

• ଗୋଟିଏ ମାତ୍ର ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ଥିବା ବାକ୍ୟକୁ ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ । ଯଥା- ଫୁଲ ଫୁଟିଛି, ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସକାଳୁ ଉଏଁ ।
• ବାକ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ଅର୍ଥବୋଧକ ପଦସଂହତିର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସମାହାର । ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ କଳା ଓ ପ୍ରକାର୍ଯ୍ୟରୁ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ ।
• ଗଠନ ରୂପରେ ବାକ୍ୟ ଚାରିଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ । ସେଗୁଡିକ ହେଉଛି- ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ, ଯୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ, ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ ଓ ମିଶ୍ର ବାକ୍ୟ ।
• ବାକ୍ୟର ରୂପକୁ ନେଇ ବାକ୍ୟ ବିଭାଗୀକରଣ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

ଯଥାର୍ଥତା:

• ଉପରୋକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟଟି ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ ଅଟେ ।
• ଉକ୍ତ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ମାତ୍ର ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ରହିଛି । ତାହା ହେଉଛି ଦଣ୍ଡ ପାଇଲା ।
• ଉକ୍ତ କ୍ରିୟା ଦ୍ବାରା ବାକ୍ୟ ସମାପନ ହେବା ସହ ସଂମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଉଛି ।

Additional Information

• ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଯେତେଗୁଡିଏ ଅସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଯଦି ଗୋଟିଏ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ଥାଏ, ତେବେ ତାହା ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ ।
• ବାକ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ସମାପିକା କ୍ରିୟା ଅଛି । ତେଣୁ ତାହା ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ ହୋଇପାରିବ ।

The correct answer is 'conscience'.

Key Points

• Let us explore the meanings of the given idioms:
  • Conscience: the part of your mind that tells you if what you are doing is right or wrong. (स्‍वयं के कर्म के अच्‍छे या बुरे होने का ज्ञान; अंतःकरण, अंतश्‍चेतना)
  • Conscientious: (used about people) careful to do something correctly and well. ((व्‍यक्ति) ईमानदार, कर्तव्यनिष्‍ठ)
  • Consanguineous: relating to or denoting people descended from the same ancestor. (एक ही पूर्वज के वंशजों से संबंधित या उन्हें निरूपित करना)
  • Conscious: able to see, hear, feel, etc. things; awake. (सजग, सचेत; होश में, जगा हुआ)
• We need a noun after the adjective 'my'.
• Conscientious, Consanguineous, and Conscious are adjectives.
• Therefore, the correct answer is "conscience" which is a noun.
  

Correct sentence: I always listen to my conscience before taking a decision on any matter.

The correct answer is - "the queen's marriage veil"

Key Points

• From the given options, the most appropriate answer is "the queen's marriage veil".
• From the 7th or 8th line, "Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green, We weave the marriage-veils of a queen", we get a sense that weaver weave queen's veil that is looking like plumes of peacock.
• Veil means pardah or part of clothe by which women cover their face.
• Thus, Option 3 is correct option.

• The Allahabad Inscription also known as the Prayag Prashasti was an inscription composed by Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta.
• The inscription lists all the political and military achievements of Samudragupta during his reign.
• The inscription is located below the edicts of Asoka, the great emperor of the Mauryan dynasty who reigned in the 3^rd century BCE.

The correct answer is Option 2 i.e. Harmattan.

• Harmattan or the Doctor wind is an Easterly or North-Easterly wind that blows in West Africa in Tropic of Cancer.
  • It blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea.
  • It is called Doctor Wind as due to its excessive dryness it kills the pests, germs, etc. This helps in a reduction in diseases.
  • Though humidity drops to as low as 15%, which can result in spontaneous nosebleeds for some people.
• Sirocco is a warm, dry, and dust-laden local wind that blows in a northerly direction from Sahara desert over North Africa as a dry wind and crosses the Mediterranean sea. It picks up moisture from the Mediterranean sea and causes rainfall in southern Europe. Since they carry red dust over Sahara, the rainfall which they cause is called blood rain sometimes.
• Chinook is a hot and dry wind. It crosses Rockies Mountain from west to east. As it moves down of the mountain slope it becomes hot which in turn melts the snowfield on those areas, helps in agricultural activity. That’s why it is called Snow eaters.
• Solano is a hit and moist wind. It blows from Sahara to the Iberian Peninsula.

• Meridians- Meridians are semi-great circles on the surface of the earth, joining the two poles. The other half of the same great circle forms yet another meridian. All meridians intersect the equator and parallels of latitude at 90°. Since the meridians join the poles, all meridians run North-South.
• Prime Meridian- Prime meridian is the meridian that passes through Greenwich where the Royal Observatory of Britain is located. A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0^o. The other meridians are named East or West from the prime meridian. Together, a prime meridian and it’s anti-meridian (the 180^th meridian in a 360^o system) form a great circle.
• Internation and Indian Time Zone- The earth rotates from west to east over its axis. It makes the sunrise in the east and set in the west. The rotation of the earth over its axis takes 24 hours to complete one circle or 360° of longitudes. As 180° of longitudes fall both east and west of the Prime Meridian, the sun, thus takes 12 hours to traverse the eastern and western hemispheres. The sun traverses 15⁰ of longitudes per hour or one degree of longitude in every four minutes of time. The rate of the time at which the sun traverses over certain degrees of longitudes is used to determine the local time of an area with respect to the time at the Prime Meridian (0°Longitude).
• The international time standard is calculated form prime meridian and the Indian Standard Time(IST) is calculated from 82°30’E meridian passing through Mirzapur. IST is plus 5.30 hours from the Greenwich Mean Time(GMT). The whole world is divided into 24 time zones.

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The correct answer is |e∂|. Key Points

• In the word air, 'r' is not pronounced clearly.
• Phonetically, we do not pronounce 'r' if the end.
• The symbol |e∂| shows the sound ai .
• This symbol has been used in words such as wear, swear.

Thus , 'option 4' is the correct answer.Additional Information

• Phonetic transcription is a code for the significantly different sounds in a specific language.

The correct answer is The Bengal Gazette.Key Points

• Hicky's Bengal Gazette was the first English-language newspaper published on the Indian subcontinent. It was founded in Calcutta, the capital of British India at the time, by Irishman James Augustus Hicky in 1780.
• James Augustus Hicky was an Irishman who launched the first printed newspaper in India, Hicky's Bengal Gazette.

Additional Information

• Calcutta Gazette was an English newspaper in Bengal founded by Francis Gladwin, a colonial officer, in 1784. It was one of the first newspapers in India.
• Calcutta Gazette a newspaper, circulating government advertisements, was first published on 4 March 1784.
• Then, another rival paper, the India Gazette, which was funded by Hastings, stated circulation. The Bengal Gazette could not stand up to the competition and it was soon driven out of business. It ceased publication on March 23, 1782.
• The Madras Courier was the first newspaper to be published in Madras, Madras Presidency, British India, and one of the first in India. It was the leading newspaper of its time and was the officially recognized newspaper for printing government notifications.
• The Bombay Herald was first printed in 1790 Bombay, by William Ashburner. Initially found in 1789 as the "Bombay Herald", the newspaper's name was changed to "Bombay Gazette" in 1791. It remained the leading paper of the city for a long time and covered important events such as the first session of the Indian National Congress in 1885.

Thus, Bengal Gazette was the first newspaper published in India.

The correct answer is 1966.Key Points

• The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
• President Ayub Khan signed the agreement on January 10, 1966, ending the 17-day war between Pakistan and India in 1965. The agreement was mediated by Soviet premier Aleksey Kosygin, who had invited the parties to Tashkent. The parties agreed to withdraw all armed forces to positions held before Aug.
• Tashkent Agreement, (Jan. 10, 1966), an accord signed by India's prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri (who died the next day) and Pakistan's president Ayub Khan, ending the 17-day war between Pakistan and India of August–September 1965.
• The meeting was held in Tashkent in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union (now Uzbekistan) from 4 to 10 January 1966 to try to create a more permanent settlement.

Additional Information

• The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan signed in 1960. It was brokered by the World Bank. This is an important treaty and one of the most successful water-sharing agreements to date.
• The Treaty allocates the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan and the Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. At the same time, the Treaty allows each country certain uses on the rivers allocated to the other.
• The Simla Agreement, also spelled Shimla Agreement, was a peace treaty signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Shimla, the capital city of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
• On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force.

Thus, the Taskent Agreement was signed on 1966.

Representation Factor (R. F)

When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1m length of the object

the RF is reduced by 4 times,

Map Scale = 1 cm : 10 km

Map Scale = (1 cm)² : (10 km)²

Key Points

The scale of the area is reduced 4 times:

Map Scale = 1 cm² : 100 km²

New Map Scale = 1 cm² : (100 ÷ 4) km²

New Map Scale = 1 cm² : 25 km²

Important PointsFind the new scale:

New Map Scale = 1 cm² : 25 km²

New Map Scale = √1 cm : √25 km

New Map Scale = 1 cm : 5 km

New Map Scale = 1: 500000

Hecne, 'Representative Fraction' of the new enlarged map will be 1 ∶ 5,00,000

The correct answer is Kashmir Region.Key Points

• The amount of rainfall during the winters in the Kashmir Region is a result of these Western Disturbances.
• Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian Ocean, in a south-easterly direction, cross the equator, and turns right towards the low-pressure areas over the Indian subcontinent.
• The Kashmir Valley, also known as the Vale of Kashmir, is an intermontane valley concentrated in the Kashmir Division of Indian-administered Kashmir. The valley is bounded on the southwest by the Pir Panjal Range and on the northeast by the main Himalayas range.
• Kashmir is beautified with freshwater streams, breathtaking lakes, vast dense forests, lush meadows, mighty mountains, hill ranges, walking trails, and other scenic spots.

Additional Information

• The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by the Satpura and Vindhya Ranges
• The Malabar Coast is the southwestern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Geographically, it comprises the wettest regions of southern India, as the Western Ghats intercept the moisture-laden monsoon rains, especially on their westward-facing mountain slopes.
• Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the Padma, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers in the Bay of Bengal. It spans the area from the Baleswar River in Bangladesh's division of Khulna to the Hooghly River in India's state of West Bengal.

thus, Kashmir Region in India does get rainfall in winter due to western disturbances.

Lloyd George represented England in the Paris Peace Conference.

Key Points

• The Paris Peace Conference was an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris.
• The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War.
• Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the "Big Four."
• The “Big Four” included:
  • Loyd George of Britain
  • Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy
  • Georges Clemenceau of France
  • Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
• The "Big Four" would dominate the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty that articulated the compromises reached at the conference.
• The Treaty of Versailles included a plan to form a League of Nations that would serve as an international forum and an international collective security arrangement.

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was a strong advocate of the League as he believed it would prevent future wars.

Hence, we can conclude that Lloyd George represented England in the Paris Peace Conference.

Overall changes in shape, form, or structure that results in improved working or functioning are referred to as development. It denotes qualitative or character changes rather than quantitative aspects.

Key Points

Principles of child development-

• The development follows a pattern- In proximodistal progression, the growth begins from the central parts of the body towards the peripheries or extremities.
• Development is integrated or correlated- All kinds of development i.e. physical, mental, social, and emotional are interrelated. Each domain of development is interdependent on the other and has an impact on them.
• Interaction between heredity and environment- Both environment and heredity influence the development of a child.
• The process of development is qualitative as well as quantitative. Physical development is accompanied by the development of qualitative characteristics of the child's personality. These two features are inextricably linked.
• Individuals' patterns and rates of development differ from one another.

Hence, we conclude that the correct statement about principles of child development is that development occurs from the central part of the body towards the peripheries.

The main aim of the assessment is to collect information on learners’ achievements and progress and provide direction for the ongoing teaching and learning process. Assessment can be done through both formal and informal activities. Key Points

Preparation of blue print is also a step in the assessment

• A blueprint is a three-dimensional chart showing different types of items with marks for each topic/unit and each of the objectives.
• It shows the respective weightage of marks for different objectives, topics, and various types of questions as prescribed by the school or in the syllabus or decided by the paper setter.

Hence, we can conclude that blueprint is a three-dimensional chart showing weightage even to assessment objectives, content areas, and forms of questions.

Evaluation is “a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved.

Key Points

• The purpose of the evaluation is to make a judgment about the quality or worth of something.
• It is also used to refer to the product or outcome of the process.
• It demands the use of grades instead of marks.
• It is broader than assessment.“Measurement and assessment are the means and evaluation is the end”. In the process of evaluation, measurement is the first step, assessment comes next and when value judgment is added to it, it becomes evaluation.
• Children can be encouraged to be involved in the work process in the evaluation process.
• It determines the relative effectiveness of the program in terms of students’ behavioral output.

Hence we conclude that only statements III is correct concerning evaluation.

Rubrics: These may include descriptive details of the work, which depend on the feasibility of users’ available time, nature of the task, etc. For example, if children use them, their abilities need to be taken care of while creating and using them.

Key Points

• A rubric is a multi-purpose scoring guide for assessing student products and performances. It records the students performance, background and abilities.
• Rubrics help improve teaching, contribute to sound assessment, and serve as a source of information for program improvement.
• A rubric for assessment, usually in the form of a matrix or grid, is a tool used to interpret and grade students’ work against criteria and standards.
• A rubric makes an explicit range of assessment criteria and expected performance standards.
• Rubrics are sometimes called “criteria sheets”, “grading schemes”, or “scoring guides”
• Rubrics serve as a guide to both students and teachers.
• For students, for example, it serves as a guide for self-assessment of their performance and also knows what to expect on how a teacher will be grading their assignment.
• It also guides them to complete their assignments.
• On the other hand, teachers can use it to assess student’s work in an assignment or a course and ensure objectivity in their grading.

Additional Information

Types of Rubric:

1. The rubric can be simple, with a few criteria, or complex, with several criteria adding up to a score.
2. The rubric can be holistic (simplistic) or analytic (detailed). It can be general or task-specific.
3. In other words, rubrics are usually categorized based on two different aspects – assessment criteria and performance task

Hence, we can say that the rubric in assessment is a record of a student's performance, background, and abilities.

The Latin word "movers," which means to move, is where the word "motivation" comes from.

Key Points

• Motivation is an internal energy that prompts rapid behavioral responses.
• It fuels the learner, assists in meeting their requirements, and is an internal component or condition of learning.
• An effective classroom depends on motivated learners. It also encourages creativity and curiosity, which captivates pupils' interest in learning more.
• Students' questions are seen as an indication of a motivated learning environment that makes the classroom more interactive and lively.
• To get the most out of their educational experiences, students are encouraged to ask questions via motivated learning.

Hence, it is concluded that in a motivated learning situation, the learner becomes interested to ask questions

The dynamic organization of a person's psycho-physical systems, or personality, determines how that person responds to his or her environment in a particular way.

Key Points

• Heredity is the process by which traits are passed down from parents to offspring.
• Heredity is defined as the totality of bio-logically transmitted factors that influence the structure of the body and the environment is the totality of conditions that serve to stimulate behavior or act to bring about a modification of behavior.

Thus, we conclude that the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring is called Heredity.

A test is a kind of assessment to measure knowledge, skills, and aptitude in a specified field. It helps to know an individual's difficulties in a particular subject. It helps in defining the objectives achieved in terms of behavioral changes. It also helps in providing feedback to both the teachers and students.

​ Key Points
Qualities of standardized tests:

Hence, it could be concluded that Flexibility is not found in good test.

Kohlberg proposed the Theory of Moral Development that had three levels and each level is split into two stages. According to Kohlberg, each individual passes through each stage in a fixed order, and how moral development is linked with intellectual and cognitive development. By considering a child's responses to moral dilemmas, Kohlberg tried to establish the reasoning behind the decision as a major indicator of moral development.

Key Points

Thus, it is concluded that Conventional level of moral development viewed by Kohlberg comes under Stage 3 and Stage 4.

Alfred Binet was one of the first psychologists who worked on intelligence. He defined intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well.

Key Points

• Alfred Binet was born on July 11, 1857, in Nice, France.
• He was the only child of a physician father and an artist mother.
• He was a french Psychologist.
• He played a dominant role in the development of experimental psychology in France and made fundamental contributions to the measurement of intelligence.

Thus, it is concluded that Alfred Binet belongs to France.

Reliability:- It refers to the consistency of a test. In order to be dependable, a test must yield similar results on different occasions.

Key Points Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure or score.

• A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly.
• For example, if a test is designed to measure a trait (such as introversion), then each time the test is administered to a subject, the results should be approximately the same.

Hence, it is concluded that If a test gives the same results whenever it is repeated, it is called as reliability.

Additional Information There are two types of reliability:-

• If a person is found to be above average in intelligence today he or she shall also show the same level of intelligence after 3 months. If the scores are similar then we may say that the test is reliable. This is called retest reliability.
• There is another kind of reliability which is called internal consistency which indicates the degree to which the different items of a test are related to each other.

Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting evidence of students’ progress and achievement.

Key PointsDiagnostic test:

• It involves gathering information about the student’s errors, reasons for those errors, depth of conceptual understanding, and effective means of intervention.
• The main objective of a diagnostic test is to find out the nature and causes of the learning problems of students and to formulate a plan for seeing remedial actions.
• The tests are useful for both the attainment as well as difficulties of children whose achievements are not up to the mark.
• These are helpful in locating the areas in which additional instruction is required or in which teaching method has to be improved.

Thus, it is concluded that the main objective of a diagnostic test is to find out the nature and causes of the learning problems of students and to formulate a plan for seeing remedial actions.

National Council of Educational Research and Training, commonly known as NCERT, is an autonomous constitutional body established on 1st September 1961 to assist the government on academic matters.

Key Points The functions of NCERT are as follows:-

• Writing textbooks for schools.
• Financing research in school education.
• Advising government on education policies.
• To disseminate improved educational techniques and practices in schools.
• Improving qualitative standards of school education.
• Providing guidance and counseling services on large scale.
• Arranging pre-service and in-service training at a higher level.

Hence, it is concluded that one important function of NCERT is to disseminate improved educational techniques and practices in schools.

A developmental task is one that arises predictably and consistently at or about a certain period in the life of the individual. He believed that learning is basic to life and that people continue to learn throughout life.

Key Points

• Robert Havinghurst coined the phrase "developmental task" in the 1950s.
• According to Robert Havinghurst, a developmental task is a task that an individual has to and wants to solve in a particular life period.
• He took into account the many different facets of a person's life that affect a person's development, including the person's physical structure and biological development; the society in which the person lives; the ensuing cultural influences; as well as the person's unique traits, values, and goals.

Hence, it is concluded that the important developmental tasks for different phases in the life span have been given by Havighurst.

A rubric is an assessment tool that clearly indicates achievement criteria across all the components of any kind of student work, from written to oral to visual. It can be used for marking assignments, class participation, or overall grades.

Key Points Each of the following three elements makes up a rubric:

• Criteria: The performance qualities (e.g., thesis statement, organization, evidence)
• Degrees of performance: how closely a student should adhere to a set standard (e.g., exceeded expectations, met expectations, did not meet expectations)
• Descriptors: detailed explanations connected to each criterion and performance level. the attributes connected to each dimension (e.g., Bibliography contains very little information, All relevant information is included)

• Clarify hazy, ambiguous objectives.
• Make sure the pupils know what you expect of them.
• Used as both a self-evaluation device or external evaluation device
• Encourage improved academic achievement.
• Score more quickly and easily.
• Improve the consistency, impartiality, and accuracy of scoring.
• Increase student feedback.
• Lessen disputes with pupils.

Grades are typically awarded for tasks like projects, assignments, tests, and more, but they can also be given based on behavior. Grading is a process of classifying students into different categories on the basis of pre-defined standards and representing each category by a specific letter.

Key Points

• Relative grading or norm-referenced grading is the process of assigning letter grades to students on the basis of ranking them on their relative level of achievement in a particular group. It asserts a fixed grading proportion of learners at different grade points.
• In this method of grading, a decision is made in advance about approximately what percentage or proportion of students would be awarded a particular letter grade on the basis of developing valid grading of their relative performance.

Thus, we conclude that relative grading methods grades are provided on the basis of the relative position (ranks) of the students in their class or group.