RSMSSB JE Electrical Mock Test - 2 - Electrical Engineering (EE) MCQ

The Correct Answer is 2500 BC to 1500 BC.

Key Points

• Prof Amalananda Ghosh discovered the site Kalibangan in 1952.
• The location Kalibangan - meaning 'black bangles' - gets its name from the dense dispersion of black bangle shards discovered on the surface of its mounds.
• Kalibangan has also provided proof of the world's first documented earthquake.
• The discovery of fire altars at Kalibangan reveals that the locals were ritualistic and believed in fire worship.
• Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian indologist and linguist, found the Kalibangan site.

Important Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India.
• This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus.
• Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world.
• It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)- It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)- It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river.
  • Chanhudaro- It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)- It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)- It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Saraswati.
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)- It excavated is in the Kutch district.

The Correct answer is Karni Mata

Key Points

• Karni Mata is the Kuldevi of Charan and Rathore of Bikaner.
• She is also called the incarnation of Jogmaya, the goddess of mice and Jagat Mata.
• Her temple is in Deshnok Bikaner, whose foundation was laid by Karni Mata herself.
• The original temple of Karni Mata was built by King Jai Singh.
• The present grand appearance of this temple was given by Maharaja Surat Singh.

• Most of the rats are found in this temple, hence the temple is also called the temple of rats.

Additional Information

1. Shila Devi Temple (Amer Fort, Jaipur):

   • Deity: Shila Devi (an idol of Durga)
   • History: The idol was brought by Raja Man Singh I of Amber from Jessore (now in Bangladesh) in 1604 CE.
   • Significance: Special prayers are offered to Shila Devi on the sixth day of winter Navratris.
   • Belief: The idol was carved from the same stone as the Dashabhuja idol of the Susanga Royal Family of Durgapur (now in Bangladesh).
   • Location: Amer Fort, Jaipur, Rajasthan.

2. Nagnechi Mata Temple (Nagana, Jodhpur):

   • Deity: Nagnechi Mata (also known as Chakreshwari Mata or Ratheshwari Mata)
   • History: The idol was brought from Karnataka state in South India by Rao Dhuhad (Vikram Samvat 1349–1366), grandson of Rao Sinha (founder of the Rathore kingdom in Marwar).
   • Significance: Nagnechya Mata is the family goddess of the Rathore ruler of Jodhpur. Families in Jodhpur still worship her as their Kul Devi.
   • Location: Nagana village, near Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

3. Sheetla Mata Temple:

   • Deity: Sheetla Mata (Goddess of smallpox and other diseases)
   • Significance: Devotees seek her blessings for protection from diseases.
   • Location: Various Sheetla Mata temples exist across Rajasthan, including in Jaipur and Jodhpur.

The correct answer is ​Sanjay Kumar

In News

• Sanjay Kumar from Rajasthan won the gold medal in the 20 kilometer walk with a timing of 1 hour 26 minutes 13 seconds.

Key Points

• Other athletes from Rajasthan, Mukesh Nitharwal and Anil Kumar, stood fifth and thirteenth respectively in the 20 kilometer walk.
• Rahul Baloda qualified in the 1500 meter race, and Tina Pareek qualified in the 100 meter race.
• The 63rd National Inter State Senior Athletics Championship was held at Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Panchkula, Haryana, under the auspices of the Indian Athletics Federation.
• Rajasthan's Manju Bala won the gold medal in the hammer throw with a throw of 63.66 meters.
• The silver medal in the hammer throw was won by Harshita Sehrawat of Delhi, and the bronze medal was won by Tanya Chaudhary of Uttar Pradesh.
• Another athlete from Rajasthan, Kulwinder Kaur, finished fifth in the hammer throw event with a throw of 56.02 meters.
• In the women's shot put, Kachnar Chaudhary won the silver medal with a personal best throw of 16.76 meters.
• Gold in the women's shot put was won by Abha Khatua of Maharashtra with a throw of 17.63 meters, and the bronze was won by Srishti Wig of Delhi with a throw of 15.11 meters.

Correct Answer: Brijendra Singh

Key Points

• Brijendra Singh (1929-47)
  Brijendra Singh, the last ruler of Bharatpur's Jats,
  Signed the instrument of accession to the Indian Union on July 31, 1947.

Additional Information

• Jaswant Singh (1853-93)
  • Jaswant Singh, being a minor,
  • The administration of Bharatpur was under Political Agent Morrison.
  • During the 1857 uprising, Jaswant Singh was the ruler of Bharatpur.
  • In 1879, he made a treaty with the British Government.
• Surajmal (1756-63)
  • Surajmal, son of Badan Singh,
  • Built a new fort in Bharatpur and made it his capital.
  • Followed friendship and cooperation with Jaipur.
  • Surajmal was known as the Plato (Aflatoon) of the Jats.
  • Died in 1763 in the war against the Rohillas.
• Ranjit Singh (1775-1805)
  • In September 1803, Ranjit Singh signed a treaty with British General Lord Lake.
  • In October 1804, he broke the treaty, siding with Holkar against the British.
  • The British besieged Bharatpur, but failed to capture the fort.
  • Finally, in April 1805, Ranjit Singh abandoned Holkar and made peace with the British.

The correct answer is Bhilwara.

Key Points

• The seven hundred year old Phad painting method has been handed down from generation to generation.
• Its birthplace is Rajasthan's Bhilwara.
• They are scroll paintings that tell in-depth religious tales.
• And primarily about the gods that the people who live there worship.
• On hand-woven, coarse cotton fabric that has been soaked overnight to stiffen the threads, phad paintings are produced.
• Then, rice or wheat flour starch is used to stiffen it.
• To smooth the surface and give it a gloss, it is stretched, sun-dried, then polished with a moonstone.

Additional Information

• Miniature Paintings, Gemstone Paintings, Kajali Paintings, Pichwai Paintings, Bhitti Chitra Paintings, and Bani Thani Paintings are other famous painting styles of Rajasthan.

The correct answer is Amber Jaipur of Painting.

Key Points

• Dhundhar School of Painting:
  • Dhundhar is a historical region of Rajasthan state in western India. It includes the districts of Jaipur, Sawai Madhopur and Tonk.
  • Under the banner of Dhundar Pradesh, there are Amber, Jaipur, Alwar and Shekhawati styles of paintings.
  • The Dhundar school of paintings was much popular for its exclusive folk art paintings.

• Dhundhar School of Painting

Additional Information

• Kishangarh School of Painting:
  • Kishangarh painting is the part of Rajasthani Marwar School of painting that emerged in the 18th Century. Kishangarh which is located in the northwestern part of Rajasthan became one of the abodes of art and culture during king Sawant Singh who himself was an expert in creating poetries and paintings. He was a devotee of Lord Krishna. carried in his heart the love for ‘Bani Thani’, a maid or a singer in his stepmother’s household.
  • He started worshipping her as Radha.
  • He called himself the servant of Radha or ‘Nagridas’ which was his pen name.
  • The Kishangarh painting mainly focuses on depicting the romantic life of Radha and Krishna which was deeply influenced by Jaydev’s famous work ‘Geet Govinda.
  • Other subject matters were: hunting scenes, court scenes, portraits of kings, nawabs, Nayak Nayika Veda etc.
  • Depiction of women is one of the chief attractions of this gharana.No other Rajasthani paintings had shown women so beautifully. Female figures have been painted with sharp features with long eyes curved upward in the shape of ‘Khanjan Pakshi’.
  • Colours were most prominent. There was no mixing of colours.
  • The panoramic landscapes were drawn skillfully to narrate the stories.
  • The most important painting: ‘Bani Thani’ was painted by the court artist Nihalchand in 1760 CE and has now been preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi.
• Hadoti School of Painting:​
  • ​The Bundi or Hadoti School of Paint began under Rao Chattar Sal who was appointed as the Governor of Delhi by Shah Jahan.
  • It is a region of Rajasthan state in western India and the country of Hada Rajputs, which comprises the territories of two states, Bundi and Kota.
  • The Bundi artists had their depiction of feminine beauty.
  • A typical Bundi-Kota miniature has graceful women with round faces, lotus petal eyes, sharp eyebrows and well-formed bodies.
  • The human figures were put in the backdrop of plants and evergreen forests along with animals like elephants, lions, tigers and wild boars
  • Under the patronage of Raja Ummed Singh, the class of Indian paintings known as the ‘Ragamala’ and ‘Baramasa’ paintings emerged and these paintings depict the moods and sentiments of men and women, time of the day, seasons and ‘ragas’ and ‘raginis’ associated with the seasons.
• Jodhpur School of Painting:
  • The Jodhpur paintings are popularly known as the Marwar paintings developed in the royal Rajput families of Rajasthan which includes the Kishangarh, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali and Ghanerao schools of painting collectively.

The correct answer is 6.89%

Additional Information

• The eastern and southeastern regions of the state are included in the Hadoti area.
  • The districts of Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, Baran, and Jhalawar are included in this region.
  • It is known locally as Pathar & Uparmal.
  • It is bordered on the west by Rajasthan's Mewar region, on the north by the Ajmer regions of Rajasthan, on the south by the Malwa, and on the east by Madhya Pradesh's Gird region.

The correct answer is Pashupatinath.

Key Points

• Pashupatinath is not included in the five temples of the Dilwara group of temples.
• Dilwara Temples were built between the 11th and 13th centuries AD by the Chalukya dynasty.
• It is located just 2.5 km from Mount Abu, Rajasthan.

Important Points

• Dilwara Temple Complex consists of five different temples, each devoted to five Jain Tirthankaras(saints). These are-
  • Shri Mahaveer Swami Temple
    • This Jain temple is devoted to Lord Mahaveer the 24th Tirthankara of Jain.
    • It was built in 1582.
    • This is a small temple relative to other Jain temples.
    • Its walls have marvelous work of craftsmanship of Sirohi painted pictures of the porch.
    • The work was done in 1764.
  • Shri AdiNath Temple or Vimal Vasahi Temple
    • This is the oldest temple among all other temples in the complex and is dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankara Shri Adinath Ji.
    • It was built by Vimal Shah, Minister of Solanika ruler of Gujarat in 1031 A.D.
    • Inside the temple, there are small images of Jain saints which have exclusive works of minute art carved on marble.
    • Outside of the temple, there is an open courtyard surrounded by corridors all beautifully decorated with marble carved stones.
    • “Guda Mandapa” which is a hall decorated with numerous images of Shri Adi Nath, is another attraction in this temple.
  • Shri ParshavNath Temple or Khartar Vasahi Temple
    • It has the tallest shrine among all Dilwara temples.
    • With four big Mandapa’s the temple is constructed by the Mandinka clan between 1458-59 A.D.
    • This temple also has marvelous carvings on the marble pillars.
  • Shri Rishabdaoji Temple or Peethalhar Temple
    • It was built by Bhima Shah, a minister from the Gujarat dynasty.
    • This temple is known as Pittalhari/Peethalhar temple because ‘Pittal’ (Brass Metal) is used in the construction of most statues in this temple.
    • It also has Gudu Mandapa and Navchowki.
  • Shri Nemi Nath Ji Temple or Luna Vasahi Temple
    • This temple is dedicated to the 22nd saint of Jainism – Shri Nemi Nathji.
    • It was constructed by two brothers known as Tejpal and Vastupal in 1230 A.D.

The correct answer is Vijay Singh Pathik.

Key Points

• Vijay Singh Pathik-
  • His original name was Bhoop Singh.
  • He established Rajasthan Seva Sangh in 1919 AD.
  • He published Rajasthan Kesari and Navin Rajasthan newspapers.
  • He was also associated with the Bijoliya peasant movement and gave leadership to this movement.
  • 'What are the Indian states' book was written by him.

Additional Information

• Kantichand Chauthani was associated with Kishangarh Prajamandal.
• Laduram Vyas was associated with Shahpura Prajamandal.
• Abhinn Hari was associated with Kota Prajamandal.
• Chandanmal Bahad hoisted the tricolor flag with the help of Gopaldas on Dharmstupa in Churu on 26 January 1930 AD.

The correct answer is Rajjab ji.

Key Points

• Rajjab Ji was the saint who narrated the teachings of Dadu while disguised as a bridegroom for the rest of his life.
• Dadu's compositions in the Braj language were recorded by his disciple Rajjab and are known as the Dadu Anubhav Vani, a compilation of 5,000 verses.
• According to a story, Rajjab ji was the son of the military chief of the Amer army.
• He was going to marry a girl of his choice for which he was travelling from Sanganer to Amer in Rajasthan.
• He met with Dadu Ji and get influenced by his teachings, so he decide to leave everything and disguised as a bridegroom for the rest of his life.
• Ram charan das has written a couplet on Rajjab Ji, "Dadu Jaisa guru mile, shisya Rajjab sa jaad! Ek sabd mai ukhad gya, rahi nahi khecha taad!".

The correct answer is Vijay Singh Pathik.

Key Points

• In 1917, the Upramal Panch Board (13 members) was formed by Vijay Singh Pathik on the day of Sawan-Amavasya.
• In the year 1916, at the request of Sadhu Sitaram Das, Vijay Singh Pathik joined the Bijolia Peasant movement and took over the leadership of this movement.
• In 1918, Vijay Singh met Gandhiji in Bombay and made him aware of this movement. Gandhiji was very impressed by them and gave him the title of National Traveler.
• His original name was Bhupsingh and he was a resident of Bulandshahr (U.P.).

Additional Information

• The Bijolia Peasant Movement was an organized peasant movement that started in Rajasthan and spread throughout the country.
• The Bijolia Kisan Andolan was the longest-running non-violent peasant movement in history which lasted for about 44 years.
• The Bijolia hideout was under the jagir of Uparmal.
• This jagir of Uparmal was gifted by Rana Sanga to a person named Ashok Parmar to accompany him in the battle of Khanwa.

The correct answer is Rajasthani language and lexicography.

Important Points

• Sitaram Lalas also known as Sita Ramji maadsaab was a linguist and lexicographer of India.
• He produced a written dictionary of the local Rajasthani language.
• It is first ever in the language with name: Rajasthani Shabd (Sabada) Kosh and Rajasthani Hindi Brihad Kosha.
• Dr. Sitaram Lalas devoted 40 years in the compilation of this outstanding work and was awarded Padma Shri in 1977 for his contribution.
• The dictionary contains not only the meanings but the origin, synonyms, idioms, and phrases based upon each word.
• It is named Rajasthani Bhasha-Sahitya Evam Vyakarana and was first published in 1962.
  

The correct answer is All of the above.Key Points

• Gypsum, Rock-phosphate and- Pyrites are fertilizer minerals of Rajasthan.
• They are essential for the manufacturing of Cement.

Additional Information

• Gypsum - Ammonium Sulphate chemical fertilizer is formed.
• Rock Phosphate - Super Phosphate, Dye Calcium Phosphate, Dye Ammonium Sulphate.
• Pyrite - Chemical Fertilizer synthesis.
• Rajasthan Mines & Minerals - Rajasthan has deposits of 79 different types of major and minor minerals.
• Out of these, 57 minerals are being currently mined.
• Rajasthan is the leading producer of:
  • Zinc
  • Feldspar
  • Wollastonite
  • Silver
  • Rock Phosphate
  • Gypsum
  • Red Ochre

Lead sheath:

• In order to protect the cable from moisture, gases or other damaging liquids (acids or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of lead or aluminium is provided over the insulation as shown in figure.
• It has a minimum dielectric stress in a cable.

Bedding:

• Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of fibrous material like jute or hessian tape.
• It is to protect the metallic sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armouring.

Armouring:

• Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consist of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape.
• Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injuries while laying it or handling it.

Dielectric loss:

• The losses that occur in insulating materials i.e. in the transformer oil and solid insulation of the transformer are known as dielectric losses.
• This loss occurs in solid insulation of HV transformers and is very small so that we can neglect these losses.
• It occurs when the insulating materials and the oil losses its quality.
• Periodic testing of oil and maintaining the insulating quality on effective way to reduce dielectric loss.

Stray load loss:

• Stray losses are due to the leakage flux in the transformer.
• This leakage flux induces eddy current that appears all over in metal parts which are under the magnetic leakage field called stray loss.
• We can neglect these losses, as the percentage of these losses is very less as compared to iron and copper losses.
• Stray losses can be reduced by minimizing the leakage flux

Core loss:

• Core loss (Iron loss) in transformers is the combination of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
• This type of loss mainly occurs in the magnetic core of the transformer, and depends on the magnetic properties of core material.
• Both Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss depend upon the magnetic property of the core material, frequency of supply (f) and maximum flux density (B_m)
• Core loss = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
• Choosing proper core material which has low hysteresis coefficient and high permeability can minimize hysteresis loss.
• Eddy current loss can be reduced by using on iron core made of thin laminated sheets and material with high electrical resistivity. It reduces the induced EMF and the amount of current flow.

Ohmic loss:

• Ohmic loss (or copper loss) occurs due to the ohmic resistance in both primary and secondary winding.
• Total copper loss in transformer = primary winding copper loss + secondary winding copper loss
• Total copper loss
• It is clear from the above equation that the copper loss varies with the amount of current (square times) through the windings.

Superposition Theorem:

• The superposition theorem states that "in a linear circuit with several sources, the current and voltage for any element in the circuit is the sum of the currents and voltages produced by each source acting independently."
• The superposition theorem applies only when all the components of the circuit are linear, which is the case for resistors, capacitors, and inductors it is not applicable to networks containing nonlinear elements.

Important Point

Various Theorem and the circuits where they are applicable is shown below in the table:

Concept:

KP = position error constant =

Kv = velocity error constant =

Ka = acceleration error constant =

Steady state error for different inputs is given by

From the above table, it is clear that for type – 2 system, a system shows zero steady-state error for Ramp-input.

Concept:

When a straight conductor is moved through a magnetic field an e.m.f. is induced between its ends. This movement must be in such a direction that the conductor cuts through the lines of magnetic flux, and will be a maximum when it moves at right angles to the field.

Let the length of the conductor be L and the flux density of the field be B.

If the conductor moves with velocity v at right angles to the field, then the flux cut per second will be BvL (since the conductor will sweep out an area vL every second).

But the rate of cutting flux is equal to the e.m.f. induced in the conductor. Therefore,

E = BLv

If the conductor cuts through the flux at an angle θ, where θ is the angle between the magnetic field and the direction of motion, the equation becomes,

E = BLv sin θ

The maximum e.m.f is generated when the conductor moves at right angles to the field.

Calculation:

Given that, Magnetic flux density (B) = 3 Wb/sq. m.

Length (l) = 2 m

Velocity (v) = 40 m/s

Emf induced is,

Diamagnetic Substances: The substances which are weekly magnetized when placed in an external magnetic field, in a direction opposite to the applied field are called diamagnetic substances.

Example: Copper, lead, gold, silver, zinc, antimony, bismuth, etc.

Properties:

• These substances are repelled by a magnet
• Atomic orbitals of these substances are completely filled
• It develops weak magnetization in a direction opposite to the direction of the applied magnetic field
• As soon as the magnetizing field removed, it loses its magnetization
• When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, it tends to move from stronger to weaker regions of the magnetic field
• When placed in a uniform magnetic field, it aligns itself perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field
• Magnetic susceptibility is a small negative value
• Relative permeability is close to one and always less than 1
• Magnetic permeability is slightly less compared to free space

Paramagnetic materials

• Small, positive susceptibility to magnetic fields
• These materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field
• Paramagnetic properties are due to the presence of some unpaired electrons, and from the realignment of the electron paths caused by the external magnetic field
• Paramagnetic materials include magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, and tantalum

Ferromagnetic materials

• Have a large, positive susceptibility to an external magnetic field
• They exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields and can retain their magnetic properties after the external field has been removed
• Ferromagnetic materials have some unpaired electrons, so their atoms have a net magnetic moment
• Iron, nickel, and cobalt are examples of ferromagnetic materials

Concept:

Meter constant,

Energy consumed or measured value, E = (VI cosϕ) (Time in hr)

Where, V = Voltage

I = current

cos ϕ = Power factor

Calculation:

Given-

Meter constant, k = 420 rev/kWh

Voltage (V) = 200 V

Current (I) =6 A

Power factor (cos ϕ) = 1

Energy consumed in 4 hour is,

E = VI cos ϕ × 10-3 × t kWh

E = 200 × 6 × 1 × 10-3 × 4

E = 4.80 kWh

∴ Number of revolutions = k x E = 4.80 x 420

Number of revolutions = 2016

For a 3-phase SCR controlled converter for R load, the output voltage waveforms are shown in the figure.

For 0 < α < 30°

For 30 < α < 150°

For 0 < α < π /6, the average value of output voltage is given by

For α > π/6, the average value of output voltage is given by

For R-L load, the average value of the output voltage is given by

Where E_m is the rms value of phase voltage.

Concept:

The transfer function of the standard second-order system is:

ζ is the damping ratio
ωn is the natural frequency
Characteristic equation:
Roots of the characteristic equation are:
α is the damping factor

Settling time (Ts): It is the time taken by the response to reach ± 2% tolerance band as shown in the fig above.

for a 5% tolerance band.
for 2% tolerance band

Calculation:

We know that,

Where H(s) = 1 (∵ Unity feedback)

∴

By comparing the above transfer function with the standard second-order system,

⇒ 2ζωn = 0.4 ⇒ ζ = 0.1
As the damping ratio is less than unity, the system is underdamped.
Settling time,

Concept:

The maximum power transfer capacity of the transmission line is given by

Where,

|Vs| is sending end voltage of transmission line

|Vr| is receiving end voltage of transmission line

X is the series reactance of transmission line

Calculation:

Given

V_s = V_r = 132 kV

X = 40 Ω

The capacity of the line P

P = (132 × 10³)² / 40 = 435.6 MW

Therefore, the capacity of the line is 435.6 MW

Stability of control system:

A control system is said to be stable if it satisfies the following conditions:
1 ) All the coefficients must have the same sign and there are no missing terms of 's'. This is a necessary condition not a sufficient condition of system stability.
2 ) There should not be any sign change in the first column of the Routh table. If there are sign changes then the system will be unstable. This is a sufficient condition of system stability.

Explanation:

Given, Characteristic equation: s5 + 2s4 + 24s3 + 48s2 - 25s - 50 = 0

and

If all elements in a row are zero, then differentiate the coefficients of the above row.

8s³ + 96s

There is a sign change in the first column of the Routh table, hence the system is unstable.

Concept:

The Y parameter equations are as follows:

I₁ = Y₁₁V₁ + Y₁₂V₂

I₂ = Y₂₁V₁ + Y₂₂V₂

Calculation:

Given, I1 = 4I2 & V2 = 0.25 I₂

When port 1 of two-port circuit is short-circuited, then V₁ = 0 V

I1 = Y12V₂

Y12 = 16

I2 = Y22V₂

Y22 = 4

Single-phase full-bridge inverter:

The circuit diagram of a single-phase full-bridge inverter is shown below.

Response (or) Output waveforms for various types of load:

RLC Underdamped: ζ < 1

Where  for RLC circuit

To turn OFF the switches S₁, S₂ at T/2, the anode current should come to zero. Due to this type of load, it is possible as the current becomes zero before the voltage becomes zero.

Therefore, the forced commutation is not required for this kind of load to make the anode current zero

In this case, a leading current will flow in the circuit and it will become zero. So, the thyristor will be load commutated.

Load commutation occurs due to an underdamped response.

RLC Overdamped: ζ > 1
Where  for RLC circuit

To turn OFF the switches S₁, S₂ at T/2, the anode current should come to zero. Due to this type of load, it is possible as the current becomes zero after the voltage becomes zero.

Therefore, the forced commutation is required for this kind of load to make the anode current zero.

The load commutation will not occur due to an overdamped system. So, forced commutation is required.

Concept of Buffer:

• A Buffer is an op-amp circuit whose output voltage straight away follows the input voltage. i.e. output voltage equivalent to the input voltage.
• The Op-amp circuit does not provide any amplification thus, its voltage gain is unity.
• The voltage follower is used as a buffer amplifier, isolation amplifier, and unity gain amplifier as the output follows the input.
• The voltage follower provides no alternation or no amplification but only buffering.
  

Characteristics:

• High input impedance and Low output impedance hence low loading effect and used in Electronics measuring instruments
• Current Gain & power gain high
• Voltage gain unity

Concept:
If the energy of signal x(t) is E then

The energy of signal Ax(Bt + c) is

Calculation:
Comparing with the standard equation
A = 1
B = 2
C = 0
Energy of y(t)
= E/2
Hence, option 2 is correct.

Concept:
The Laplace transform of u(t - t_o) is given by:
x(t) = u(t - to)

Calculation:

x(t) = u(t-2) - u(t-4)

Dimensional Formula:

The seven basic quantities are:

Dimensional formula of different quantities:

1.) Electromotive Force (EMF):
E = w/q
where, W = Work done
q = Charge


where, m = Mass
a = Acceleration
d = Displacement

E = [M L2 T-3 I-1]

2.) Magnetic flux density:

where, I = magnetic field intensity

where m = Mass
a = Acceleration
q = Charge
V = Velocity
B = [M × (LT⁻²) × (I⁻¹T⁻¹) × (L⁻¹T¹)]
B = [MT⁻²I⁻¹]

3.) Magnetizing Force:
H = I/A
H = I/L
H = [L-1 I]

4.) Reluctance:

Hence, option 4 is correct.