Sociology CUET PG Mock Test- 1 - CUET PG MCQ

The correct answer is: - A, B, C, D

Key Points

Steps in the Research Process after Data Collection:
Screening of Filled Tool (A):

• This step involves reviewing the collected data to ensure completeness and accuracy.
• Screening helps identify any missing or inconsistent data that may need to be addressed before further processing.
• This is a preliminary step that prepares the data for more detailed analysis.

Coding (B):

• Coding involves categorizing and assigning numerical or symbolic codes to the data for easier analysis.
• This step is essential for transforming qualitative data into a format that can be quantitatively analyzed.
• Coding helps in organizing the data into meaningful categories and simplifies the data analysis process.

Tabulation (C):

• Tabulation is the process of summarizing the coded data into tables or charts.
• This step involves organizing the data in a structured format that highlights key patterns and trends.
• Tabulated data makes it easier to perform statistical analyses and draw meaningful conclusions.

Report Writing (D):

• Report writing is the final step where the findings from the data analysis are documented and presented.
• This step involves interpreting the data, discussing the results, and making recommendations based on the research findings.
• The report should be clear, concise, and well-organized to effectively communicate the research outcomes to the intended audience.

The correct answer is - Solution of Social Problems

Key Points

Solution of Social Problems

• According to Becker and Sarantakos, the primary theoretical goals of social research are not aimed directly at solving social problems.
• The focus is more on understanding, explaining, and predicting social phenomena rather than providing immediate solutions.
• While social research can inform policies and interventions, solving social problems is typically a practical application rather than a theoretical goal.

Additional Information

Verification

• Verification involves confirming the validity of theories or hypotheses through empirical evidence.
• It is a fundamental aspect of the scientific method used in social research to establish the reliability of findings.

Falsification

• Falsification refers to the process of testing a hypothesis with the intent of disproving it.
• This concept, introduced by philosopher Karl Popper, is crucial for the advancement of scientific knowledge, as it helps eliminate incorrect theories.

Modification

• Modification involves altering existing theories or hypotheses based on new data or insights.
• This process helps refine and improve theoretical frameworks, making them more accurate and comprehensive.

The correct answer is - Dowry system has stopped

Key Points

Dowry system has stopped

• The dowry system continues to be a prevalent issue in many parts of India, despite legal prohibitions and social awareness campaigns.
• In urban areas, the practice might be less overt, but it has not completely ceased.
• The persistence of the dowry system indicates that while urbanization has brought many changes, certain traditional practices still endure.

Additional Information

Joint families have disintegrated

• Urbanization often leads to the nuclearization of families, where individuals or smaller family units live independently from the larger joint family structure.

Inter-caste marriages have increased

• Urban settings provide more opportunities for individuals from different castes to interact, leading to a rise in inter-caste marriages.

Non-agrarian occupation have increased

• Urbanization is characterized by a shift from agrarian economies to those focused on industry, services, and other non-agricultural occupations.

The correct answer is Personality disintegration.Key Points

• Fragmentation of the personality to such an extent that the individual no longer presents a unified, predictable set of beliefs, attitudes, traits, and behavioral responses. The most extreme examples of disintegrated, disorganized personalities are found in the schizophrenics.
• Drug addiction is one of the most significant factors in personality disintegration.
• No single factor can predict whether a person will become addicted to drugs. A combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental factors.

Additional Information

• Family disintegration occurs when the family could no longer in part or whole play its role in the upbringing of children and stability of the society.
• In social disintegration theory, the basic explanatory backdrop is the dynamic relationship of integration and disintegration between and within the different spheres: individual and functional system integration, integration into society, and integration into the community.

Thus, Drug addiction is one of the most significant factors in Personality disintegration.

The correct answer is - 2)(A), (B) and (C) only.Key PointsParticipant observation

• This is a core method in ethnographic research where the researcher immerses themselves in the community or context they are studying.
• It allows the researcher to collect data from an insider's perspective, gaining a deeper understanding of the social dynamics and behaviors.

Adapted to meet the requirements of researchers with various view points on the nature of social reality

• Ethnographic methods are flexible and can be tailored to fit different theoretical perspectives and research questions.
• This adaptability makes it a versatile tool for studying diverse social realities and cultural contexts.

Generates in-depth informations on the subjects under study

• Ethnographic research focuses on collecting rich, detailed data that provides a comprehensive understanding of the subjects.
• This often involves qualitative data such as interviews, field notes, and artifacts which give insights into the lived experiences of participants.

Additional InformationSpecific variables controlled by the researcher

• This is not a characteristic of ethnographic methods. It is more aligned with quantitative research where the researcher manipulates variables to study their effects.
• Ethnography, in contrast, is more exploratory and descriptive, focusing on understanding phenomena in their natural context without controlling variables.

The correct answer is option D

Key Points

• A census is a collection of information from all units in the population or a 'complete enumeration' of the population. However, due to limited resources this is not always possible.
• Coding or categorising the data is the most important stage in the qualitative data analysis process.
• Formal experimental designs include: (I) Completely Randomized Design (CRD), (ii) Randomized Block Design (RBD), (iii) Latin Square Design (LSD), and (iv) Factorial designs.
• Generalization: a statement about a group of people or things that is based on only a few people or things in the group
• Interpretation: an act or result of explaining or interpreting something: the way something is explained or understand.

Therefore, the correct answer is Generalisation and Interpretation are synonymous in the research process for hypotheses.

The correct answer is:Mean

Key Points

• The mean is most affected by outliers among the measures of central tendency. An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a dataset. When calculating the mean, each value contributes to the total sum, and outliers, especially extreme ones, can heavily influence this sum. Since the mean is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of values, outliers can significantly distort its value, pulling it towards the direction of the outlier.

Additional Information

• Median: The median is less affected by outliers because it represents the middle value of a dataset when arranged in ascending or descending order. Outliers have minimal impact on the median as they do not affect its position significantly. Therefore, the median is more resistant to outliers compared to the mean.
• Mode: The mode represents the most frequently occurring value in a dataset. Outliers typically have little to no impact on the mode, as it is determined by the frequency of values rather than their magnitudes.
• Range: The range is a measure of variability and represents the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset. While outliers can affect the range by increasing its magnitude, they do not directly influence its calculation in the same way they affect measures of central tendency like the mean. Therefore, the range is not as sensitive to outliers as the mean.

The correct answer is - Karl MarxKey PointsKarl Marx

• Karl Marx is the author of Grundrisse, a collection of notebooks and reflections written during 1857-1858.
• The Grundrisse is considered a foundational text for Marxist theory, providing deep insights into the capitalist system.
• It covers critical concepts such as commodities, labor, and capital, forming the basis for Marx's later works, including Das Kapital.

Additional InformationG. H. Mead

• George Herbert Mead was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, known for his work on the development of the self and social psychology.
• His most notable work is Mind, Self, and Society, which explores the concept of the social self and the role of communication in the formation of the mind.

Emile Durkheim

• Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist, considered one of the founding figures of sociology.
• His key works include The Division of Labour in Society, Suicide, and The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.
• Durkheim's work focuses on social integration, collective consciousness, and the role of social norms and institutions.

August Comte

• Auguste Comte was a French philosopher who is credited with founding the discipline of sociology and the doctrine of positivism.
• He is best known for his theory of three stages of societal development: the theological, metaphysical, and positive stages.
• Comte's major works include The Course in Positive Philosophy and A General View of Positivism.

The correct answer is Karl Marx.Key Points

• According to Karl Marx, class distinctions exist because means of production are in the hands of only one class and that dominant class exploits the other classes.
• The means of production is a term that describes land, labor, and capital that can be used to produce products (such as goods or services).
• The Marxist class theory asserts that an individual's position within a class hierarchy is determined by their role in the production process, and argues that political and ideological consciousness is determined by class position.

Additional Information

• Max Weber, a German sociologist, and political economist best known for his thesis on the “Protestant ethic,” relating Protestantism to capitalism, and for his ideas on bureaucracy.
• Emile Durkheim is most well known as the author of On the Division of Social Labor, The Rules of Sociological Method, Suicide, and The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.
• Talcott Parsons: advocated a structural-functional analysis, a study of the ways in which the interrelated and interacting units that form the structures of a social system contribute to the development and maintenance of that system.

Thus, According to Karl Marx, class distinctions exist because means of production are in the hands of only one class and that dominant class exploits the other classes

The correct answer is Fifth Five Year Plan.

Key Points

• The Fifth Five-year Plan emphasized the ‘removal of poverty and attainment of self-reliance.
• The fifth Five Year Plan duration was from 1974 to 1978. This plan focussed on Garibi Hatao, employment, justice, agricultural production, and defense.
• This plan was terminated in 1978 by the newly elected Moraji Desai government.
• The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, a Twenty-point program was launched in 1975, the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP), and the Indian National Highway System was introduced.

Additional Information

First Five year Plan(1951-1956)

• 1st five-year plan was for the period of 1951 to 1956.
• The target Growth was 2.1 % and the Actual Growth was 3.6 %.
• It was based on Harrod-Domar.
• The influx of refugees, severe food shortage & mounting inflation confronted the country at the onset of the first five-year plan.
• The primary aim of the 1st five-year plan was to improve the living standards of the people of India.
• This could be done by making judicious use of India’s natural resources.
• The Plan focussed on agriculture, price stability, power, and transport.

​Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966)

• The Third 5 year Plan focused on agriculture & enhancement in the production of wheat, but the succinct Sino - Indian War in the year 1962 exposed flaws in the economy & shifted the spotlight towards the Defence industry.
• On May 31 & June 1, 1961, the National Development Council considered the Draft Report on the Third Plan and generally approved it.
• In the course of this period, India's economy must not only enlarge swiftly but must, in unison, become independent and self-generating.
• This long-standing approach is projected to offer a wide-ranging design of expansion for the country's natural resources, industrial advance, and agricultural changes in the social structure & an incorporated scheme of regional & national development.

​Seventh Five-Year Plan(1985-1990)

• Its duration was from 1985 to 1990, under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi.
• The objectives of this plan include the establishment of a self-sufficient economy, opportunities for productive employment, and up-gradation of technology.
• The Plan aimed at accelerating food grain production, increasing employment opportunities & raising productivity with a focus on ‘food, work & productivity.
• For the first time, the private sector got priority over the public sector.
• Its growth target was 5.0% but it achieved 6.01%.

Hence, in 5th five-year plan, poverty alleviation has been included.

The correct answer is - PersonalKey PointsPersonal

• Gemeinschaft, as conceptualized by Ferdinand Tönnies, refers to a type of social relationship that is characterized by close, personal, and direct interactions.
• These relationships are often found in small communities, like villages or families, where social bonds are strong.
• In a Gemeinschaft society, relationships are based on shared values, traditions, and a sense of belonging.
• Examples include family relationships, friendships, and community bonds where individuals care for and support each other.

Additional InformationImpersonal

• Impersonal relationships are characterized by a lack of personal connection and emotional involvement.
• These relationships are common in large, urban societies where interactions are more formal and role-based.

Contractual

• Contractual relationships are based on explicit agreements and mutual obligations.
• These relationships are often seen in business and legal contexts where formal contracts define the terms of interaction.

Specialised

• Specialised relationships are focused on specific roles or tasks.
• These relationships are typical in professional environments where individuals interact based on their specialized roles and responsibilities.

The correct answer is Sociology.Key Points

• Inequality—the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities1—is a concept very much at the heart of social justice theories.
• Power refers to the ability to have one's will be carried out despite the resistance of others. Most of us have seen a striking example of raw power when we are driving a car and see a police car in our rearview mirror. At that particular moment, the driver of that car has enormous power over us
• Power and Inequality examine the origins and maintenance of different forms of human inequality across time and space, as well as social mobilizations that have challenged them.
• An important basis of social stratification is power, or the capacity to influence people and events to obtain wealth and prestige. That is, having power is positively correlated with being rich, as evidenced by the domination of wealthy males in high‐ranking governmental positions.
• Max Weber formed a three-component theory of stratification in which social difference is determined by class, status, and power.

Additional Information

• Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth's surface and the human societies spread across it.
• History is the study of change over time, and it covers all aspects of human society. Political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious, and military developments are all part of history.
• Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior.

Thus, Inequality of power and advantage is central to Sociology because of the crucial place of stratification in the organization of society.

The correct answer is - moresKey Pointsmores

• Mores are the accepted traditional customs and usages of a particular social group.
• They embody the fundamental ideas of right and wrong and are strictly observed.
• Violations of mores often result in severe sanctions or punishments.
• Examples include taboos against incest, theft, and murder.

Additional Informationfolkways

• Folkways are the everyday habits and conventions of a people.
• They are less strictly enforced than mores and include practices like dress codes and social etiquette.
• Violating folkways usually results in mild social pressure rather than severe punishment.

culture

• Culture encompasses the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics shared by members of a particular group or society.
• It includes language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts.
• Culture is a broader term that encompasses both mores and folkways.

values

• Values are the deeply held beliefs that guide people's actions and judgments.
• They reflect what is important in life and include concepts like freedom, equality, and justice.
• Values are foundational principles that influence mores and folkways.

Key Points

• Education as an agent of social change plays a crucial role in transforming societal norms and promoting progressive values.
• In India, education has been used to challenge traditional practices that may perpetuate inequality and injustice, especially in the context of gender equality and women’s rights.
• By promoting awareness of these issues, education encourages individuals to question outdated norms and adopt more equitable perspectives.

Thus, it is concluded that Promoting awareness about women’s rights and gender equality is an example of education as an agent of social change in India.

The correct answer is - MainstreamingKey PointsMainstreaming

• Mainstreaming refers to the practice of placing special education students in general education classrooms for at least part of the school day.
• The goal is to provide these students with the opportunity to learn alongside their non-disabled peers.
• Mainstreaming can help foster social interaction, improve academic outcomes, and enhance self-esteem for special education students.
• This approach supports the idea of inclusivity and equal access to educational opportunities for all students.

Additional InformationHome Schooling

• Home schooling is an educational option where children are educated at home rather than in a traditional school setting.
• Parents or tutors take on the role of educators, creating and delivering the curriculum.
• This option can be chosen for various reasons, including dissatisfaction with local schools, special educational needs, or the desire for a different educational approach.

Tracking

• Tracking is the practice of grouping students according to their academic ability or achievement levels.
• Students are placed in different classes or "tracks" such as advanced, regular, or remedial based on their performance and aptitude.
• This method aims to tailor the educational experience to the needs of the students, though it can also lead to educational inequality.

Credentialism

• Credentialism refers to the overemphasis on academic or educational qualifications when determining a person's suitability for a job or social status.
• This concept highlights the importance placed on degrees and certifications rather than actual skills or competencies.
• It can lead to a focus on obtaining credentials, sometimes at the expense of practical experience or real-world capabilities.

The correct answer is - True, and the reasoning is a correct explanation.

Important PointsSocial Stratification:

• It refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups within a society based on factors like wealth, power, and status.
• It leads to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among members of society.
• Social stratification creates distinct social classes or strata.
• Some groups enjoy greater advantages and prestige than others.
• It can be perpetuated through social institutions, cultural norms, and economic systems.
• Social mobility, the ability to move up or down in the social hierarchy, is often limited, contributing to the persistence of stratification over time.

Social Differences:

• Social differences encompass variations among individuals and groups based on characteristics such as wealth, education, occupation, ethnicity, gender, and religion.
• These differences shape individuals' identities, experiences, and life chances within society.
• They contribute to the diversity and complexity of social interactions and relationships.
• Social differences can lead to both cohesion and conflict within society, depending on how they are perceived and valued.
• Addressing social differences involves promoting equity, inclusivity, and respect for diversity to reduce discrimination and inequality.

The correct answer is Underclass.

Key Points

• Marginalized populations are groups and communities that experience discrimination and exclusion (social, political, and economic) because of unequal power relationships across economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions.
• People under the class structure who are economically, politically, and socially marginalized and excluded comprise the Marginalized class.
• There are various groups that are marginalized such as women, people with disabilities, the aged, scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes. Muslims and Adivasis are two groups that are highly marginalized.

Additional Information

• Underclass theories attempt to identify, locate, and analyze the poorest people in society. Social scientists and journalists have traditionally used the term “underclass” to describe concentrations of impoverished racialized populations living in urban areas.
• Economic class refers specifically to how one ranks relative to others in terms of income and wealth. Simply put, we are sorted into groups by how much money we have. These groups are commonly understood as lower (the poorest), middle, and upper class (the richest).
• Class oppression sometimes referred to as classism, can be defined as prejudice and discrimination based on social class. Class is a social ranking system that is based on income, wealth, education, status, and power.

Thus, People under the class structure who are economically, politically and socially marginalised and excluded comprise the Marginalized class.

The correct answer is option 4. Max Weber is associated with Interpretive Sociology, Pierre Bourdieu is associated with Field Theory, Erving Goffman is associated with Symbolic Interactionism. However, Emile Durkheim is associated with Structural Functionalism and not Historical Materialism.

Important Points

• Max Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who had an enormous influence on social theory and social research. Weber was instrumental in establishing a methodology for social sciences that revolves around the interpretation of human interactions and the meanings individuals attach to their actions and the world around them. His methods were primarily qualitative in nature.
• Weber is typically associated with interpretive sociology, a branch of sociology that places emphasis on the roles of understanding (verstehen), subjective meaning, and human action in social analysis. Throughout his works, he consistently strove to understand social actions and societal institutions from the perspective of individuals who engage in them.
• Émile Durkheim is typically associated with structural functionalism, a framework in sociology that sees society as a complex system structure and parts that work together to promote solidarity and stability.
• Durkheim viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts. Instead of focusing on individual characteristics or actions, he considered the societal structures and systems that constrained and shaped behavior.
• Durkheim argued that each component of a society has a function, working in harmony with other parts for the overall stability and development of society, much like an organism.
• French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu is associated with Field Theory. Bourdieu's Field Theory is a conceptual framework employed to understand social phenomena.
• For Bourdieu, the term 'field' is used to describe a structured social space that has its own rules and laws, and is found in the suffering of competition or rivalry for the control of specific forms of capital. A field is a social arena within which struggles or maneuvers take place over specific resources or stakes.
• Fields can be relatively independent, such as the field of science, art, religion, or education. Each of these fields has its own set of rules, norms, and its form of capital that is competing for and valued.
• Erving Goffman is associated with the theoretical perspective of Symbolic Interactionism, although his work has also been influential in the fields of dramaturgy and the study of social interactions.
• Symbolic Interactionism posits that people act towards things, other people, and situations based upon the interpretations they have about them, and these interpretations are derived from social interactions and societal meanings.
• Goffman's work often explores the nature of social encounters from a dramaturgical perspective. For instance, in his work "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life", Goffman likened social interactions to a theater. He suggested that individuals perform roles in different settings ("front stage") while keeping other aspects of their identity hidden ("back stage").

Additional Information

• Karl Marx's methodology, known as historical materialism or dialectical materialism is a socio-economic framework for analyzing societal development. It operates on the principle that societies progress through stages dictated primarily by their modes of production; it's a materialist perspective in the sense that the most significant cause conceded is 'material', or economic.

The correct answer is - Popular cultureKey PointsPopular culture

• Popular culture, often referred to as "pop culture," encompasses the set of practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time.
• It includes a wide array of cultural products such as music, movies, sports, and fashion that are widely accessible and appreciated by the general public.
• Pop culture is characterized by its ability to reach a large audience and its influence on the day-to-day lives of people.
• It often reflects societal trends and changes, and evolves rapidly in response to the preferences and attitudes of the public.

Additional InformationHigh culture

• High culture refers to the cultural products and activities that are often associated with the elite or upper class of society.
• It includes fine arts, classical music, and literature that are typically considered to be of high quality and value.

Subculture

• A subculture is a group of people within a society who differentiate themselves from the larger culture to which they belong.
• It is characterized by distinct values, behaviors, and interests that set the group apart from the mainstream culture.

Folk culture

• Folk culture refers to the traditional practices, customs, and stories of a community or group that are passed down through generations.
• It includes oral traditions, crafts, music, and rituals that are specific to a particular group or region.

The correct answer is - a - iii, b - iv, c - i, d - ii

Key Points

Field observation (a) - Empirical Research (iii)

• Field observation involves collecting primary data directly from a natural setting without manipulation.
• Empirical research relies on direct or indirect observation and experience to gather knowledge.

Looking at cause and effect relationships (b) - Explanatory Research (iv)

• Explanatory research aims to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
• It seeks to understand the cause-and-effect dynamics.

Aim to describe a few characteristics of a large population (c) - Survey (i)

• Surveys are used to collect data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights into various topics of interest.
• They aim to describe the characteristics, behaviors, or opinions of a large population.

Analysis of newspaper and media Report (d) - Content Analysis (ii)

• Content analysis is a research method used to identify patterns in recorded communication.
• This method is widely used to analyze media content, including newspapers and reports.

Additional Information

Empirical Research

• Involves collecting and analyzing primary data through direct or indirect observation and experience.
• It is grounded in empirical evidence rather than theory alone.
• Explanatory Research
  • Focuses on explaining the relationships between variables.
  • It seeks to identify the cause-and-effect links.

Survey

• A method of collecting quantitative information about items in a population.
• Commonly used in social sciences, business, and market research.

Content Analysis

• A research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding textual material.
• It allows researchers to understand the context of the text and the frequency of its occurrence.

The correct answer is - Labeling theoryKey PointsLabeling theory

• Labeling theory suggests that deviance and conformity are not inherent qualities of the act itself but result from the social response to the act.
• This theory focuses on the significance of labels (e.g., "deviant" or "criminal") that society assigns to individuals.
• Once labeled, individuals may internalize the label and act according to the expectations associated with it.
• The theory highlights the role of social reactions and interactions in defining and reinforcing deviant behavior.

Additional InformationFunctionalism

• Functionalism views society as a complex system with interdependent parts working together to promote stability and social order.
• Deviance is seen as a necessary element of society that can reinforce norms and promote social cohesion by distinguishing acceptable behavior from unacceptable behavior.

Conflict Theory

• Conflict theory focuses on the struggles between different social classes and groups for power and resources.
• Deviance is understood as a result of social inequalities and power imbalances, where those in power define what is considered deviant to maintain their control.

Structural-Functionalism

• Structural-functionalism is a macro-level theory that emphasizes how social structures and institutions contribute to the functioning and stability of society.
• Deviance is analyzed in terms of its functions and dysfunctions for society, such as reinforcing social norms or prompting social change.

The correct answer is - Increase in sample size

Key Points

Increase in sample size

• Sampling error refers to the discrepancy between the sample statistic and the actual population parameter.
• As the sample size increases, the sample becomes more representative of the population, reducing the sampling error.
• Larger sample sizes provide more data points, which help to average out anomalies and provide a clearer picture of the population.
• The Law of Large Numbers states that as a sample size grows, its mean gets closer to the average of the whole population.

Additional Information

Decrease in sample size

• Decreasing the sample size usually increases the sampling error because the smaller sample may not adequately represent the population.
• Smaller samples are more susceptible to the influence of outliers and anomalies.

Process of randomization

• Randomization helps to eliminate bias and ensure that the sample is representative of the population.
• While it is crucial for the validity of the sample, it does not directly affect the size of the sampling error as much as the sample size does.

Process of analysis

• The process of analysis involves interpreting the data collected from the sample.
• While important, it does not affect the sampling error itself, which is determined before analysis begins.

The correct answer is - Relationship orientedKey PointsRelationship oriented

• This is NOT a characteristic of a secondary group.
• Secondary groups are typically formed around a specific goal or task, making them more goal-oriented rather than relationship-oriented.
• In secondary groups, personal relationships are less important and interactions are often impersonal and formal.

Additional InformationLarge in size or membership

• Secondary groups are typically large in size, including organizations, corporations, and institutions.
• Membership in these groups is often extensive, and members may not know each other personally.

Social contact are formal, segmental

• Interactions in secondary groups are formal and based on specific roles and tasks.
• Relationships are segmental, meaning individuals interact in specific contexts related to the group's purpose.

Goal oriented

• Secondary groups are primarily goal-oriented, formed to achieve specific objectives or tasks.
• Examples include work teams, project groups, and professional associations.

The necessary quality of a 'good investigator' in a social problem is not that "he should feel that his first world is the last world."Key Points

• Capacity to coordinate: A good investigator in a social problem must have the ability to work collaboratively with others involved in the investigation, such as colleagues, witnesses, experts, and stakeholders.
• Coordination involves effective communication, organization, planning, and delegation of tasks.
• The investigator should be able to lead or contribute to a team effort while respecting the roles and opinions of others, and ensuring that the investigation is conducted ethically, efficiently, and within the scope of the problem.
• Component to assess the situation: A good investigator in a social problem should possess the knowledge, skills, and judgment to evaluate the situation objectively and comprehensively.
• Assessment involves collecting and analyzing relevant information from various sources, such as documents, interviews, observations, and data.
• The investigator should be able to identify the nature, scope, and causes of the problem, as well as the potential consequences and implications for different stakeholders.
• The investigator should also be able to develop hypotheses, test them, and draw conclusions based on evidence and logic while recognizing the limitations and uncertainties of the investigation.

• The assessment should be based on ethical, legal, and professional standards, and should be communicated clearly and persuasively to the relevant parties.

Hence we can conclude that the necessary quality of a 'good investigator' in a social problem is not that "he should feel that his first world is the last world."

The correct answer is Value education.

Key Points

• Making the world sustainable with stable economies and more inclusivity is a target considered to be the most difficult to achieve.
• The target is difficult to reach but would be attainable if the governments, institutions, businesses and the citizens of the economy start acting on it responsibly.

Value Education:

• An educational process that aims at instills moral standards
• The objective of values education are
  • to create more civil and democratic societies.
  • to promote tolerance and understanding above and beyond our political, cultural, and religious differences.

Methods applied to achieve this target are

• Putting special emphasis on the defense of human rights,
• Protection of ethnic minorities and the most vulnerable groups, and the conservation of the environment.

The correct answer is "(a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)".

Key Points

• Cultural feminist perspective corresponds with Gender differences as it emphasizes the positive qualities that women specifically possess. Liberal feminism deals with Gender Inequality, advocating for the equalization of rights between men and women.
• Radical feminism aligns with Gender Oppression, believing that society requires a radical restructuring to remove male domination.
• Socialist feminism attributes Structural Oppression to the capitalist system and believes that the liberation of women involves challenging this economic structure.
• To cover other options: Radical and Socialist feminisms could be associated with Structural Oppression due to their systemic critique of patriarchy and capitalism.
• Gender Inequality could be associated with all four feminist perspectives as they all highlight different facets of inequality.
• Gender differences could be linked with Cultural feminism as it emphasizes unique female experiences and characteristics.
• Gender Oppression would likely align with Radical feminism due to its focus on dismantling patriarchal structures.
• Please note that the associations made in this question between feminist perspectives and gender issues are broad and general.
• Each of the feminist perspectives is complex and addresses multiple gender issues. Similarly, each gender issue is addressed by multiple feminist perspectives.
• The associations made here are for the purpose of simplifying these complexities.

The correct answer is - 'A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4'.

Key Points

A. Bribery - Exchanging money for favorable decisions (3)

• Bribery involves offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting something of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty.
• It is a widespread form of corruption and typically involves payments or gifts to secure favorable treatments, such as faster processing of permits or lower tax assessments.

B. Embezzlement - Misappropriation of funds for personal use (1)

• Embezzlement is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) by one or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.
• This is often seen in financial and corporate environments where employees misappropriate funds or property for personal gain.

C. Nepotism - Favoritism toward friends or relatives (2)

• Nepotism refers to favoritism granted to relatives or close friends by those in power, often by giving them jobs or other advantages without regard to their qualifications.
• This practice undermines the fairness and efficiency of institutions, leading to the placement of potentially unqualified individuals in key positions.

D. Patronage - Using influence to gain loyalty and support (4)

• Patronage involves providing favors, jobs, or resources to supporters, friends, or family members instead of choosing those who are most qualified.
• It is a way for those in power to maintain support and loyalty by distributing benefits to those who help them remain in their privileged positions.

Concept:-

• This act was passed in 1992 and it was a major step toward the implementation of the Panchayati Raj system in India.
• From the point of view of local self-governance, constitutional recognition has been given to the constitution of Panchayats through this amendment act.

Important Points

• Through Article 243-D of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, provision has been made for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and women of these groups at all the three levels of the Panchayati Raj System (PRS).
• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment mainly works under the Panchayati Raj system, which works to ensure the participation of citizens through development works, decision-making processes, and governance systems at the local level.
• It is a process of constitutionally democratizing the citizens which is also considered a revolutionary initiative.
• Through the 73rd constitutional amendment, efforts are made to provide equal rights to women, Dalits, and backward classes in society, through which the level of equality is maintained in society.

Hierarchy, endogamy, occupational specialization, purity & pollution denotes features of Caste System.
According to G.S. Ghurye, Caste is a system of stratification based on ascriptive patterns and it has six main features/ characteristics.

• Segmental Division of Society
• Hierarchy
• Restriction on feeding and social inter-course
• Civil and religious disabilities
• Lack of unrestricted choice of occupation
• Restriction on marriage

Jurgen Habermas viewed modernity as unfinished project.

Key Points

• Jurgen Habermas belonged to Critical Theory School/Frankfurt School. He is widely known for expanding Marxist perspective in communication sphere. He is known to introduce the concept of communicative rationality. Modernity stands for rationality. The project of modernity will not be accomplished until and unless the way knowledge is produced, the rules governing that, discourse creation are not based on rational principles. In this context, he calls ‘modernity as unfinished project.’

Thus, Option (C) is correct answer.

Additional Information

Anthony Giddens’s work on modernity emerged to explore the question about are we living in post-modern times. He answers that we are still living in modern times although it has differentiated, and radicalised than what it used to be in the past. This ‘radicalised modernity’ is defined by dis-embeddedness from time-space and heightened reflexivity. By Disembeddedness he means that ‘social’ is no longer constrained by the limits of time and geography. For example- One can connect and form community with like minded people anywhere and anytime in the world via social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit etc. And reflexivity has become a key feature of not only individuals but institutions too. He calls self a ‘reflexive project.’

• He is also credited with giving ‘theory of Structuration’ which talks about dialectical relationship between structure and agency of individuals while giving primacy neither structure nor agency.
• Moving further he calls modernity as juggernaut i.e. an uncontrolled phenomena which is still amorphous. It is yet not clear exactly in which direction it will go.
• Important works include The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (1973) New Rules of Sociological Method (1976), The Consequences of Modernity, transformation of intimacy (1992) and the third way (1998) etc.

Louis Althusser was a structuralist marxist. His work centred around ideology. Epistemological break concept associated with his writings. This term is usually refers to alternate way forwarded by Althusser to understand ideology and its operation in society.In other words, he puts forth a refined marxian understanding of reality. his influential essay "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" (1970).

• He builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. Earlier marxist understanding presented ideology as creating a "false consciousness," a false understanding about the way in which the “real” world functioned. But Althusser proposed that we only understand reality around us through language. So ultimately what we know is the words not the actual reality. For example- tree is a word coined by humans to refer to tall, woody structure which has branches filled with leaves. Similarly ‘woody’ ‘leaves’ ‘branches’ etc. all these we only understand through words.
• Then he identifies two apparatuses which make possible the spread and sustainance of ideology. One is ISA (ideological State Apparatus such as schools, religious places, family etc.) and the other one is RSA (Repressive State Apparatus such as police and criminal justice system). The difference between the two lies in the fact that latter ensures compliance from people by the use of violence while the former does not.

Harold Garfinkel is founding father of ethnomethodology. His important works include “Studies in Ethnomethodology,” “Ethnomethodology’s program: Working.” Ethnomethodology belongs to interpretivist tradition. Followers/Proponents of this perspective studies “common/everyday” ways in which people accomplish their day to day tasks in order to identify the social order.