Test: Centre- State Relations - CLAT PG MCQ

The Indian Constitution aims to create a federal structure that divides powers between the Central government and the states. This division is crucial in allowing both levels of government to operate independently within their respective domains while ensuring cooperation and coordination for effective governance. Unlike unitary systems, federal systems like India's maintain a balance of power to prevent central overreach.

Articles 245 to 255 of the Indian Constitution specifically address legislative relations between the Centre and the states. These articles outline the distribution of legislative powers and the circumstances under which Parliament can legislate on matters typically reserved for state legislatures, ensuring a structured interaction between the two levels of government.

The Parliament has the authority to enact 'extraterritorial legislation,' which means its laws apply to Indian citizens and their possessions anywhere in the world. This power allows the Central government to regulate matters involving Indian nationals abroad, ensuring they are subject to Indian laws regardless of their location.

The Parliament can legislate on State List matters during a national emergency. This provision allows for greater central control during crises, ensuring that necessary laws can be enacted swiftly to maintain order and governance, even if such laws typically fall within state jurisdiction.

The 101st Amendment Act of 2016 is significant because it introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. This reform aimed to create a unified tax structure by subsuming various central and state indirect taxes, simplifying the taxation process and promoting a common national market. The GST Council was also established to facilitate cooperation between the Centre and states in this regard.

Article 200 of the Indian Constitution allows the Governor to reserve a bill passed by the state legislature for the consideration of the President. This provision grants the President the power to exercise a veto over state legislation, ensuring that laws align with national interests and constitutional provisions.

The Finance Commission is established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Centre and the states. This commission plays a crucial role in fiscal federalism, ensuring that states receive adequate financial resources to function effectively while also maintaining a balance in the overall revenue-sharing framework.

The All-India Services, such as the IAS and IPS, were established to enhance administrative efficiency across India by ensuring that key administrative positions are filled by individuals who are trained and qualified at a national level. This system promotes uniformity in governance and facilitates cooperation between the Centre and the states, addressing common administrative challenges.

When President's Rule is imposed in a state, the President takes over the functions of the state government. This allows the Central government to directly administer the state, typically in response to a failure of constitutional machinery, ensuring that governance continues without interruption and that law and order are maintained.

Article 256 specifies that the executive power of each state must be exercised in a manner that ensures compliance with laws enacted by Parliament. This provision places an obligation on state governments to align their actions with national laws, thereby reinforcing the supremacy of Central legislation in the federal structure.

The Inter-State Council, established under Article 263, functions to investigate and discuss subjects of common interest between the Centre and the states. This council aims to promote cooperation and resolve disputes, fostering a collaborative approach to governance and policy implementation across different levels of government.

Article 312 empowers Parliament to create All-India Services based on a resolution from the Rajya Sabha. This allows for the establishment of services that can operate across state boundaries, ensuring that the administration maintains a high standard of governance while also facilitating inter-state cooperation.

The primary objective of the Finance Commission, as outlined in the Constitution, is to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Centre and the states. This commission ensures that financial resources are allocated in a manner that supports the functioning of state governments and promotes fiscal stability across the country.

The Centre can issue directives to the states during a financial emergency if the state fails to comply with specified principles of financial propriety. This provision ensures that the Central government can enforce fiscal discipline and maintain financial stability across the states during challenging economic circumstances.

'Mutual delegation' of executive functions refers to the ability of both the Centre and the states to transfer executive powers to each other. This arrangement allows for flexibility in governance, enabling the Centre to delegate certain responsibilities to states while also permitting states to entrust specific functions to the Central government, fostering cooperative federalism.