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Test: Chemistry - 3 - MCAT MCQ


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15 Questions MCQ Test MCAT Mock Test Series 2024 - Test: Chemistry - 3

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Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 1

The IUPAC notation for representing an atom is  where A is the mass number (number of protons + neutrons), Z is the atomic number (number of protons), and X is the element’s chemical symbol. The Z number is often omitted and the number of protons is usually found from the element’s symbol, as all atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
The periodic table serves as a way of arranging elements based on their increasing atomic numbers. On the periodic table, elements with the same number of electrons in their valence layer are located in the same group (vertical row), and elements with the same principal energy level of their valence layer are located in the same period (horizontal row). The periodic table is shown in the image below:

The location of an element in the periodic table influences its properties. Among the most important periodic trends are ionization energy, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top; atomic radius, which increases from right to left and from top to bottom; and electron affinity, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top.

Q. Which of the following pairs of elements has the same number of electrons on its valence layer? (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 1

P and Bi are both located on group 15 of the periodic table. This means that they have the same number of electrons and electronic configuration on the valence layer, in this case ns2np3.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 2

The IUPAC notation for representing an atom is  where A is the mass number (number of protons + neutrons), Z is the atomic number (number of protons), and X is the element’s chemical symbol. The Z number is often omitted and the number of protons is usually found from the element’s symbol, as all atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
The periodic table serves as a way of arranging elements based on their increasing atomic numbers. On the periodic table, elements with the same number of electrons in their valence layer are located in the same group (vertical row), and elements with the same principal energy level of their valence layer are located in the same period (horizontal row). The periodic table is shown in the image below:

The location of an element in the periodic table influences its properties. Among the most important periodic trends are ionization energy, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top; atomic radius, which increases from right to left and from top to bottom; and electron affinity, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top.

Q. Which of the following elements has the smallest ionization energy? (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 2

From the atoms in the options, the one that is located further down in the periodic table is Sr. Na is located more to the left, but when deciding between Na and Sr, the highest principal energy level of Sr means that its electrons are located farther away from the nucleus and hence are easier to remove from the valence layer, making it the atom with the smallest ionization energy.

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Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 3

The IUPAC notation for representing an atom is  where A is the mass number (number of protons + neutrons), Z is the atomic number (number of protons), and X is the element’s chemical symbol. The Z number is often omitted and the number of protons is usually found from the element’s symbol, as all atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
The periodic table serves as a way of arranging elements based on their increasing atomic numbers. On the periodic table, elements with the same number of electrons in their valence layer are located in the same group (vertical row), and elements with the same principal energy level of their valence layer are located in the same period (horizontal row). The periodic table is shown in the image below:

The location of an element in the periodic table influences its properties. Among the most important periodic trends are ionization energy, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top; atomic radius, which increases from right to left and from top to bottom; and electron affinity, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top.

Q. A scientist is investigating the electric attraction between charged ions in salts. The research finds that the electric force is inversely proportional to the size of the charged ions. Which of the following salts would have the highest force of attraction? (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 3

The highest force of attraction will exist in the salt that has the smaller ions. Among the cations, Li+ is the one with the smaller radius since it is located further up in the periodic table. Among the anions, F is the one with the smaller radius since it is also located further up in the periodic table.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 4

The IUPAC notation for representing an atom is  where A is the mass number (number of protons + neutrons), Z is the atomic number (number of protons), and X is the element’s chemical symbol. The Z number is often omitted and the number of protons is usually found from the element’s symbol, as all atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
The periodic table serves as a way of arranging elements based on their increasing atomic numbers. On the periodic table, elements with the same number of electrons in their valence layer are located in the same group (vertical row), and elements with the same principal energy level of their valence layer are located in the same period (horizontal row). The periodic table is shown in the image below:

The location of an element in the periodic table influences its properties. Among the most important periodic trends are ionization energy, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top; atomic radius, which increases from right to left and from top to bottom; and electron affinity, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top.

Q. Which of the following pairs of atoms has the same number of neutrons? (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 4

The number of neutrons in 11B is11 − 5 = 6, and the number of neutrons in 12C is 12 − 6 = 6. This means that this pair of atoms has the same number of neutrons. These types of atoms are also called isotones.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 5

The IUPAC notation for representing an atom is  where A is the mass number (number of protons + neutrons), Z is the atomic number (number of protons), and X is the element’s chemical symbol. The Z number is often omitted and the number of protons is usually found from the element’s symbol, as all atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
The periodic table serves as a way of arranging elements based on their increasing atomic numbers. On the periodic table, elements with the same number of electrons in their valence layer are located in the same group (vertical row), and elements with the same principal energy level of their valence layer are located in the same period (horizontal row). The periodic table is shown in the image below:

The location of an element in the periodic table influences its properties. Among the most important periodic trends are ionization energy, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top; atomic radius, which increases from right to left and from top to bottom; and electron affinity, which increases from left to right and from bottom to top.

Q. Which of the following elements is most likely to form a negative ion? (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 5

The likelihood to form a negative ion arises from the electron affinity. An element with a higher electron affinity is most likely to form a negative ion. From the given options, S is located further up and to the right, meaning that it is energetically favorable for this element to form a negative ion and acquire the electronic configuration of a noble gas.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 6

A chemical solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances called “solutes” in another substance called “solvent”. The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that is dissolved in a certain amount or solvent or solution.

There are different units to represent the concentration of a solution, among them there are the molarity (M), defined as the moles of solute present in 1 L of solution; molality, (m) defined as the moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent; and percentage by mass (%m), which represents the grams of solute dissolved in 100 g of solution.

Q. What mass of KBr is needed to prepare 250 mL of a 0.200 M solution of KBr?MM KBr = 119.002 g/mol (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 6

In order to find the mass of KBr needed, the following conversion factors can be applied to go from mL of solution to mass of KBr:

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 7

A chemical solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances called “solutes” in another substance called “solvent”. The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that is dissolved in a certain amount or solvent or solution.

There are different units to represent the concentration of a solution, among them there are the molarity (M), defined as the moles of solute present in 1 L of solution; molality, (m) defined as the moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent; and percentage by mass (%m), which represents the grams of solute dissolved in 100 g of solution.

Q. A bottle of concentrated hydrochloric acid has a mass percent of 37.2% and a density of 1.18 g/mL. What is the molarity of concentrated hydrochloric acid? (You may consult the attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 7

To convert the concentration of HCl from mass percent to molarity, the following conversion factors can be applied:

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 8

A chemical solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances called “solutes” in another substance called “solvent”. The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that is dissolved in a certain amount or solvent or solution.

There are different units to represent the concentration of a solution, among them there are the molarity (M), defined as the moles of solute present in 1 L of solution; molality, (m) defined as the moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of solvent; and percentage by mass (%m), which represents the grams of solute dissolved in 100 g of solution.

Q. If 3.20 g of NaNO3 are dissolved in enough water to make 0.500 L of solution, what is the molality of the solution? (Assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL). MM NaNO3 = 84.9947 g/mol (See attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 8

To find the molality, the mass of the solvent (water) needs to be found first. In this case,


Then, the molality would be

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 9

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are organic reactions in which an electron-rich substance called a nucleophile reacts with an organic substrate that has an electron-poor carbon atom called an electrophile.
The electrophile has a radical that is a weak base and is substituted by the nucleophile called the leaving group, hence the term nucleophilic substitution.
Nucleophilic substitution can occur via two different mechanisms: SN1, in which the rate determining step is the loss of the leaving group, and SN2, in which the rate-determining step is the nucleophilic attack and the simultaneous loss of the leaving group.
A scientist is studying the nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2-Bromopropane and a novel nucleophile (Nuc), collecting the kinetic data that is shown in the table below:

Q. Referring to the attachment, which of the following is the strongest nucleophile?

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 9

The strongest nucleophile will be the most basic species. Lewis bases donate an electron pair, which is a similar effect to a nucleophilic attack. The nucleophiles from the list ordered from weakest to strongest nucleophile are H2O < F < CH3NH2 < . CH3 The CH3 ion is the most basic because the carbon atom donates the electron pair on it more readily.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 10

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are organic reactions in which an electron-rich substance called a nucleophile reacts with an organic substrate that has an electron-poor carbon atom called an electrophile.
The electrophile has a radical that is a weak base and is substituted by the nucleophile called the leaving group, hence the term nucleophilic substitution.
Nucleophilic substitution can occur via two different mechanisms: SN1, in which the rate determining step is the loss of the leaving group, and SN2, in which the rate-determining step is the nucleophilic attack and the simultaneous loss of the leaving group.
A scientist is studying the nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2-Bromopropane and a novel nucleophile (Nuc), collecting the kinetic data that is shown in the table below:

Q. Using the attachment, what is the rate constant for the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2-Bromopropane with the novel nucleophile Nuc?

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 10

To find out the mechanism and the rate law of the reaction, the reaction order with respect to each reactant needs to be determined using the method of initial rates. For 2-Bromopropane, trials 1 and 2 are selected and the reaction order is found in the following way:

The two fractions are equivalent, hence x = 1. Now, for Nuc, trials 1 and 3 are selected, where the concentration of Nuc is kept constant, and the reaction order is found in the following way:

Since  needs to be equal to 1, it means that y = 0.
These reaction orders show that the reaction proceeds through an SN1 mechanism in which the rate law is r = k⋅[2 − Bromopropane].
To find out the rate constant for this reaction, any trial is selected, and the rate law is solved to find out the rate constant:

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 11

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are organic reactions in which an electron-rich substance called a nucleophile reacts with an organic substrate that has an electron-poor carbon atom called an electrophile.
The electrophile has a radical that is a weak base and is substituted by the nucleophile called the leaving group, hence the term nucleophilic substitution.
Nucleophilic substitution can occur via two different mechanisms: SN1, in which the rate determining step is the loss of the leaving group, and SN2, in which the rate-determining step is the nucleophilic attack and the simultaneous loss of the leaving group.
A scientist is studying the nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2-Bromopropane and a novel nucleophile (Nuc), collecting the kinetic data that is shown in the table below:

Q. The reaction between 2-Bromopropane and the novel nucleophile Nuc proceeds via an ____ mechanism in which the rate law is ____. (You may consult the attachment.)

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 11

To find out the mechanism and the rate law of the reaction, the reaction order with respect to each reactant needs to be determined using the method of initial rates. For 2-Bromopropane, trials 1 and 2 are selected and the reaction order is found in the following way:

The two fractions are equivalent, hence x = 1. Now, for Nuc, trials 1 and 3 are selected, where the concentration of Nuc is kept constant, and the reaction order is found in the following way:

Since  needs to be equal to 1, it means that y = 0. These reaction orders show that the reaction proceeds through an SN1 mechanism in which the rate law is r = k⋅[2 − Bromopropane]

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 12

Which of the following amino acids will be located in the inside of a folded protein?

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 12

A protein folds in order to minimize hydrophobic interactions. Amino acids with hydrophobic side chains will be located in the inside of the folded protein to minimize their interactions with water. For the given amino acids, the only one that has a nonpolar side chain is leucine.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 13

Which of the following stages of mitosis is the shortest?

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 13

Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis. In this stage, the sister chromatids (chromosomes) are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell. The other listed phases, ordered from shortest to longest, are the metaphase, telophase, and interphase.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 14

Which of the following lipids is not found in the cell membrane?

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 14

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids have a polar head and a nonpolar tail and are part of the cell membrane’s bilayer. Triacylglycerols have a nonpolar tail made of fatty acids linked to glycerol, but they lack a polar head so they are not found in the cell membrane.

Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 15

Which of the following aqueous solutions would have the lowest freezing point?

Detailed Solution for Test: Chemistry - 3 - Question 15

The freezing point depression can be estimated by applying the following equation:
ΔTf = Kf⋅m⋅i
where Kf is the solvent’s freezing point depression constant, m is the molality of the solute, and i is the Van’t Hoff factor (the number of particles formed when the solute is dissolved).
To determine the solution with the lowest freezing point, the molality is multiplied by the Van’t Hoff factor for each solution, and the highest value will correspond to the desired solution. In this case, Al2(SO4)3 dissociates into five particles, meaning that the product m⋅i = 0.5m , making it the solution with the lowest freezing point.

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