Test Level 3: Specific Detail / VIC - CAT MCQ
10 Questions MCQ Test Level-wise Tests for CAT - Test Level 3: Specific Detail / VIC
Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
Today, the greatest crisis the country faces is increase in population. There are many problems which are being caused by population like health, unemployment, shortage of food, malnutrition, housing problem, illiteracy, ecological imbalance, etc. The country is outstripping China in population growth, adding the population of Australia almost every year and making sure that one person in every four is an Indian. The rapid increase in population has serious implications for the overall socio-economic development of the country. Various social customs and beliefs favour large families and impede the process of change for adoption of modern methods of birth control. What happens to our poverty curve, our standard of living, our per capita gross national product? Where would these additional millions be absorbed? Where will they work? Would they not boost the crime graph?
It is said that even if the entire 66 million of the unemployed do not take to crime, quite a large number may be tempted to do so. Cannot education come to their rescue? Surely not. Firstly, there are not enough teachers to meet the demand and the necessity to earn something to fill their own bellies and of their parents, makes education usually a low priority, in spite of facilities and incentives available to bring every child to school. This leads people from their school to their work location where they do not find much opportunity. Hence, they revert to crime.
Rapid population growth has also disturbed the ecological balance of nature. Water is everywhere but not a drop to drink. Hardly 69 per cent people have access to safe drinking water. Thousands died and lakhs were affected by cholera and gastroenteritis for want of safe drinking water in trans-Yamuna areas in Delhi. If the present ecological damage continues as a result of increasing population, one shudders to think of what is to follow.
Another major problem encountered is that the prices are going up and poverty is increasing. About 40% of the population in India is below the poverty line. Food reserves are diminishing. Essential goods are scarce. Land is being divided into smaller units. As a result, the standard of living is going down. Can we check these deteriorating conditions? Can we find answers anywhere else?
China has managed to bring down their population growth to 1.2% by enactment of law. In India, enactment of law for limiting family size is not feasible. Moreover, simply enacting a law won't make much difference, unless the law enforcing machinery, health workers and the masses join hands together. For national prosperity, we must have thorough planning. Our survival hangs in the balance. Strong human power must intervene in the sad state of affairs. This need not necessarily be the power of the government as we generally assume it to be but an effort of the collective.
Q. The standard of living is going down primarily because of
(I) poor governance
(II) increase in prices
(III) division of land into smaller units
(I) poor governance
(II) increase in prices
(III) division of land into smaller units
Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows.
Today, the greatest crisis the country faces is increase in population. There are many problems which are being caused by population like health, unemployment, shortage of food, malnutrition, housing problem, illiteracy, ecological imbalance, etc. The country is outstripping China in population growth, adding the population of Australia almost every year and making sure that one person in every four is an Indian. The rapid increase in population has serious implications for the overall socio-economic development of the country. Various social customs and beliefs favour large families and impede the process of change for adoption of modern methods of birth control. What happens to our poverty curve, our standard of living, our per capita gross national product? Where would these additional millions be absorbed? Where will they work? Would they not boost the crime graph?
It is said that even if the entire 66 million of the unemployed do not take to crime, quite a large number may be tempted to do so. Cannot education come to their rescue? Surely not. Firstly, there are not enough teachers to meet the demand and the necessity to earn something to fill their own bellies and of their parents, makes education usually a low priority, in spite of facilities and incentives available to bring every child to school. This leads people from their school to their work location where they do not find much opportunity. Hence, they revert to crime.
Rapid population growth has also disturbed the ecological balance of nature. Water is everywhere but not a drop to drink. Hardly 69 per cent people have access to safe drinking water. Thousands died and lakhs were affected by cholera and gastroenteritis for want of safe drinking water in trans-Yamuna areas in Delhi. If the present ecological damage continues as a result of increasing population, one shudders to think of what is to follow.
Another major problem encountered is that the prices are going up and poverty is increasing. About 40% of the population in India is below the poverty line. Food reserves are diminishing. Essential goods are scarce. Land is being divided into smaller units. As a result, the standard of living is going down. Can we check these deteriorating conditions? Can we find answers anywhere else?
China has managed to bring down their population growth to 1.2% by enactment of law. In India, enactment of law for limiting family size is not feasible. Moreover, simply enacting a law won't make much difference, unless the law enforcing machinery, health workers and the masses join hands together. For national prosperity, we must have thorough planning. Our survival hangs in the balance. Strong human power must intervene in the sad state of affairs. This need not necessarily be the power of the government as we generally assume it to be but an effort of the collective.
Q. According to the author, what is the relationship between the unemployment and the crime statistics?
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Directions: The passage below IS followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
The categorization by literary historians can be to some extent a precarious venture. When Asian poets are discussed independently as a set, for example, the degree to which their work reveals the advancement of poetry in broad–spectrum should not be forgotten, or a misrepresentation of literary history may be the consequence. This prudence is predominantly pertinent in an appraisal of the divergence between Asian poets at the start century (1900–1909) and those of the generation of the 1920's. These dissimilarities include the intrepid and more candid vocalizations of the later generation and its methodological ingenuity. It should not be forgotten, though, that analogous differences also existed for parallel generations of British poets.
When poets of the 1910's and 1920's are considered collectively, however, the peculiarities that literary historians might make out between "traditional" and "experimental" would be of little consequence in a debate of Asian poets, although these remain supportive classifications for British poets of these decades. Positively differences can be noted between "traditional" Asian poets such as Tagore and Seth and "experimental" ones such as Chan and Qayuum. But Asian poets were not fighting over old or fresh styles; rather, one consummate Asian poet was ready to welcome another, without caring for his or her styles, for what weighed was racial pride.
But, in the 1920's, Asian poets deliberated over the issue whether they should deal with particularly racial themes. The questions were raised like whether they should only write about Asian experience for an Asian audience or whether such demands were restraining. It may be believed, though, that nearly all these poets wrote their finest poems when they spoke out of racial sentiment, race being, as Kim Sun rightly put it,
"Necessarily the thing the Asian poet knows best".
At the start of the century, by comparison, most Asian poets generally wrote in the conformist manner of the age and articulated noble, if ambiguous, sentiments in their poetry. These poets were not extraordinarily gifted, though Rosh Jannah and J. Mitra may be segregated from the group. They decided not to write in vernacular, which as Stuart Bergmann has suggested, "Intended a refutation of stereotypes of Asian life," and they declined to write solely about racial issues. This denial had both a positive and negative results. As Bergmann observes, "Usefully persisted that Asian poets should not be cramped to issues of race, these poets made error .... They declined to introspect and write". These are vital perspicacities, but one must accentuate that this refusal to look within was also characteristic of most British poets of the time. They, too, often ignored their own familiarity and consequently fashioned some very ordinary poems about indistinct topics, such as the tranquility of nature.
Q. According to the passage, most turn-of-the century Asian poets generally did which of the following?
When poets of the 1910's and 1920's are considered collectively, however, the peculiarities that literary historians might make out between "traditional" and "experimental" would be of little consequence in a debate of Asian poets, although these remain supportive classifications for British poets of these decades. Positively differences can be noted between "traditional" Asian poets such as Tagore and Seth and "experimental" ones such as Chan and Qayuum. But Asian poets were not fighting over old or fresh styles; rather, one consummate Asian poet was ready to welcome another, without caring for his or her styles, for what weighed was racial pride.
But, in the 1920's, Asian poets deliberated over the issue whether they should deal with particularly racial themes. The questions were raised like whether they should only write about Asian experience for an Asian audience or whether such demands were restraining. It may be believed, though, that nearly all these poets wrote their finest poems when they spoke out of racial sentiment, race being, as Kim Sun rightly put it,
"Necessarily the thing the Asian poet knows best".
At the start of the century, by comparison, most Asian poets generally wrote in the conformist manner of the age and articulated noble, if ambiguous, sentiments in their poetry. These poets were not extraordinarily gifted, though Rosh Jannah and J. Mitra may be segregated from the group. They decided not to write in vernacular, which as Stuart Bergmann has suggested, "Intended a refutation of stereotypes of Asian life," and they declined to write solely about racial issues. This denial had both a positive and negative results. As Bergmann observes, "Usefully persisted that Asian poets should not be cramped to issues of race, these poets made error .... They declined to introspect and write". These are vital perspicacities, but one must accentuate that this refusal to look within was also characteristic of most British poets of the time. They, too, often ignored their own familiarity and consequently fashioned some very ordinary poems about indistinct topics, such as the tranquility of nature.
Directions: The passage below IS followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
From the surface of the planet Pluto, we look up at Charon in the sky, 20 times closer to Pluto than our Moon is to Earth. It is an impressive sight. Charon may rank twelfth in size among moons in the solar system, but it is so close to Pluto—only 11,650 miles (18,800 kilometers) above Pluto's equator—that it appears larger than any other moon appears from the surface of its planet. Charon covers almost 4 degrees in Pluto's sky—eight times as wide as our Moon appears from Earth. On our planet, you can hold a pea out at arm's length and completely eclipse our Moon. On Pluto, to block Charon from view, you would need a billiard ball.
It was no surprise that Charon rotates in the same period of time as it revolves so that it always presents the same hemisphere to Pluto. All the inner satellites and all the major satellites in the solar system have synchronous rotation and revolution because they are tidally coupled to their planets. A planet's gravity creates a slight tidal bulge in its moons and pulls on that bulge so that the moons cannot turn it away from the planet. One side of the satellite always faces the planet and the other side always faces away while the planet rotates rapidly, so that the moon rises and sets for all parts of the planet.
But Pluto furnished a surprise. Pluto and Charon are so close to twins in size and so close together that Charon's gravity induces a bulge in Pluto. The bulge is great enough that Pluto is tidally coupled to Charon just as Charon is tidally coupled to Pluto. Thus, Pluto always shows the same face to Charon just as Charon always shows the same face to Pluto. It is the only example of mutual tidal coupling in the solar system. The result is that for an astronaut standing on Pluto, Charon is either always visible or never visible.
The shadows we see on Charon reveal an uneven, cratered landscape. Like Pluto, Charon is light gray, although somewhat darker and more even in color than Pluto, as was known from measurements made from Earth using the Pluto–Charon eclipses. The very slightly reddish brown hue of Pluto is missing from Charon—or at least from Charon's Pluto–facing side, that is the only side we get to see from the surface of Pluto. Missing too from Charon is the methane frost which partially covers Pluto. With Charon's smaller mass and therefore weaker gravity, whatever methane ice there was at the surface has evaporated. Perhaps this in part explains why Charon is less effective. The escaping methane has exposed frozen water to view.
On Earth, we are used to the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, and stars as our planet turns. On Pluto, the Sun rises and sets, if somewhat slowly, but Charon stays fixed in the sky. It never rises or sets, thanks to tidal coupling. As Charon revolves once around Pluto in 6.4 days, Pluto spins once around on its axis in that same period of time. The result is that Charon hangs almost stationary in the sky while the Sun and stars glide slowly past in the background. Because Charon is so large in the sky, stars are frequently blocked from view. These stellar occultations are the only eclipses visible during the 120–year gap between seasons of solar and lunar eclipses.
From the vantage point of Earth, Pluto and Charon pass in front of and behind one another very rarely. The Earth experiences solar and lunar eclipses at least four times and sometimes as many as seven times a year. Because of Pluto's axial tilt and Charon's position over Pluto's equator, the pair goes for almost 120 years without their shadows ever falling upon one another. Then, in a period roughly six years long, every 6.39–day orbit Charon makes carries it across the face of Pluto and then around behind Pluto. The result is eclipse frenzy. Serendipitously, that eclipse season began in 1985, soon after Charon was discovered.
During an eclipse of the Sun on Pluto, Charon would look like a giant dark hole in the sky, marked only by the absence of stars. It would be dark but not black because it would be illuminated by reflected light from Pluto. The corona— the outer atmosphere of the Sun, which makes solar eclipses seen from Earth so beautiful—would be visible only just after the Sun vanished and just before it reappeared. At mid–eclipse, the disk of Charon covers the entire orbit of the Earth. The corona is far too faint at that distance from the Sun to peer around the edges of Charon.
Q. The passage asserts that Charon's relationship with Pluto is unique in our solar system in regard to
Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Progressing in life is something which is imperative for a person to grow and achieve one level after another. Now, each level should be more difficult than the previous one. This would help a person to stretch one’s abilities & know one’s capabilities to their maximum limits. Progress, for quite a good deal of it, means to be able to manage pressure for a good deal of it.
Progress in the life depends a good deal on crossing one threshold after another. Some time ago a man watched his little son trying to write his name. It was hard work, very hard work. The little boy had arrived at an effort threshold. Today, he writes his name with comparative ease. No new threshold confronts him. This is the way with all of us. As soon as we cross one threshold, as soon as we conquer one difficulty, a new difficulty appears, or should appear. Some people make the mistake of steering clear of threshold. Anything that requires genuine thinking and use of energy, they avoid. They prefer to stay in a rut where thresholds are not met. Probably, they have been at their job a number of years. Things are easy for them. They make no effort to seek out new obstacles to overcome. Real progress stops under such circumstances.
Some middle–aged and elderly people greatly enrich their lives by continuing to cross thresholds. Psychologists have discovered that man can continue to learn throughout the life. And it is undoubtedly better to try, and fail than not to try at all. Here, one can be placed in the category of a mountaineer of whom it was said, "He died climbing." When a new difficulty rises to obstruct your path, do not complain. Accept the challenge. Resolve to cross this threshold as you have crossed numerous other thresholds in your past life. In the words of the poet, do not rest but strive to pass 'from dream to grander dream'.
Each grand dream will help you to in turn achieve more than you could ever expect from your own self. This would in turn lead to self–revelation & once one understands one’s own self, attaining anything in life would be actually like a dream.
Q. What does progress in life depend upon?
Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Progressing in life is something which is imperative for a person to grow and achieve one level after another. Now, each level should be more difficult than the previous one. This would help a person to stretch one’s abilities & know one’s capabilities to their maximum limits. Progress, for quite a good deal of it, means to be able to manage pressure for a good deal of it.
Progress in the life depends a good deal on crossing one threshold after another. Some time ago a man watched his little son trying to write his name. It was hard work, very hard work. The little boy had arrived at an effort threshold. Today, he writes his name with comparative ease. No new threshold confronts him. This is the way with all of us. As soon as we cross one threshold, as soon as we conquer one difficulty, a new difficulty appears, or should appear. Some people make the mistake of steering clear of threshold. Anything that requires genuine thinking and use of energy, they avoid. They prefer to stay in a rut where thresholds are not met. Probably, they have been at their job a number of years. Things are easy for them. They make no effort to seek out new obstacles to overcome. Real progress stops under such circumstances.
Some middle–aged and elderly people greatly enrich their lives by continuing to cross thresholds. Psychologists have discovered that man can continue to learn throughout the life. And it is undoubtedly better to try, and fail than not to try at all. Here, one can be placed in the category of a mountaineer of whom it was said, "He died climbing." When a new difficulty rises to obstruct your path, do not complain. Accept the challenge. Resolve to cross this threshold as you have crossed numerous other thresholds in your past life. In the words of the poet, do not rest but strive to pass 'from dream to grander dream'.
Each grand dream will help you to in turn achieve more than you could ever expect from your own self. This would in turn lead to self–revelation & once one understands one’s own self, attaining anything in life would be actually like a dream.
Q. What does 'to pass from dream to grander dream' mean?
Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Emile Durkheim, the first person to be formally recognized as a sociologist and the most scientific of the pioneers, conducted a study that stands as a research model for sociologists today. His investigation of suicide was, in fact, the first sociologist study to use statistics. In 'Suicide' (1964, originally published in 1897) Durkheim documented his contention that some aspects of human behavior–even something as allegedly individualistic as suicide can be explained without reference to individuals.
Like all of Durkheim's work, 'Suicide' must be viewed within the context of his concern for social integration. Durkheim believed that the suicide rates within a social entity (for example, a group, organization, or society) are related to the degree to which individuals are socially involved (integrated and regulated). Durkheim described three types of suicides: egoistic, anomic, and altruistic. Egoistic suicide is promoted when individuals do not have sufficient social ties. Since single (never married) adults, for example, are not heavily involved with family life, they are more likely to commit suicide than are married adults. Altruistic suicide on the other hand, is more likely to occur when social integration is too strong. The ritual suicide of Hindu widows on their husband's funeral pyres is one example. Military personnel, trained to lay down their lives for their country, provide another illustration.
Durkheim's third type of suicide - anomic suicide – increases when the social regulation of individuals is disrupted. For example, suicide rates increase during economic depressions. People who suddenly find themselves without a job or without hope of finding one are more prone to kill themselves. Suicides may also increase during periods of prosperity. People may loosen their social ties by taking new jobs, moving to new communities, or finding new mates.
Using data from the government population reports of several countries (much of it from the French Government Statistical Office), Durkheim found strong support for his line of reasoning. Suicide rates were higher among single than married people, among military personnel than civilians, among divorced than married people, and among people involved in nationwide economic crises.
It is important to realise that Durkheim's primary interest was not in the empirical (observable) indicators he used such as suicide rates among military personnel, married people, and so forth. Rather, Durkheim used the following indicators to support several of his contentions:
(a) Social behaviour can be explained by social rather than psychological factors;
(b) Suicide is affected by the degree of integration and regulation within social entities; and
(c) Since society can be studied scientifically, sociology is worthy of recognition in the academic world. Durkheim was successful on all three counts.
Q. In his study of suicide, Durkheim`s main purpose was
Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Sub-Passage – I
Every year there are changes in climate in different parts of the world. Some of these changes are due to natural causes. However, some climatic changes are caused by air pollution and these changes may increase.
If the pollution affects the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the results are likely to be serious. Carbon dioxide constitutes only a small part of the atmosphere. But it has an important function in maintaining the balance between radiation from the sun entering the atmosphere and radiation leaving the Earth. Some of the radiation is absorbed by the Earth and some is radiated back into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents some of the radiation from leaving the atmosphere. Thus the heat remains in the atmosphere and carbon dioxide helps to prevent the temperature of the Earth from falling.
If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased as a result of air pollution, the temperature of the atmosphere may rise. This might eventually cause the ice in the north and the south poles to melt. If this happened, the sea level would rise and parts of the Earth would be flooded. The likelihood of this happening is remote, but the possibility exists.
There is also a fairly strong possibility that the dust level in the atmosphere will rise as a result of industrial pollution. This dust pollution will reflect sunlight back into space. If this happens, less sunlight will reach the Earth and the temperature will fall.
Another danger comes from the destruction of the Earth's vegetation, such as the forests of Brazil, which are being cleared to make way for farmland and cities. Trees use carbon dioxide and their destruction may upset the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Sub-Passage – II
An acre of rainforest is destroyed every second for farmland we’ll use for a few years and leave. That rainforest is not replaceable. We complain rainforest is not replaceable. We complain there’s not a cure for HIV or many other diseases, but we destroy forest: it’s plants produce many medicines and one of those plants could contain a cure for a disease.
We use huge machinery to destroy the rainforest. These machines release chemicals into the air which pollutes the stuff we breathe into our bodies. Every time we gun that engine or peel our tires we pollute the air. If we want to breathe healthy air so we can enjoy the outdoors, we’re going to have to be more conscious on what we do. What do you think about a huge flood that kills all living things on land? Well, every time you spray the hairspray or cheese in a can you release aerosol which depletes the ozone. Because of our lack of knowledge or care there is now a huge hole over Antarctica. If too much heat gets to the glaciers they will melt, overfilling the oceans, causing massive floods on dry land. Floods so bad they would kill all living things. Would it kill you to not drive for the fun of it, possibly walk or car pool? Well, since people have over-used the gas of the world we’re facing a shortage of fossil fuel which is what powers our cars. With this problem other problems occur. Air pollution, noise pollution, and over crowding are some to just name a few. This problem needs to be taken care of quickly. The problem of pollution is something has to end and end soon. If something doesn’t stop, the pollution will take over and destroy us which is nobody’s fault but ourselves. The problem is bad but if we start to clean up now we could still make it a wonderful life (again).
Q. What is the best possible title for the passage I?
Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Sub-Passage – I
Every year there are changes in climate in different parts of the world. Some of these changes are due to natural causes. However, some climatic changes are caused by air pollution and these changes may increase.
If the pollution affects the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the results are likely to be serious. Carbon dioxide constitutes only a small part of the atmosphere. But it has an important function in maintaining the balance between radiation from the sun entering the atmosphere and radiation leaving the Earth. Some of the radiation is absorbed by the Earth and some is radiated back into the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents some of the radiation from leaving the atmosphere. Thus the heat remains in the atmosphere and carbon dioxide helps to prevent the temperature of the Earth from falling.
If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased as a result of air pollution, the temperature of the atmosphere may rise. This might eventually cause the ice in the north and the south poles to melt. If this happened, the sea level would rise and parts of the Earth would be flooded. The likelihood of this happening is remote, but the possibility exists.
There is also a fairly strong possibility that the dust level in the atmosphere will rise as a result of industrial pollution. This dust pollution will reflect sunlight back into space. If this happens, less sunlight will reach the Earth and the temperature will fall.
Another danger comes from the destruction of the Earth's vegetation, such as the forests of Brazil, which are being cleared to make way for farmland and cities. Trees use carbon dioxide and their destruction may upset the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Sub-Passage – II
An acre of rainforest is destroyed every second for farmland we’ll use for a few years and leave. That rainforest is not replaceable. We complain rainforest is not replaceable. We complain there’s not a cure for HIV or many other diseases, but we destroy forest: it’s plants produce many medicines and one of those plants could contain a cure for a disease.
We use huge machinery to destroy the rainforest. These machines release chemicals into the air which pollutes the stuff we breathe into our bodies. Every time we gun that engine or peel our tires we pollute the air. If we want to breathe healthy air so we can enjoy the outdoors, we’re going to have to be more conscious on what we do. What do you think about a huge flood that kills all living things on land? Well, every time you spray the hairspray or cheese in a can you release aerosol which depletes the ozone. Because of our lack of knowledge or care there is now a huge hole over Antarctica. If too much heat gets to the glaciers they will melt, overfilling the oceans, causing massive floods on dry land. Floods so bad they would kill all living things. Would it kill you to not drive for the fun of it, possibly walk or car pool? Well, since people have over-used the gas of the world we’re facing a shortage of fossil fuel which is what powers our cars. With this problem other problems occur. Air pollution, noise pollution, and over crowding are some to just name a few. This problem needs to be taken care of quickly. The problem of pollution is something has to end and end soon. If something doesn’t stop, the pollution will take over and destroy us which is nobody’s fault but ourselves. The problem is bad but if we start to clean up now we could still make it a wonderful life (again).
Q. Author`s attitude towards pollution as per Passage II is
Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Laws directly tell us how to behave (or not to behave) under various specific circumstances and prescribe remedies or punishments for individuals who do not comply with the law. It can be defined as a binding custom or practice of a community: a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority Legal principles are often derived from ethical ones, but legal principles deal more with the practical regulation of morality, or behaviors and activities. Additionally many legal principles deal with the inadequacies and imperfections in human nature, and the less than ideal behaviors of individuals or groups. Legal practices are also affected more by historical precedent, matters of definition, issues related to detectability and enforceability and evolution of new circumstances than are ethical ones.
Law is also defined as a body of enacted or customary rules recognized by a community as binding. The law of the Medes and the Persians were regarded as unalterable. While in ancient times the king laid down the law and the people implicitly obeyed him, in modem times laws are made by legislatures, popularly elected or partially nominated. These laws, whatever their source, are binding injunctions; if they were not binding and if their compliance with them were not obligatory, they would not be laws but mere wishes which could be treated as optional. It is the element of compulsion that distinguishes a law from an ordinary directive or expression of desire. Laws enacted by legislatures have also to be distinguished from laws of nature which indicates regularity and invariable sequence between specified conditions and specified phenomena.
All man–made laws are designed to regulate human conduct in the interest of society. In absence of such rules each person would regard himself free to do what he likes, regardless of impact of his actions on others' corresponding right of freedom of action. In fact, the very existence of society would be endangered if there were no universally recognized laws. A lawless society would mean endless confusion, possibly a reign of terror, and might result in a terrible mess where the only effective law of the jungle. Before regular laws were enacted and enforced, might was right: the physically stronger individual dominated the set–up and the weak person had perforce to surrender to the wishes of the might one or get destroyed. Laws thus enforce justice; provide equal rights and opportunities to everyone, weak or strong, male or female, rich or poor.
Q. Which of these would not be an outcome of absence of laws?
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