Test: Life in Town and Village - Grade 2 MCQ

Punch-marked coins are significant archaeological evidence from the period of second urbanization, indicating the development of trade and economic systems. These coins illustrate the evolving monetary systems in ancient India.

Bharuch, known in antiquity as Bhrigukachchha, was a significant port city that facilitated trade with the Roman Empire, serving as a key point for the exchange of goods and cultural interactions.

Ring wells were likely utilized as drains, toilets, or garbage disposal systems, showcasing advancements in urban sanitation and infrastructure during the period of second urbanization.

Urban centers during the second urbanization featured improved sanitation systems, including advanced drainage and waste disposal methods like ring wells, reflecting a growing sophistication in urban planning and public health.

Increased agricultural production was a significant factor that led to the emergence of urban centers, as it created food surpluses that supported larger populations and facilitated the growth of crafts and trade.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is a Greek text that provided detailed accounts of trade activities at various ports, highlighting the extent and nature of commerce between India and other regions, notably the Roman Empire.

Crop transplantation was a new technique introduced during this period, which allowed for higher yields and better management of agricultural resources, further enhancing food security and urban growth.

Arikamedu was known for exporting textiles and glass-shell bangles, among other goods. Its strategic location and trade links with Rome allowed it to thrive as a center of commerce and craftsmanship.

Wealthy landowners in South Indian villages were referred to as vellalar, who played significant roles in the agricultural economy and social structure of their communities.

The second urbanization began primarily due to increased agricultural production, which allowed for surplus food and supported the growth of urban centers. This shift from rural to urban living was a crucial development in shaping societies during this period.

The growth of trade led to the formation of guilds, or shrenis, which supported craftsmen and traders by providing resources, training, and a framework for commercial activities. This fostered economic interdependence and community organization.

Guilds, or shrenis, were associations formed by craftsmen and traders, providing a support network for their members in terms of resources, training, and collective bargaining in markets.

Sangam literature refers to the earliest known Tamil writings, created during literary assemblies in Madurai. This body of work is notable for its focus on secular themes, contrasting with much of early Indian literature that was religious in nature.

Carpenters commonly settled near forests to access the abundant raw materials needed for their work. This proximity allowed them to utilize local resources effectively in their craftsmanship.

Iron tools, such as axes and ploughshares, facilitated the clearing of land for farming, significantly enhancing agricultural productivity and contributing to the surplus needed for urban growth.