Test: Mood Disorders - 3 - NEET PG MCQ

SSRIs are devoid of any potential for abuse. In contrast, both opioids (such as buprenorphine and dextropropoxyphene) and benzodiazepines (like alprazolam) possess a risk of abuse.

Tianeptine works primarily as a serotonin uptake enhancer. This means it helps to increase the amount of serotonin available in the brain, which can improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression. Unlike some other antidepressants, it does not inhibit or block serotonin, but rather enhances its activity.

• Nausea
• Diarrhoea
• Anxiety
• Sweating

Dantrolene is not the preferred treatment, although it is occasionally utilised to manage hyperthermia.

Vagal nerve stimulation is a potential method for addressing depression.

ECT, deep brain stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation are viable options for managing depression.

The most effective psychological therapy for treating depression is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This approach focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to depression.

Key aspects of CBT include:

• Understanding how thoughts affect emotions and actions.
• Learning practical skills to manage and cope with negative feelings.
• Setting achievable goals to improve daily functioning.

Research shows that CBT is not only effective in reducing symptoms of depression but also helps prevent future episodes, making it a preferred choice in therapy.

Depression linked to a seasonal pattern can be addressed through phototherapy.

Reduced concentrations of 5 HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) are associated with a higher likelihood of suicide.

Men face a greater risk of suicide compared to women. It is important to note that although women attempt suicide more frequently than men, the completion rate is higher among men. This disparity largely arises from the methods employed; men are more inclined to utilise more lethal means, such as firearms, which consequently increases their likelihood of completing suicide.

Endogenous depression, along with depression characterised by psychotic symptoms (psychotic depression), and involutional depression (depression featuring melancholia) are linked to an increased risk of suicide.

Emile Durkheim conducted in-depth research on the societal elements linked to suicide.

The statistics regarding suicide rates are published annually by the government. Based on data from the NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau), in 2014, India's suicide rate was 10.6 per lakh of the population.

Suicidal tendencies can be associated with several mental health conditions. Here are some key points:

• Depression: A common cause of suicidal thoughts, often linked to feelings of hopelessness.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Individuals may experience suicidal thoughts after traumatic events.
• Schizophrenia: This severe mental disorder can lead to suicidal ideation.
• Substance abuse: Drug and alcohol misuse can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts.
• Anxiety: High levels of anxiety may contribute to suicidal feelings in some individuals.

It's important to seek help if you or someone you know is struggling with these issues.

Research has identified several chromosomes that may be linked to bipolar disorder. In particular, studies suggest the following:

• Chromosome 16 has been associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder.
• Other chromosomes, such as Chromosome 13, Chromosome 18, Chromosome 11, and Chromosome 23, have also been considered but are less strongly linked.

These findings help scientists understand the genetic factors that may contribute to bipolar disorder, highlighting the complexity of this mental health condition.

Bipolar II disorder is characterised by:

• Major depression episodes, which are periods of intense sadness or loss of interest.
• At least one hypomanic episode, a milder form of mania that may include elevated mood and increased energy.
• It does not involve a full manic episode, which distinguishes it from Bipolar I disorder.

This combination of major depression and hypomania is essential for a diagnosis of Bipolar II disorder.

Even a single episode of mania is enough to establish a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.

The following are included in bipolar disorders:

• Hypomania: A milder form of mania, characterised by elevated mood and increased energy.
• Cyclothymia: A milder mood disorder involving periods of hypomania and mild depression.

Other options like paranoid disorder, hyperthymia, and kleptomania are not considered part of bipolar disorders.

Manic depressive psychosis was the previous term for bipolar disorder. In cases of bipolar disorder:

• Patients typically exhibit normal behaviour between episodes.

To diagnose mania according to the ICD-10 guidelines, the following points are essential:

• The symptoms must last for a minimum of 1 week.
• These symptoms should be noticeable enough to affect daily life.
• Common symptoms include an unusually elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced need for sleep.

It's crucial to observe these signs consistently over the specified time to confirm a diagnosis.