Test: Neuroradiology - 2 - NEET PG MCQ

Suprasellar calcification often indicates a specific type of brain tumour. In cases where this is coupled with growth retardation, the most likely condition is a:

• Craniopharyngioma, which is a benign tumour that can affect children and typically arises near the pituitary gland.
• This tumour can lead to symptoms such as headaches and hormonal imbalances due to its location.
• Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the condition effectively.

In children, a mixed cystic and solid mass in the suprasellar region is often due to a specific type of tumour. The most common one is a craniopharyngioma. This condition typically presents as a growth that has both solid and cystic components, which can be identified through imaging scans.

Here are some key points about craniopharyngioma:

• It usually occurs in children and adolescents, particularly around the age of 10.
• This tumour can cause symptoms by pressing on nearby structures, such as the pituitary gland and optic nerves.
• Symptoms may include headaches, vision problems, and hormonal imbalances.
• Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging studies like MRI or CT scans.

Overall, understanding the nature of this mass is crucial for appropriate management and treatment.

Out of the listed tumours, the one most commonly associated with extra cranial spread is:

• Medulloblastoma: This type of brain cancer often spreads to other parts of the body, including the spine.
• Ependymoma: Typically remains contained within the central nervous system.
• Glioblastoma multiforme: While aggressive, it usually does not spread beyond the brain and spinal cord.
• Choroid plexus papilloma: Generally does not exhibit extra cranial spread.

In summary, Medulloblastoma is the key tumour associated with extra cranial spread.

The imaging findings suggest the presence of a brain mass in a 7-year-old boy. The mass is located in the posterior fossa and shows cyst formation. Key imaging characteristics include:

• Hypodense appearance on CT scans
• Hyperintense signal on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI)
• Nodule enhancement after gadolinium contrast is administered

These features are indicative of a type of brain tumour. Among the options provided, the characteristics align closely with:

• Medulloblastoma - common in children and often found in this location
• Ependymoma
• Astrocytoma
• Cysticercosis

Given the specifics of the imaging findings, particularly the cyst formation and enhancement pattern, the most likely diagnosis is medulloblastoma.

Hemangioblastoma is a type of tumour commonly linked with VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome). This condition can lead to the development of various tumours, but hemangioblastomas are particularly characteristic of VHL. These tumours typically arise in the brain and spinal cord and are known for their vascular nature.

Here are some key points about hemangioblastoma:

• It usually appears in the cerebellum, brainstem, or spinal cord.
• Hemangioblastomas are benign but can cause significant symptoms due to their location.
• They are often associated with cysts in the kidneys and pancreas in VHL patients.

Understanding the association of hemangioblastoma with VHL is crucial for early diagnosis and management.

Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SGCA) is a rare type of brain tumour that typically arises in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. These tumours are generally slow-growing and are often located near the ventricles of the brain.

• SGCAs are characterised by the presence of large, abnormal astrocytic cells.
• They can lead to various neurological symptoms, depending on their size and location.
• Diagnosis usually involves imaging techniques such as MRI.
• Treatment options may include surgical removal, particularly if the tumour causes significant symptoms or complications.

Regular monitoring is essential for individuals affected by this condition, as there is a risk of tumour growth or recurrence even after treatment.

The characteristics of a lateral meningocele on MRI or CT scans include:

• Solid dural masses are not typically observed.
• These masses are usually located outside the spinal canal.
• A widened neural foramen can sometimes be seen.
• Generally, there is no spinal cord compression or deformity.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurological disorder that typically presents at birth.

• It is characterised by a distinctive facial birthmark known as a port-wine stain.
• This condition can also lead to various neurological issues, including seizures and developmental delays.
• Individuals with Sturge-Weber syndrome may experience problems with vision and other complications.
• The exact cause of the syndrome is not entirely understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in blood vessels.
• Management of the syndrome often involves a multidisciplinary approach to address the diverse symptoms experienced by those affected.

Erosion of the dorsum sella occurs when there is a degradation of the bony structure located at the back of the sella turcica. This condition can arise due to various factors, including:

• Chronic pressure from adjacent structures
• Pathological processes such as tumours
• Infectious diseases
• Trauma to the area

Such erosion may lead to complications, including:

• Disruption of the pituitary gland
• Neurological symptoms
• Hormonal imbalances

Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans, which can reveal the extent of the erosion and its impact on surrounding tissues.

Craniopharyngioma is a type of benign brain tumour that can develop near the pituitary gland. This tumour arises from epithelial remnants of the craniopharyngeal duct, which is a structure that plays a role in the development of the pituitary gland.

• It is typically diagnosed in children and adolescents, though it can occur at any age.
• Common symptoms include headaches, vision problems, and hormonal imbalances due to its location.
• Treatment often involves surgical removal of the tumour, but radiotherapy may also be used if complete resection is not possible.

The prognosis for individuals with craniopharyngioma is generally good, particularly when the tumour is fully resected. However, long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for potential recurrence and manage any long-lasting effects of treatment.

Sutural diastasis refers to the separation of the sutures in the skull, which can occur due to various factors such as trauma or abnormal development. This condition can lead to:

• Changes in skull shape
• Potential complications related to brain development
• Increased intracranial pressure

It is important to monitor and address sutural diastasis to prevent any long-term effects on neurological function.

In the context of meningiomas, certain imaging findings are commonly observed. Here are key points to consider:

• Vascular markings may appear around the falx, indicating blood vessel involvement.
• Calcification can often be detected, which is a build-up of calcium in the tumour.
• Erosions of the skull may occur as the tumour grows and affects surrounding bone.
• Osteosclerosis, however, is not typically associated with meningiomas.

Therefore, when identifying features related to meningiomas, osteosclerosis is the exception.

A cavernous sinus hemangioma is a type of vascular tumour located in the cavernous sinus, a cavity at the base of the skull. These tumours are typically benign and may be asymptomatic for long periods. However, they can lead to complications, including:

• Neurological deficits due to pressure on cranial nerves.
• Visual disturbances if the optic nerve is affected.
• Headaches as a result of increased intracranial pressure.

Diagnosis is often achieved through imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment options may include:

• Observation in asymptomatic cases.
• Surgical intervention if the tumour causes significant symptoms.
• Embolisation to reduce blood flow to the tumour prior to surgery.

Overall, management depends on the individual case and the severity of symptoms presented.

CMV infection, also known as cytomegalovirus infection, is a common viral illness that can affect individuals of all ages. While most people experience mild symptoms or none at all, the virus can lead to serious health issues in certain populations, particularly:

• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• Newborns with congenital CMV infection
• Organ transplant recipients

In healthy individuals, CMV often remains dormant after the initial infection, but it can reactivate later, particularly in those with compromised immunity. Symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Sore throat
• Swollen lymph nodes

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to detect the virus or antibodies produced in response to it. Treatment options are limited, but antiviral medications may be prescribed for severe cases, especially in immunocompromised patients. Preventative measures include:

• Practising good hygiene
• Avoiding contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals

Understanding CMV and its potential effects is crucial for those at risk, as early intervention can significantly improve health outcomes.

The classic CT appearance of an acute subdural hematoma is a crescent-shaped hypodense lesion. This type of lesion occurs when blood collects between the brain surface and the outer covering of the brain, leading to a characteristic shape that is often observed in CT scans. Unlike other forms of hematomas, this shape helps in distinguishing it from other types, such as lentiform-shaped lesions.