Test: Urban Livelihood - Class 6 MCQ

Migrants often encounter challenges such as overcrowding and lack of sanitation in urban areas. As they move in search of better opportunities, the influx of people can lead to insufficient housing and poor living conditions, particularly in slum areas.

A significant disadvantage for self-employed workers is the lack of a fixed income. Their earnings can fluctuate widely based on the success of their business, which can lead to financial instability, particularly during slow periods.

Permanent workers have consistent employment with a regular income and often enjoy benefits such as medical insurance and paid leave. This stability distinguishes them from casual workers, who lack such security and benefits.

Domestic workers are primarily engaged in household tasks, such as cleaning and washing. They may work full-time for one employer or part-time for multiple employers, but they often lack job security and can be dismissed with little notice.

Self-employed street vendors frequently face the challenge of being driven away by police from unauthorized areas. This lack of security can disrupt their livelihoods, prompting them to continuously relocate to find new places to set up their stalls.

Professionals such as lawyers and doctors require specialized education and skills to perform their jobs. This professional expertise allows them to offer valuable services to clients and patients while often having flexible working conditions.

Street vendors may obstruct traffic and block pavements, which can cause inconvenience to pedestrians and vehicles alike. This situation underscores the need for designated vending zones to balance the needs of vendors and the public.

The primary economic activity of street vendors is selling goods, which often includes food items and various other products. This informal sector plays a significant role in the urban economy by providing affordable goods to the public.

Casual workers earn a daily fixed wage but do not have job security. Their employment is often temporary and dependent on immediate needs, making them vulnerable to job loss without recourse.

Town and zonal vending authorities are tasked with conducting surveys to understand the needs of street vendors. They play a crucial role in identifying natural markets and creating vending zones, which helps in organizing and regulating street vending within urban areas.

The government addresses the livelihood of street vendors by creating designated vending zones where they can operate legally. This approach allows vendors to earn a living while also managing urban space more effectively.

Permanent workers typically enjoy fixed working hours and various benefits, including medical facilities and paid leaves. This stability is a significant advantage over other types of employment, providing them with security and support.

The Street Vendors Act stipulates that at least 2.5% of a city's population can get vending certificates. This provision is important as it ensures that a significant portion of urban dwellers engaged in street vending can operate legally and have their rights recognized.

Factory workers and painters generally have casual or daily-wage employment, meaning they are paid for the work they do on a daily basis, without the security of a permanent position. Their employment often depends on immediate demand for labor.

Self-employed workers, such as street vendors and hawkers, do not have a fixed income. Their earnings depend on daily sales, making their financial situation highly variable. If their businesses succeed, they can earn well, but they also face risks of not making enough to meet their basic needs.

The characteristic that is NOT typical of professionals is having fixed hours and salaries (A). Professionals, especially those who are self-employed, often have flexible schedules and variable income depending on their clients and workload, unlike permanent workers who have fixed hours and salaries.

The Street Vendors Act aims to protect the rights of urban street vendors, preventing harassment by police and civic authorities. This law acknowledges the significant role of street vendors in urban economies and seeks to provide them with a legal framework to operate without fear of eviction.

One significant benefit that permanent workers may receive, which is typically not available to casual workers, is health insurance. This benefit provides essential support for medical expenses, contributing to their overall job security and well-being.

Casual or daily-wage workers face a lack of job security because their employment is not permanent. They often work only when needed, meaning if demand decreases or they fall ill, they may lose their income. This precariousness is a common issue in low-wage labor markets.

The most common reason for migration from rural to urban areas is the pursuit of better employment opportunities. Many individuals believe that cities offer more job prospects and the potential for improved living standards compared to rural areas.