UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 1 - UGC NET MCQ

• Calculate Male Clerks in Union Bank:

  • Total clerks = 2040.
  • Female clerks = 765.
  • Male clerks = 2040 - 765 = 1275.

• Find ICICI Bank's Total Clerks:

  • Total clerks for all banks = 6420.
  • Sum of clerks from UNION, SBI, BOB, BOI:
    2040 (UNION) + 1080 (SBI) + 1120 (BOB) + 640 (BOI) = 4880.
  • ICICI clerks = 6420 - 4880 = 1540.

• Determine ICICI's Female Clerks:

  • Ratio (Male: Female) = 7:4. Total parts = 11.
  • Value per part = 1540 / 11 = 140.
  • Female clerks = 4 × 140 = 560.

• Calculate the Difference:

  • Difference = Male clerks (Union) - Female clerks (ICICI).
  • 1275 - 560 = 715.

The correct response is Open-ended questioning and prompts that encourage student inquiry and discussion.

Key Points

Higher-order thinking skills go beyond memorization and factual recall. They involve:

• Analysis: Breaking down information into its parts and understanding their relationships.
• Critical evaluation: Examining information and ideas from different perspectives to assess their validity and worth.
• Problem-solving: Identifying and applying solutions to complex situations.
• Creativity: Generating new ideas and approaches.

Open-ended questions and prompts create an environment where students are not simply fed information but actively engaged in the learning process. They are challenged to:

Think critically: Formulate their own opinions and justifications, not just parrot back facts.
Analyze information: Explore multiple perspectives, identify evidence, and draw connections between different concepts.
Ask questions: Seek clarification, challenge assumptions, and delve deeper into the topic.
Engage in discussion: Share their ideas, listen to others, and refine their thinking through dialogue.

This interactive process stimulates intellectual curiosity, encourages independent thinking, and helps students develop the necessary skills to become lifelong learners.

Additional Information

In contrast, the other options are less effective:

• Direct instruction: Students become passive recipients of information, hindering their ability to analyze and critique independently.
• Memorization: While rote learning may retain facts, it doesn't necessarily lead to deeper understanding or critical thinking.
• Pre-defined solutions: Students stop at finding the "right" answer, missing the opportunity to explore different approaches and evaluate their effectiveness.

The correct response is To facilitate the realization of the Self and attain liberation.

Key Points

• Adhishankara, a prominent figure in Advaita Vedanta philosophy, emphasized the importance of communication in spiritual growth and attaining self-realization. His focus wasn't on persuasion, social harmony, or intellectual prowess, but on guiding individuals towards understanding the true nature of reality and experiencing oneness with Brahman.
• This explains why option (3) is the most accurate reflection of his views. Communication, for Adhishankara, served as a tool for removing ignorance and unveiling the underlying unity of existence.

Additional Information

• Adhishankara, the 8th-century Indian philosopher, founded the influential Advaita Vedanta school. He traveled and debated, spreading his message of identity between the individual soul and ultimate reality (Brahman). His commentaries on Hindu texts like the Upanishads clarified and unified Hindu thought.

The correct response is to fund solar energy training programs for technicians and engineers.

Key Points

• This directly addresses both people development and environmental protection. By equipping local communities with the skills and knowledge necessary for solar energy installation and maintenance, the ISA empowers individuals and creates sustainable livelihoods.
• This, in turn, promotes clean energy adoption and reduces dependence on fossil fuels, contributing to environmental protection.

Additional Information

• Option (1) primarily focuses on technological advancement, which may not directly impact people or the environment.
• Option (3) can generate economic benefits and electricity access, but the environmental impact can depend on land use and community involvement.
• Option (4) prioritizes future advancements, not immediate people development or environmental impact.

The correct answer is 'Statement II and IV'.

Key Points

• As per the passage, Inquiry-Based Learning is a method that centers around sparking students' curiosity via thought-provoking questions.
• These questions allow students to explore, investigate, and formulate their solutions on their own.
• This idea aligns perfectly with Statement II, which is a clear extract from the passage that says, "Tutors pose thought-provoking questions..."
• Inquiry-Based Learning seeks to make learning an active rather than passive process by fostering critical thinking and creativity.
• The passage clearly communicates this by saying, "This technique fosters critical thinking and creativity...".
• Thus, this idea aligns with Statement IV.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Educational thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi was influenced by the then social, political and economic circumstances of India. British education was being promoted and disseminated by the Britishers at that time. British education system affected the Indian minds directly and that affect the then education system of India. He suggested need-based education for India to make the child self-centred and not depend upon the British. Educational thought of Gandhi can be pointed out on the following lines:

• Gandhi accepted that the aim of education is the development of physical, mental, emotional and spiritual abilities of the child. Ultimate aim of education is realisation of the self.
• Learning should provide opportunities for children to become physically active.
• Children should have the freedom to create their own models of knowledge about the world.
• The main aim of education is also earning livelihood. Education of the child should be based on craft. The craft centred education should be based upon the locally available products like pottery, horticulture, agriculture, jute work etc. by which the child can be studied and becomes self-dependent.
• The medium of instruction should be Mother Tongue.
• From seven to fourteen years of age, education of each child should be free, compulsory and universal.
• School should be a place for activity where the child gets busy in various experiments and gains new experiences.
• Education should create useful, responsible and dynamic citizens.

Hence, we conclude that both the above statements are correct.

Key Points

Assertion (A): Production of electricity from Renewable Energy sources is without adverse environmental impacts.

Renewable energy technologies

• They use resources straight from the environment to generate power.
• These energy sources include sunshine, wind, tides, and biomass,
• Renewable energy generation sources emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air.
• But they have some adverse effects on the environment as well
• For example
  • for making solar panels Water is one of the raw materials required for silicon cell production.
  • The fabrication of silicon solar cells requires large volumes of high purity water for silicon wafer cleaning. Solar photovoltaic (PV) requires water for cleaning panels and thermal generation

Hence assertion A is False.

Reason (R): There is no net emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from the exploitation of Renewable sources of energy.

• Renewable energy sources are the least expensive options for boosting electricity access, reducing air pollution, and cutting carbon dioxide emissions worldwide
• Renewable energy generation sources emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air. This means a smaller carbon footprint and an overall positive impact on the natural environment.
• During the combustion process, fossil fuels emit high amounts of greenhouse gases, which have been proven to exacerbate the rise of global temperatures and the frequency of extreme weather events.

​Hence Reason R is True.

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is (A) is false but (R) is true.

The best strategy for a teacher to enhance rapport and connection with students in the classroom is to assume a supportive, guiding role to assist student learning.

Key Points

• This means being someone who is approachable and supportive, and who is genuinely interested in helping students to succeed. It also means being respectful of students' opinions and ideas, and being willing to listen to them.
• When students feel that their teacher cares about them and is invested in their success, they are more likely to be motivated and engaged in their learning. They are also more likely to respect their teacher and to be more cooperative in the classroom.

Here are some specific things that a teacher can do to assume a supportive, guiding role:

• Get to know your students by asking them questions about themselves and their interests.
• Be approachable and supportive.
• Be respectful of students' opinions and ideas.
• Be willing to listen to students.
• Provide positive feedback and reinforcement.
• Be fair and consistent in your discipline.
• Show your students that you care about them and that you are invested in their success.

The other options are not as effective in enhancing rapport and connection with students in the classroom:

• Maintaining strict discipline and control at all times can create a tense and stressful learning environment, which can make it difficult for students to feel comfortable and engaged.
• Showcasing extensive knowledge and skills in subject matter can make students feel intimidated and less likely to ask for help.
• Attempting to blend in as one of the students in classroom interactions can blur the lines between student and teacher, and can make it difficult for the teacher to maintain discipline and authority.
• It is important to note that building rapport and connection with students takes time and effort. It is not something that can be done overnight. However, it is an investment that is well worth making, as it can lead to a more positive and productive learning environment for everyone involved.

The correct answer is consistency theory.

Key Points

• Value theory is a theory of motivation that states that people are motivated to behave in ways that are consistent with their values.
• Critical theory is a theory of social change that argues that people can be empowered to challenge the status quo and create a more just society.
• Learning theory is a theory of psychology that states that learning occurs through the association of stimuli and responses.

Important Points Cognitive dissonance theory is a consistency theory because it states that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their thoughts, beliefs, and actions. When there is a discrepancy between these elements, it creates a state of discomfort called cognitive dissonance. This discomfort motivates people to change their thoughts, beliefs, or actions to reduce the dissonance.

For example, if someone believes that smoking is bad for their health, but they continue to smoke, they will experience cognitive dissonance. This discomfort may motivate them to change their beliefs about smoking, or to stop smoking altogether.

Cognitive dissonance theory has been used to explain a variety of phenomena, including attitude change, persuasion, and decision making. It is a powerful theory that can help us to understand how people think and behave.

"A is correct, but R is not correct," it means you believe Assertion (A) is accurate, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Important Points

Assertion (A) is indeed correct. With global warming, organisms that were once restricted to warmer regions are becoming more common towards the poles. This is a well-established phenomenon driven by rising temperatures.

Reason (R) is considered incorrect in this context.

• While the geographic distribution of organisms can be significantly altered by climate change,
• Reason (R) suggests the opposite, that climate change couldn't significantly alter distribution.
• This contradicts scientific consensus and observations regarding the impact of climate change on species' ranges.

So, "A is correct, but R is not correct,"

The correct response is option 3 ​Mimamsa.

Buddhism: While Buddhism has its own systems of logic and inference, it doesn't typically employ the concept of Arthapatti as a pramana.

Jainism: While Jainism uses Pramana theory, it primarily recognizes perception (Pratyakṣa), inference (Anumāna), and testimony (Sabda) as the main sources of knowledge. Arthapatti doesn't play as extensive a role within Jain philosophical thought.

Mimamsa: The Mimamsa school of philosophy, indeed, acknowledges Arthapatti as a separate and independent pramana. It is described as the knowledge obtained on the basis of circumstances or the knowledge that is inferred based on situations.

Lokayata: Lokayata/Charvaka recognizes only one reliable source of knowledge, which is perceptual experience (Pratyaksha). Therefore, the concept of Arthapatti is not widely recognized in this school of thought.

Key PointsArthapatti (also spelled arthapakshi) is a Sanskrit term meaning "postulation" or "presumption." It is one of the six pramanas (sources of knowledge) in Indian logic. Arthapatti is knowledge that is arrived at by postulating a certain fact in order to explain an otherwise unexplained fact.

For example, if we see a man who is very thin, we can postulate that he must not be eating enough food. This is because we know that the human body needs food to survive and thrive. If the man were eating enough food, he would not be thin.

Here are some other examples of arthapatti:

• If we see a tree that is burnt down, we can postulate that there must have been a fire.
• If we see a man who is very wealthy, we can postulate that he must have worked hard and/or been intelligent.
• If we see a student who is failing all of his classes, we can postulate that he must not be studying hard enough.

Arthapatti is an important pramana in Indian logic because it allows us to acquire knowledge about things that we cannot know directly. For example, we cannot directly know the reasons why someone is thin or wealthy or failing in school. However, by using arthapatti, we can postulate possible explanations for these facts.

The environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological, and cultural elements interrelated in various ways, individually as well as collectively.

Key Points

According to Kurt Lewin, the environment is of three types that influence the personality of an individual as under:​

• Physical environment​ refers to geographical climate and weather or physical conditions wherein individual life. The human race is greatly influenced by the climate. Some examples are as under:
  • In the cold countries i.e. European countries the people are of white color. Likewise, in Asian and African countries, that is, in hot countries, people are of dark complexion.
  • The physique of an individual depends on climate conditions as the individual tries to adjust to his physical environment.
  • Human working efficiency also depends on climatic conditions.
• Social Environment: Social Environment includes an individual’s social, economic, and political condition wherein he lives. The moral, cultural and emotional forces influence the life and nature of individual behavior. Society may be classified into two categories:
  • (i) An open society is very conducive for individual development.
  • (ii) A closed society is not very conducive to development.
• Psychological Environment: Although physical and social environments are common to the individual in a specific situation yet every individual has his own psychological environment, in which he lives. Kurt Lewin has used the term ‘life space’ for explaining the `psychological environment. The Psychological environment enables us to understand the personality of an individual. Both the person and his goal form a psychological environment. If a person is unable to overcome the barriers, he can either get frustrated or complete to change his goal for a new psychological environment. But adopting this mechanism, the individual is helped in his adjustment to the environment.

Thus, it can be concluded that Physical environment refers to geographical climate and weather or physical conditions wherein an individual lives

The position and positional values of English Alphabets are as follows:
Alphabet Dia.png
The logic followed here is:
For, 'BLOCK' is written as 'ELUCT'.

For, 'FLANK' is written as 'ILGNT'.

Similarly, 'WHILE' will be:

Thus, 'WHILE' can be written as 'ZHOLN'.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 2'.

The answer is B and C only.

Key Points

• A flipped classroom approach is a pedagogical model in which the traditional lecture and homework elements of a course are reversed. Students watch video lectures, read assigned readings, or otherwise engage with new material outside of class, and then use class time to engage in more active learning activities, such as discussions, problem-solving, or projects.
• The main characteristics of a flipped classroom approach are:
  • Learners engage with new material for homework to prepare for the next class.
  • In-class time is predominantly used for exercises, discussions, or projects.

The other options are not correct:

• Lessons are not primarily delivered via direct instruction from the teacher in class. In a flipped classroom, students are expected to come to class prepared to discuss and apply the material they have learned outside of class.
• A flipped classroom does not negate the need for homework. However, the type of homework that students do in a flipped classroom is typically different from the type of homework they would do in a traditional classroom. In a flipped classroom, homework is typically used to prepare students for in-class activities, rather than simply to review material that has already been covered in class.

Mass communication is the process of transmitting information to a large audience through a mass medium.

Key Points

• This involves a single source, like a TV station or newspaper, transmitting information to a large audience at the same time.
• Mass communication has a profound impact on society.
• It can shape public opinion, raise awareness of important issues, and even influence political and social change.

Hint

• Group communication: This involves interaction between a small group of individuals, not a large number of simultaneous receivers.
• Interpersonal communication: This refers to communication between two individuals, not a single source and many receivers.
• Intrapersonal communication: This is internal communication within one's own mind, not communication with others.

Therefore, considering the characteristics of a single source and numerous simultaneous receivers, "mass communication" is the most accurate term for this mode of communication.

The correct answer is: 4) AnadharanaKey Points

• Anadharana, also known as Avachana, is the fallacy of relying on an unreliable source of knowledge in Mimamsa hermeneutics and exegesis. It occurs when an interpreter relies on a source of knowledge that is not considered to be authoritative or reliable. This can lead to misinterpretations of the text being studied.

The other options are not correct:

• Arthapatti is a type of inference that is based on common sense or practical considerations.
• Abhyasa is the practice of repeatedly reading and reflecting on a text in order to gain a deeper understanding of it.
• Anaikantika is a type of fallacy that occurs when the middle term of a syllogism is not distributed in either the minor premise or the major premise.

Therefore, the fallacy of relying on an unreliable source of knowledge is called anadharana in Mimamsa hermeneutics and exegesis.

The intelligence test is the theory and practice of measuring the performance of people in various forms.
Key Points
There are some important points related to intelligence tests.

• Through the intelligence test, we can know about the IQ of the child.
• An intelligence test is designed to understandability of a child.
• Through the intelligence test, we can know about the level of thinking of a child.
• The scholastic test is the intelligence test.
• Thomas' General Intelligence Assessment is made for measuring individual intelligence.
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and the Wechsler test are two main intelligence tests.
• Individual intelligence tests need serial guidance.

Thus we can say that the Scholastic test is the intelligence test.
Hint

• The personality test is for checking personality only not intelligence.
• The teacher-made test is checking for teaching eligibility, not for intelligence.
• Aptitude test is for checking Apptitude.

Additional Information

• Intelligence tests can be categorized into three parts.

1. Individual Tests-
2. Group test- These tests are conducted on a group of people.
3. Performance- It is based on performance only.

As an established classroom technology, projectors are popular for their relative simplicity, low cost to purchase, and their ability to project to very large screens. With the advent of lamp-free projectors, there is less maintenance and fewer calibration issues than older models.

Key Points

Assertion (A) : For an effective classroom communication at times it is desirable to use the projection technology.

Explanation:

• The projection method is a method where three-dimensional mapping or video mapping techniques are used to make students understand the topic.
• For effective classroom communication, it is desirable that the teacher uses projection technology so that students actively participate in class and understand the concept.

​Thus, (A) is true.
Reason (R): Using the projection technology facilitates extensive coverage of course contents.

Explanation:

• Projectors help in fast and easy coverage of course.
• Projection technology helps a teacher in the classroom to cover the course content easily with minimal time but it is not the sole reason to use projection technology for effective classroom communication.
• It also makes classroom communication effective by drawing the students attention.
• However, projectors cannot be solely responsible for extensive coverage of course.
• For extensive course coverage, a mix of multiple techniques is used like lecturing, project work, group discussion, projectors and many more.

Thus, R is true, but it is not the correct explanation of A.

Hence, both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Inference/ Anumana:
“ Anumâna (inference) is the process of ascertaining, not by perception or direct observation, but through the instrumentality or medium of a mark, that a thing possesses a certain character.”

• Based on causation, inference can be classified into pûrvavat and seavat inferences, the last is based on non-causal uniformity.
• A cause is the invariable and unconditional antecedent of an effect and an effect is the invariable and unconditional consequent of a cause.

Key-Points
Pûrvavat inference:

• When we infer an unperceived effect from a perceived cause we have pûrvavat inference.
• For example, we see the dark clouds in the sky in the morning and infer future rain from the dark clouds.
• A pûrvavat inference is based on previous experience of universal concomitance between two things

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.
Additional Information
Seavat inference :

• When we infer an unperceived cause from a perceived effect we have seavat inference
• For example, when we infer previous rain from the swift muddy current of the river.
• A seavat is inference by elimination

Sâmânyatodta inference :

• When an inference is based not on causation but on uniformity of co-existence, it is called sâmânyatodta.
• For example, when we infer the cloven hoofs of an animal by its horns.
• A sâmânyatodta is inference by analogy.

• Emerged from COP3 deliberation: The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997.
• It was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
• Its goal is to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to “a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”.
• Kyoto protocol aimed to cut emissions of greenhouse gases across the developed world by about 5% by 2012 compared with 1990 levels.

Additional Information

• India ratified Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
• The Kyoto Protocol came into force in February 2005.
• There are currently 192 Parties in Kyoto Protocol.
• Canada withdrew its name from the Kyoto protocol in 2012.
• Kyoto Protocol is the only global treaty with binding limits on GHG emissions.

Effective communication is a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge and information such that the purpose or intention is fulfilled in the best possible manner. In simple words, it is nothing but the presentation of views by the sender in a way best understood by the receiver.

Some of the principles of effective communication are:-

Clear Message- The message which the sender wants to convey must be simple, easy to understand, and systematically framed. It should be clear and precise to create the desired impact over the receiver.

Coordination- In achieving coordination, effective communication plays a vital role. Effective communication facilitates information and exchange of ideas which help to achieve a common purpose. Coordination is facilitated by change of such ideas and information and brings people together.

Attention- The purpose of communication is that the receiver of information should clearly understand its meaning. It means merely transferring information is not communication and it is important that the receiver should understand it. This is possible only when the receiver takes interest in the message and listens to it attentively.

Hierarchy is a system in which people or things are put at various levels or ranks according to their importance. It is mostly a management activity or more precisely an administrative term. It creates level in communication and is not very conducive to make a more effective environment of good communication.

Hence, the principle of hierarchy is not related to effective communication

Correct Answer: ​(B), (A), (E), (D), (C)
Important Points

• A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include firestorms, dust storms, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.
• Natural disasters are the result of a hazard overwhelming a highly vulnerable community, often resulting in mortality and morbidity.
• India is vulnerable to extreme weather events.
• Over the decade of the 1990s, both the number and severity of such events have increased.
• Weather events can be classified as extreme on the basis of various factors such as the impact, socio-economic losses, environmental degradation, long-term damages, etc.
• With more than 70 percent of India’s population relying on agriculture directly or indirectly, the impact of extreme weather on human life and other living beings. is critical.
• In the state of Orissa, 49 years have experienced floods, 30 have had droughts, and 11 faced cyclones.
• These analyses have yielded a 30-year cyclicity of the Indian monsoons.
• Droughts were more common in the 1960s. Of the 14 major drought years in the 85-year record, eight occurred in the first 30-year period (1891-1920) whereas there was only one in the second 30-year period (1921-1950).
• According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), data of major natural disasters/ extremes that occurred around the world during the period 1963- to 2002, indicates that floods and droughts cause maximum damage.
  

Hence, the correct sequence of the given years in descending order on the basis of the number of people affected by natural disasters in India is (B), (A), (E), (D), (C).

Key Points

• Enhance Understanding of Surroundings: Foster a deeper understanding of the environment, promoting awareness and connection to the natural world.
• Raise Awareness of Environmental Issues: Cultivate consciousness about global environmental challenges, inspiring informed and responsible citizenship.
• Encourage Caring for the Environment: Instill a sense of responsibility and interest in actively caring for and improving the well-being of the environment.
• Holistic Learning Beyond Specific Subjects: Expand ecological knowledge beyond isolated subjects, embracing a comprehensive understanding of interconnected environmental issues.

Hence, the correct answer is To confine their ecological knowledge to subjects such as energy and wildlife.

Communication can be defined as the two-way process through which two and more persons exchange ideas and develop understanding. It is not completed unless the receiver of the message has understood the message and his reaction or response is known to the sender of the message.

It is of two types Formal and informal. Some of the most important types of direction in formal communication are Vertical, Horizontal or Lateral, and Diagonal or Cross-wise.

Vertical communication is of two types Upward and Downward communication

Important Points

Upward communication

• When the subordinate initiates communication to the superior, the flow is upward hence it is called the upward communication
• It always follows the chain of command in the hierarchy.
• The upward communication can take the form of progress reports, budget reports, profit and loss statements, requests for grants, etc
• it also sends information, suggestions, complaints, and grievances of the lower-level workers to the managers above
• Communication between the HR manager and the Finance manager is an example of Horizontal communication. ​

Hence, ​Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Additional Information

Downward Communication:

• When Formal communication takes place between a superior and subordinate in the form of instructions and directions. Such a flow takes place in the downward direction hence it is called downward communication
• For example, Sending emails, Writing newsletters and memos, Highlighting information in manuals or handbooks, Holding staff meetings, and Creating policy changes.

Theory of knowledge in Nyaya philosophy

• Knowledge, according to Nyaya, reveals both the subject and the object which are quite distinct from itself.
• Knowledge or cognition is defined as apprehension or consciousness. Knowledge may be valid or invalid.
• Valid knowledge is called prama and, is defined as the right apprehension of an object.
• Non - Valid knowledge is known as aprama. Pramana is valid means of knowledge.
• 'Nyaya accepts four valid means of knowledge viz. perception, inference, testimony, and comparison.

Upamana (comparison):

• The third kind of valid cognition is Upamiti and its means is called Upamana.
• It is knowledge derived from comparison and roughly corresponds to analogy.
• It has been defined as the knowledge of the relation between a word and its denotation. It is produced by the knowledge of resemblance or similarity.
• For example, a man who has never seen a gavaya or a wild cow and does not know what it is is told by a person that wild cow is an animal like a cow, subsequently comes across a wild cow in a forest and recognizes it as the wild cow, then his knowledge is due to upamana.

Hence, both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

Important elements in site selection for nuclear power plants, in general, are economic, sociological, engineering and technical feasibility, infrastructure, and general safety.
Key Points
Some of the factors are the in the site selection for a nuclear power plant are the following:

• ​Weather-related events: Extreme values of meteorological variables such as wind, precipitation, snow, temperature, storm surges, and unusual meteorological phenomena such as lightning, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones are calculated using meteorological and climatological features of the site region.
• Flooding: the site is analyzed for flooding risk owing to natural factors such as precipitation run-off.
• Geotechnical hazards: The site seismicity and seismotectonics of the region as well as unique site characteristics are used to estimate the hazards of earthquake-induced ground motion.
• Chemical explosions: Plants in the site region that handle the process or store chemicals that have the potential to explode or produce gas clouds capable of deflagration/detonation.
• Location: A site survey is a process of finding candidate sites for a nuclear installation, If the site falls within the screening distance value for different types of airfields, a probabilistic study of aircraft crashing on the facility is conducted using flight frequencies at the nearest airfield.​

​Therefore, the Absence of earthquake-prone zone in nearby areas is the most important factors in the site selection for a nuclear power plant.
Additional Information
Nuclear disaster around the world:

The correct answer is A only.

Among the options provided, Moodle is the Learning Management System (LMS) that is open source.

"Open source" refers to a type of software where the source code is freely available, allowing users to view, modify, and distribute it as per their requirements.

Key Points Moodle:

• Moodle is an open-source learning management system (LMS) that is used by millions of students and teachers around the world.
• It is free to use and can be customized to meet the needs of any organization.
• Moodle is a powerful tool that can be used to create and manage online courses, track student progress, and provide feedback.

Important Points

Moodle is a widely used open-source LMS that provides a robust platform for creating and managing online courses. Here are some key details about Moodle:

1. Open Source Nature: Moodle is built on an open-source framework, meaning that the source code is freely available for users to access, modify, and customize according to their specific needs. This allows institutions and organizations to adapt Moodle to fit their unique requirements and integrate it with other systems.
2. Community Support: Moodle benefits from a large and active community of developers, educators, and users who contribute to its ongoing development, improvement, and support. This vibrant community ensures that Moodle remains up-to-date, secure, and equipped with new features.
3. Features and Functionality: Moodle offers a wide range of features to support online learning and course management. These include course creation and management tools, communication and collaboration tools (such as discussion forums and messaging), assessment and grading capabilities, analytics and reporting, integration options, and more.
4. Flexibility and Customization: Being an open-source LMS, Moodle provides a high level of flexibility and customization. Users can tailor the platform to meet their specific requirements, add new features, and integrate with other systems or external tools.
5. Wide Adoption: Moodle is widely adopted by educational institutions, corporations, and organizations around the world. It is recognized for its versatility, scalability, and adaptability to various learning environments.
6. Cost-Effective: As an open-source solution, Moodle eliminates the need for costly licensing fees, making it a cost-effective option for institutions and organizations with limited budgets.

Additional Information

• Blackboard: Blackboard is a widely used commercial Learning Management System (LMS) that offers a range of features and tools for course management, content delivery, assessments, and collaboration.
• alentLMS:
  TalentLMS is a highly customizable LMS suitable for various training needs, from employee onboarding to compliance training.
  Course creation, assessments, gamification, reporting, and integrations.
• Google Classroom: Google Classroom is a free web-based platform provided by Google that allows educators to create, distribute, and manage assignments, as well as provide feedback and facilitate communication with students. It integrates with other Google tools, such as Google Drive and Google Docs.

Statement I: According to Nya̅ya philosophy an argument proceeds only on those issues that are completely unknown.

The Nyāya School

• It was is founded by the sage Goutama, who is not confused as Gautama Buddha.
• The word nyāya literally means that by which the mind is led to a conclusion. We are led to conclusions by reason and by argument
• Nyāya means correct thinking with proper arguments and valid reasoning. Thus, Nyāya philosophy is known as tarkashāstra (the science of reasoning); pramānashāstra (the science of logic and epistemology); hetuvidyā (the science of causes); vādavidyā (the science of debate); and anviksiki (the science of critical study).
• In everyday experience, one uses any or a combination of these four methods to gain knowledge.
• Suppose we see billowing smoke on the hill. This is visual perception and we know there is smoke on the hill. We infer that the smoke is caused by fire and conclude that there is a fire on the hill. This is knowledge by inference based on the information available.
• In Nya̅ya philosophy an argument can't proceed for those issues that are completely unknown.

​Hence Statement I is incorrect.

Statement II : According to Nya̅ya philosophy an argument does not proceed on those issues that are well established.

Nyāya theory of universals ​:

• The Nyāya theory of universals is unambiguously realistic and its realism is evident from the way a universal (sāmānya or jāti) is defined.
• A universal is defined as an entity that is eternal and inseparably inherent in many entities"
• For example existence of Humanity in human beings.
• The Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika explains the theory of universals from its pluralistic and realistic standpoint.
• They do not accept the universals at the cost of the particulars. The particulars are there, and they are united under the roof of the highest universal existence.
• Therefore as we see with Universals According to Nya̅ya philosophy an argument does not proceed on those issues that are well established.

Hence Statement II is correct.

Therefore we conclude that the correct answer is Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.