UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 10 - UGC NET MCQ

Given:

The alcohol and water in a mixture = 4 : 5

The ratio of alcohol and water in the new mixture = 1 : 3

Calculation:

Suppose total mixture = 9x liters

Alcohol content = 4/9 × 9x = 4x liters

Water content = 9x - 4x = 5x liters

According to the question,

4x/(5x + 20) = 1/3

⇒ 12x = 5x + 20

⇒ 7x = 20

⇒ x = 20/7

The initial quantity of a mixture(i.e 9x) = 180/7

The total quantity of the new mixture = 180/7 + 20 = 320/7

The alcohol in the new mixture = 1/4 × (320/7) = 80/7

The total quantity of alcohol in the new mixture is 80/7.

Shortcut Trick

The alcohol and water are in the ratio of 4 : 5

Now, 20 litres of water is added and the ratio becomes 1 : 3

So, we have to equal the unit of alcohol in both the ratio

So, water is added (12 - 5) = 7 unit → 20 litre

So, the quantity of alcohol is 4 units → (20/7) × 4 = 80/7 litres

According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”
Key - Points

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Key Points 

Key Points

• UNESCO in its publication, Learning: The Treasure Within outlines four pillars of education: Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to be, Learning to live together.
• Radhakrishnan Commission ,1948 gave emphasis on higher education of India.
• The Education Commission (1964-66) under the chairmanship of Dr DS Kothari (hereafter, the Kothari Commission Report) recommended the concept of the Common School System — a "system of public education which will cover all parts of the country and all stages of school education and strive to provide equality of access to all.
• The National Policy on Education-1986 envisaged setting up of residential schools, to be called Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas.
• So the correct order is (a) - (ii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (iii)

Given

Average of p, q, r, s = 30

Average of p, q = 12

Concept:

The average is the sum of the numbers divided by the count.

Solution:

⇒ Sum of p, q, r, s = Average × count = 30 × 4 = 120

⇒ Sum of p, q = Average × count = 12 × 2 = 24

⇒ Sum of r, s = Sum of p, q, r, s - Sum of p, q = 120 - 24 = 96

⇒ Average of r, s = Sum of r, s/count = 96/2 = 48

Therefore, the average of r and s is 48.

Key Points

• Null hypothesis (H0):
  • This is the default prediction in a hypothesis test. It states that there is no statistically significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied.
• Alternative hypothesis (H1):
  • ​This is the opposite of the null hypothesis, stating that there is a meaningful difference or relationship between the variables.
• The research doesn't start with a formulated hypothesis, but rather tests hypotheses formulated beforehand based on existing theories or research questions.
• The null hypothesis doesn't necessarily propose or predict anything about a correlation or a causal relationship, just the absence of a detectable effect.
• The null hypothesis doesn't claim that observed differences are always due to chance, but assumes this as the baseline from which to assess the evidence against the alternative hypothesis.
• It is not the function of the null hypothesis to determine the significance of observed effects for changing accepted theories or practices. That judgment comes based on the statistical analysis and comparison to the alternative hypothesis.

Therefore, statement 3 captures the essence of the null hypothesis: it proposes the absence of significant effects and sets the initial assumption for testing against the alternative hypothesis.

The correct answer is: b) Dynamic IP Address

Key Points

• a) Static IP Address: A static IP address remains the same for a device, regardless of how often it goes online or offline.
• c) Sticky IP Address: This term is not widely used in the context of individual devices. It can refer to a temporary IP address assigned to a group of devices behind a load balancer, but not a single device itself.
• d) Reserved IP Address: A reserved IP address is still a static IP address that is pre-assigned to a specific device, but it might not be automatically assigned by the network every time the device connects.

Therefore, an IP address which is assigned for a short amount of time to a device by a network when it goes online is known as a Dynamic IP Address.

The correct answer is To ensure minimum usage of core Information & Communication Technology (ICT).
Key Points
e-Kranti: National e-Governance Plan 2.0:

• One of the key components of the Digital India initiative is e-Kranti. It was approved by Union Cabinet in 2015.
• The Vision of e-Kranti is "Transforming e-Governance for Transforming Governance".
• The mission of e-Kranti is to guarantee a comprehensive transformation of the government by providing all services to the public electronically via numerous modalities of integrated and interoperable systems, all while guaranteeing the affordability, efficiency, and transparency of these services.
• The objectives of 'e-Kranti' are as follows:
  • To redefine NeGP with transformational and outcome oriented e-Governance initiatives.
  • To enhance the portfolio of citizen centric services.
  • To ensure optimum usage of core Information & Communication Technology (ICT).
  • To promote rapid replication and integration of eGov applications.
  • To leverage emerging technologies.
  • To make use of more agile implementation models.

Additional Information
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP):

• The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG), the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (ME&ITy), and the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (MoPPG&P) developed the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006.
• Objectives :
  • Enhancing service delivery to citizens
  • Facilitating information provision
  • Boosting inter-state efficiency and coordination
  • Improving interaction with businesses and industries
  • Promoting transparency and accountability in government affairs

e-Governance (eGov):

• The use of information and communication technology (ICT) for government service delivery, information interchange, transaction processing, integration of pre-existing services, and information portals is known as e-Government.
• The “e” in e-Governance stands for ‘electronic’.

​Digital India initiative:

• It was launched in July 2015.
• It is a premier initiative of the Indian government that aims to make the country a knowledge economy and society empowered by technology.
• It is built upon 9 key pillars : Universal Access to Mobile connectivity, Broadband Highways, public Internet access, e-Governance, e-Kranti, Global Information, Electronics Manufacturing, IT Training for Jobs, and Early Harvest Programmes.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

In News -

• The ‘State of the Education Report for India 2020: Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), was launched virtually on 15 December by UNESCO New Delhi, with over 400 attendees, including representatives from the government, civil society, academia, partners and youth. Hence statement 1 is correct.

Key Points

• The second edition of the State of Education Report focuses on technical and vocational education and training (TVET).
• India has made considerable progress towards its goal of creating a skilled workforce of 110 million people by 2022, as stated in the National Policy of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (NPSDE), released in 2015. It is presently training 10 million youth annually through the many schemes that are ongoing.
• The Report outlines a set of ten recommendations that should be adopted to help achieve the stated vision for TVET in the country. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Important Points

The ten recommendations are:

• Place learners and their aspirations at the centre of vocational education and training programmes.
• Create an appropriate ecosystem for teachers, trainers and assessors.
• Focus on upskilling, re-skilling and lifelong learning.
• Ensure inclusive access to TVET for women, differently-abled and disadvantaged learners.
• Massively expand the digitalization of vocational education and training.
• Support local communities to generate livelihoods by engaging in the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage.
• Align better with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
• Deploy innovative models of financing TVET.
• Expand evidence-based research for better planning and monitoring.
• Establish a robust coordinating mechanism for inter-ministerial cooperation.

Source -

https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-launches-2020-state-education-report-india-vocational-education-first

• Parametric and non-parametric analyses are two broad categories of statistical analyses used in research and data analysis. While they differ in their underlying assumptions and techniques, they share some common aspects. One common aspect is the use of inferential statistics, which involves making inferences or conclusions about a population based on sample data.

1- Testing of null hypotheses only:

• This option is not correct because both parametric and non-parametric analyses can involve testing null hypotheses. In hypothesis testing, researchers formulate a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, and statistical tests are used to assess the evidence against the null hypothesis.

2. Chain of reasoning based on inferential statistics:

• This option is correct. Both parametric and non-parametric analyses follow a chain of reasoning based on inferential statistics. In both cases, researchers use statistical techniques to analyze the data, calculate test statistics, and make inferences about the population based on the sample data.

3. Statistics as means and frequencies:

• This option is not entirely accurate. While both parametric and non-parametric analyses involve using statistical measures such as means and frequencies, it is not something they commonly share. The choice of statistical measures used in the analysis depends on the nature of the data and the specific research question.

4. Ordinal and interval scale data:

• This option is not accurate in terms of what parametric and non-parametric analyses commonly share. Parametric analyses typically assume the data to follow a specific distribution and require interval or ratio scale data. Non-parametric analyses, on the other hand, do not rely on these assumptions and can be used with various types of data, including ordinal and interval scale data.

Hence option 2 is the correct answer.

Calculation:
Let salary of B = 100
The salary of A = 75 (According to the question)
percentage difference in salary = (100 - 75) × 100/75
⇒ 2500/75 = 33 (1/3)%
∴ The salary of B is 33(1/3)% more than salary of A

Sri Lanka is ranked highest among Asian countries in the Human Development Index as per 2018 statistics.

• Human Development Index(HDI) is an index that is used to rank countries based on human development.
• It is arrived at using indicators which include life expectancy, per capita income, and education.
• The HDI was first launched in 1990 and used by the United Nations Development Program(UNDP).
• Nations rank higher on this index have a higher level of education, a higher lifespan, and a higher gross national income per capita than nations with a lower score.
• India ranked 130 out of 187 while Sri Lanka ranked 79 to achieve this feat.

Reliability
The term reliability refers to the consistency of a quantitative research study or measuring test. It is defined as the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its intended function adequately for a specified period of time, or will operate in a defined environment without failure.
Key Points

• Stability of test over time - Test-retest reliability is used to assess how well a method resists these factors over time. It measures the consistency of results when we repeat the same test on the same sample at a different point in time.
• Stability of test over term sample - Parallel forms reliability measures the correlation between two equivalent versions of a test. The most common way to measure parallel forms reliability is to produce a large set of questions to evaluate the same thing, and then divide these randomly into different sets.
• Internal Consistency of test - Internal consistency assesses the correlation between multiple items in a test that are intended to measure the same construct. It is calculated by the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula.
• Coefficient of consistency - The Coefficient of consistency is measured by The Kuder-Richerdson formula, in psychometrics, the Kuder-Richardson formula was first published in 1937. It is a measure of internal consistency reliability for measures with dichotomous choices.

Thus, option 2 is correct.
Hence, we can conclude that

The logic followed here is:


the correct option is d)
YH because E-6 = Y then E +3 = H

Filters are used to clean up or retouch photos, apply special arts effects that give an image the appearance of a sketch or impressionistic painting, or create unique transformations using distortions and lighting effects. So the answer is (3).

Key Points

• Filters are a powerful tool that can be used to enhance and manipulate images in a variety of ways. They can be used to improve the color and contrast of an image, remove blemishes, add special effects, or create entirely new images.
• Filters can be applied to an entire image or to specific areas of an image. They can also be combined to create unique and interesting effects.

Here are some examples of how filters can be used:

• A sharpen filter can be used to make an image sharper and more clear.
• A blur filter can be used to soften an image or blur out unwanted details.
• A noise reduction filter can be used to reduce noise in an image.
• A color correction filter can be used to adjust the color and contrast of an image.
• A sketch filter can be used to give an image the appearance of a sketch.
• An impressionistic painting filter can be used to give an image the appearance of an impressionistic painting.
• Filters are a valuable tool for photographers and graphic designers alike. They can be used to create professional-looking images with ease.

Additional Information

• Shapes are used to create and edit geometric shapes in an image.
• Adjustments are used to make basic changes to an image, such as changing the brightness, contrast, or saturation.
• Layers are used to stack different elements of an image on top of each other.

India became a center of higher learning in the Gupta Period

• The Gupta period was a gradual evolution. Education as a system of knowledge was confined to the Brahmanic class in the Gupta age.
• Formal education was available in Brahmin asramas, hermitages, and in some extends to Buddhist and Jaina monasteries. In the former, it would have been restricted to the upper castes.
• Theoretically, the period of studentship at the former lasted over many years, but it is unlikely that most would spend long periods as students. Learning was a personalized experience involving teachers and pupils.
• The emphasis was on memorizing texts such as parts of the Vedas and gaining familiarity with the contents of the Dharmasastras and subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, prose and verse composition, logic, and metaphysics. But much else was included in Sanskrit learning, such as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and astrology.

NOTE:

• Buddha Period: The history of Buddhism starts from the 6th century BCE. Buddhism started in the eastern part of Ancient India, in the ancient Kingdom of Magadha, and is based on teachings of Siddhārtha Gautama. it one of the oldest religions practiced today.
• Mughal Period: Mughal also spelled Mogul, Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin it ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century.
• British Period: This period was from 1858 to 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. Modern education began in India under British rule.

Causal comparative:

• Causal-comparative research seeks to find relationships between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred.
• The researcher's goal is to determine whether the independent variable affected the outcome, or dependent variable, by comparing two or more groups of individuals.
• In the given example, Causal-comparative research is used to identify cause-effect relationships or to examine the consequences of differences that already exist between two groups.
• Causal-comparative research is also sometimes referred to as "ex-post-facto" research because the researcher is attempting to determine the cause or reason for differences that already exist among groups of individuals.

Descriptive:

• Descriptive research is carried out to provide information about a person, thing, or process.
• It describes the characteristics of an individual, group, organization, or phenomena, conditions, or situation.
• The characteristics are described in terms of the dependent variables.
• The description may be limited to events of past or present but not of the future. In that case, it becomes experimental research. Most of the research in social sciences is descriptive in nature.

Correlational research

• It provides some indication as to how two or more things are related to one another or, in effect what they share or have in common or how well a specific outcome might be predicted by one or more pieces of information.
• Correlational research uses a numerical index called the correlation coefficient as a measure of the strength of this relationship.
• For example, if you are interested to find out the relationship between the number of hours spent studying and their achievement, then you would be doing correlational research because you are interested in the relationship between these two variables.

Experimental research

• It is mainly used in science subjects such as physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, etc.
• The experiment requires two variables, one independent variable, and the other dependent variable.
• It is important that in experimental research the independent variable is manipulated and the effect of manipulation is observed on the dependent variable.

Given:

Salary of A = 40% × salary of B

Calculation:

According to the question:

Salary of A = 40% × salary of B

⇒ Salary of A/salary of B = 40/100

Salary of A : Salary of B = 40 : 100 = 2 : 5

Percentage difference = {(5 - 2) × 100}/2

⇒ (3 × 100)/2 = 150%

∴ The correct answer is 150%.

The primary use of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) in an organization is to provide a secure connection to the internal network from an external location. VPNs encrypt all traffic between the user's device and the VPN server, making it difficult for attackers to intercept or decipher the data.

Key Points

• VPNs can be used by employees to access internal resources, such as file servers, databases, and applications, from remote locations. They can also be used by organizations to connect different office locations together over the public internet.
• VPNs cannot speed up the network or broadcast internal communication. Data encryption on local machines is typically done using other security solutions, such as antivirus software and disk encryption.
• Here are some of the benefits of using a VPN in an organization:
  • Security: VPNs encrypt all traffic between the user's device and the VPN server, making it difficult for attackers to intercept or decipher the data. This is especially important for organizations that handle sensitive information, such as financial data or customer data.
  • Remote access: VPNs allow employees to access internal resources from remote locations. This is ideal for employees who work from home or who travel frequently.
  • Cost savings: VPNs can help organizations to save money on network costs. For example, organizations can use VPNs to connect different office locations together over the public internet, instead of paying for dedicated leased lines.
• Overall, VPNs are a valuable tool for organizations that want to improve the security and efficiency of their network.

The university that was considered the learning center for royal princes during the Gupta period in ancient India was Nalanda University.
Key Points

• Nalanda was a Mahavihara (a Buddhist monastic university) located in the ancient kingdom of Magadha (present-day Bihar, India). It was one of the largest and most prestigious universities in the ancient world, and it attracted students from all over Asia.
• Nalanda University was founded in the 5th century CE by Kumaragupta I, one of the most powerful rulers of the Gupta Empire. The Gupta kings were patrons of Buddhism, and they supported Nalanda University generously.
• Nalanda University offered a wide range of courses, including philosophy, religion, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and linguistics. It was known for its high standards of education and its world-class faculty.
• Nalanda University was also a center for cultural exchange. Students from all over Asia came to Nalanda to study, and they brought with them their own cultures and traditions. This made Nalanda University a melting pot of cultures, and it played an important role in the spread of Buddhist thought and culture throughout Asia.

The other options are incorrect:

• Takshashila University was another major university in ancient India, but it was not the learning center for royal princes during the Gupta period.
• University of Mithila was a center of Hindu learning, but it was not as prestigious as Nalanda University during the Gupta period.
• Vikramshila University was founded in the 8th century CE, so it was not in existence during the Gupta period.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Formula used:
Percentage = (Favourable value/Base value) × 100
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total salary of the five employees together = Rs. 20,000 + Rs. 25,000 + Rs. 18,000 + Rs. 21,000 + Rs. 30,000
⇒ Rs. 1,14,000
and the total expenditure of Ratan, Rakesh and Raju together = Rs. 16,250 + Rs. 12,600 + Rs. 10,500
⇒ Rs. 39,350
Now, required difference = Rs. 1,14,000 - Rs. 39,350
⇒ Rs. 74,650
Required percent = (Rs. 74,650/Rs. 1,14,000) × 100
⇒ 65.48%
⇒ 65.5% (approx)
∴ The total expenditure of Ratan, Rakesh and Raju is approximately 65.5% less than the totals salary of the five employees together.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total expenditure of Ram and Ratan = Rs. 12,000 + Rs. 16,250
⇒ Rs. 28,250
and the total expenditure of Raju and Rajat = Rs. 10,500 + Rs. 16,500
⇒ Rs. 27,000
Now, required difference = Rs. 28,250 - Rs. 27,000
⇒ Rs. 1,250
∴ The difference between the expenditure of Ram and Ratan together to that of Raju and Rajat together is Rs. 1,250.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total expenditure of the Ram and Rakesh together = Rs. 12,000 + Rs. 12,600
⇒ Rs. 24,600
and the total savings of Rakesh, Raju and Rajat together = Rs. 5,400 + Rs. 10,500 + Rs. 13,500
⇒ Rs. 29,400
Now, required ratio = 24,600 ∶ 29,400
⇒ 41 ∶ 49
∴ The ratio of the total expenditure of Ram and Rakesh together to the total savings of Rakesh, Raju and Rajat together is 41 : 49.

Given:

Salary = Expenditure + Savings
Formula used:
Average = (Sum of values)/(Number of values)
Calculation:
The following table can be prepared:

Total savings of the five employees together = Rs. 8,000 + Rs. 8,750 + Rs. 5,400 + Rs. 10,500 + Rs. 13,500
⇒ Rs. 46,150
Now, required average = Rs. 46,150/5
⇒ Rs. 9,230
∴ The average savings of the five employees together is Rs. 9,230.

Given:

A can finish in 15 days, B can finish it in 25 days.

They work together for 5 days.

Concept used:

Efficiency = (Total work / Total time taken)

Efficiency = work done in a single day

Calculation:

Let total work be 75 units ( LCM of 15 and 25 is 75)

The efficiency of A

⇒ 75 /15 = 5 units

The efficiency of B

⇒ 75 / 25 = 3 units

The efficiency of A+B,

⇒ (5 + 3) units = 8 units

In 5 days total work done is 8 × 5 = 40 units

Remaining work 75 - 40 = 35 units

In the last 4 days, A does 4 × 5 = 20 units

Remaining work 35 - 20 = 15 units done by C in 4 days

So C does 75 units in (75 / 15) × 4 = 20 days

∴ The correct option is 3

In a society, the work of people is defined through their profession.

• When any person in the community is ill or suffering from any disease they look for Doctors who helps them in their treatment.
• When any person in the community is robbed or need any protection they look for Policemen who are a group of people whose job is to enforce laws, help with emergencies, solve crimes and protect property
• Farmers are the community helpers that feeds the community as he grows food and vegetables for their livelihood.

Similarly, the postman does help people to sent and receive the message.

The correct way to sent a message through writing a letter is -

A. write a letter on blank paper.

C. envelop the letter.

D. write the receiver address on the envelope.

E. Paste a stamp on the envelope.

B. put it in the post-box.

Hence the appropriate sequence is - A, C, D, E, B.

The correct answer is 'How organisms evolve'.
Key Points

• Let's refer to the first two lines of the passage -
  • The Theory of Evolution by natural selection was first formulated in Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859.
  • In his book, Darwin describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or behavioral traits.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that Charles Darwin describes how organisms evolve in his book 'On the Origin of Species'.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "(a) & (d)".
Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage -
  • the theory of evolution by means of natural selection can be described as "descent with modification''.(Taken from the line 'Put simply......in the study of human origins)
  • ​​ The theory is sometimes described as "survival of the fittest," but that characterization can be misleading, Pobiner said.
  • Here, "fitness" refers not to an organism's strength or athleticism but rather its ability to survive and reproduce.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the Theory of 'Survival of the Fittest' refer to an organism's ability to survive and breed.

​Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Selection by humans".
Key Points

• Let's refer to the given passage -
  • Darwin chose the term "natural selection" to be in contrast with "artificial selection," in which animal breeders select for particular traits that they deem desirable.
  • In natural selection, it's the natural environment, rather than a human being, that does the selecting.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that 'artificial selection' refers to selection by humans.

​Thus, option 2 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Theory of Evolution'.
Key Points

• Let's refer to the passage:
  • The Theory of Evolution by natural selection was first formulated in Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859.
  • In his book, Darwin describes how organisms evolve over generations through the inheritance of physical or behavioral traits.
  • According to the theory, individuals with traits that enable them to adapt to their environments will help them survive and have more offspring, which will inherit those traits.
  • Individuals with less adaptive traits will less frequently survive to pass them on.
  • The theory of evolution by means of natural selection can be described as "descent with modification''. ( Taken from the line ' Put simply,....the study of human origins.')
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that the passage offers a detailed study on Darwin's Theory of Evolution.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is 'Macroevolution'.
Key Points

• Let's refer to the last part of the given passage-
  • When given enough time and accumulated changes, natural selection can create entirely new species, a process known as "macroevolution," (Taken from the line ''But when given......in 'The Philosophy of Macroevolution'''.)
  • This long-term process is what turned dinosaurs into birds, amphibious mammals (such as an animal called Indohyus) into whales and a common ancestor of apes and humans into the people, chimps and gorillas we know today.
• ​From the above-mentioned statements, it is evident that Macroevolution is responsible for changing dinosaurs into birds.

​Thus, option 4 is the correct answer.