UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 6 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is: D) The consistency of results across items within a test.

Key Points

• Cronbach's alpha is a measure of internal consistency, which means it assesses the degree to which items within a test measure the same thing. In other words, it evaluates how closely related the scores on individual items are to each other and the overall score on the test.

Here's why the other options are not as accurate:

• A) The stability of a test over time: While Cronbach's alpha can be used to assess test-retest reliability, which involves measuring the consistency of test scores over time, this is not its primary function.
• B) The correlation between two equivalent forms of a test: This concept relates to alternate-form reliability, which is measured using different methods like Spearman-Brown prophecy coefficient. Cronbach's alpha focuses on internal consistency within a single test.
• C) The degree of agreement among different raters or observers: This concept describes inter-rater reliability, which is assessed through methods like Cohen's kappa or intraclass correlation coefficient. Cronbach's alpha focuses on consistency within a single instrument, not across different observers.

Therefore, the key takeaway is that Cronbach's alpha measures how consistently items within a test measure the same underlying construct. It is a valuable tool for researchers to assess the internal reliability of their measurement instruments, ensuring that they are capturing a single and clear concept.

The incorrect representation for hexadecimal numbers out of the options is: 3) 23G5 Key Points

• Hexadecimal numbers only use sixteen distinct symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
• The letter "G" is not included in the valid set of hexadecimal symbols. Therefore, "23G5" is not a valid hexadecimal representation.

The other options are all valid hexadecimal representations:

• 9A6F: Each digit is within the valid range (0-F).
• FFB235: Each digit is within the valid range (0-F).
• BCD10: Each digit is within the valid range (0-F).

Out of the given options, the provision part of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 with respect to higher education in India is:

2) The policy proposes a common entrance exam conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admissions into universities across the country.

Key Points

• 1) The policy mandates that all courses will be taught exclusively in English to standardize higher education: This is incorrect. The NEP 2020 emphasizes multilingualism and encourages the use of Indian languages in higher education alongside English.
• 3) The policy reduces the importance of teachers' continuous professional development: This is incorrect. The NEP 2020 highlights the importance of continuous professional development for teachers and proposes various initiatives to strengthen it.
• 4) According to the policy, all higher education institutions must be government-owned: This is incorrect. The NEP 2020 promotes diversity in higher education institutions by encouraging both public and private sectors, including self-governing institutions.

Therefore, only option 2 aligns with a specific policy proposal for higher education in the NEP 2020. The introduction of a common entrance exam through the National Testing Agency (NTA) aims to streamline admissions and offer a more equitable opportunity for students across the country.

​Sampling with replacement:

• It refers to the units of population that are chosen and then again put back into the population before selecting another unit from the population.
• Possibility of selecting the same unit again from the population is high.

Sampling without replacement:

• It refers to the selection of units from the population which are not again counted double in that sample.
• These selected units are unique.

Additional Information

Random Sampling:

• In this method, all the units of the sample have equal chance of selection.
• It is an unbiased method of selection.
• Selection of a unit cannot affect the selection of another unit.
• Every unit has an equal chance of selection.
• Merit: Requires less knowledge about population. Human influences are eliminated.
• Demerit: It does not suit heterogeneous groups. Lack of control on the part of the investigator.

Systematic Sampling:

• It is a method of probability sampling method.
• In this type of sampling, there is a defined targeted population where the first unit of the sample is selected randomly and then for rest units is selected according to the position employing skip interval method. (Every kth term is selected.)
• All the units of the sample are arranged and selected systematically.
• Merit: Sample is evenly spread out for the entire referred population.
• Demerit: It is not bias free. May encounter systematic errors.

Given:
Time taken to cross the signal = 34 seconds

Length of the bridge = 473 meters

Time taken to cross the bridge = 77 seconds

Calculation:

Let's denote the length of the train as L meters.

When the train crosses the signal, it covers the length of the train only. So, we can set up the equation:

L = Distance covered in 34 seconds

Speed = Distance / Time

Speed = L / 34 .........(i)

Now, when the train crosses the bridge, it covers the length of the train plus the length of the bridge. So, we can set up the equation:

L + 473 = Distance covered in 77 seconds

Distance covered in 77 seconds = Speed × 77

L + 473 = (L / 34) × 77

Now, we can solve this equation to find the length of the train.

34 × (L + 473) = L × 77

77L = 34L + 473 × 34

43L = 473 × 34

L = 34 × 11 = 374 m

∴ Option 4 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is - (A), (B) and (C) Only.

Key PointsSpell Checker and Thesaurus :

• Word processing software like MS Word includes tools for checking spelling and suggesting synonyms through a thesaurus.
• These features help in enhancing the quality of the text by identifying and correcting errors and improving word choice.

Page Orientation :

• Page orientation, which allows users to set the page layout as portrait or landscape, is a standard feature in word processing software.
• This feature is crucial for formatting documents according to the specific requirements of the content or printing specifications.

Mail Merge:

• Mail merge is a powerful feature in word processing software that allows users to create a batch of documents that are personalized for each recipient.
• It is commonly used for generating personalized letters, labels, and emails, making it an invaluable tool for mass communication.

Slide Transitions:

• Slide transitions are a feature associated with presentation software, such as Microsoft PowerPoint, rather than word processing software like MS Word.
• While word processors may have some capabilities for creating simple presentations, the specific functionality of slide transitions is not among them.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 4: (A), (B) and (C) Only.

​The correct answer is Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences.

Key Points

• Mohak Hitech Speciality Hospital is located in Indore.
• It was founded in 2007.
• It is the first of its kind hospital in India to perform diabetes surgery for abnormal obese and low BMI diabetics, and cure heart diseases, sleep apnea etc.
• It uses robots to perform surgeries.
• It has been designated as an International Centre of Excellence in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery by the US based Surgical Review Corporation.

Key Points

• The Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences is a private medical university.
• It was founded in 2003 and is located in Indore.
• It is a part of Bhandari Group of Hospitals and Institutions.
• Dr. Vinod Bhandari is its founder.

Given:

The respective ratio of Ram’s age and his son’s age is 5 ∶ 4 and the product of their ages is 320.

Calculation:

Let ratio of their ages be 5x, 4x

Product of their ages = 320

⇒ 5x(4x) = 320

⇒ 20x² = 320

⇒ x² = 16

⇒ x = 4

⇒ After 6 years ram’s age = 5x + 6 = 20 + 6 = 26 , son’s age = 4 × 4 + 6 = 22

Ratio of their new ages = 26 : 22 = 13 : 11

∴ The ratio of their ages after 6 years will be 13 : 11.

Filters are used to clean up or retouch photos, apply special arts effects that give an image the appearance of a sketch or impressionistic painting, or create unique transformations using distortions and lighting effects. So the answer is (3).

Key Points

• Filters are a powerful tool that can be used to enhance and manipulate images in a variety of ways. They can be used to improve the color and contrast of an image, remove blemishes, add special effects, or create entirely new images.
• Filters can be applied to an entire image or to specific areas of an image. They can also be combined to create unique and interesting effects.

Here are some examples of how filters can be used:

• A sharpen filter can be used to make an image sharper and more clear.
• A blur filter can be used to soften an image or blur out unwanted details.
• A noise reduction filter can be used to reduce noise in an image.
• A color correction filter can be used to adjust the color and contrast of an image.
• A sketch filter can be used to give an image the appearance of a sketch.
• An impressionistic painting filter can be used to give an image the appearance of an impressionistic painting.
• Filters are a valuable tool for photographers and graphic designers alike. They can be used to create professional-looking images with ease.

Additional Information

• Shapes are used to create and edit geometric shapes in an image.
• Adjustments are used to make basic changes to an image, such as changing the brightness, contrast, or saturation.
• Layers are used to stack different elements of an image on top of each other.

Answer: 4. All of the above.

Key Points

• The Hunter Commission was a commission appointed by the British government in 1882 to inquire into the state of education in India.
• The commission made a number of recommendations, including:
  • The government should focus on providing primary education to the masses.
  • Secondary education should be left to private enterprise.
  • The government should gradually withdraw its support from collegiate education.
• The Hunter Commission's recommendations were controversial, but they had a significant impact on the development of education in India.
• The government did withdraw some of its support from collegiate education, and this led to the rise of private colleges in India.

• The software tool that is NOT typically utilized for managing references and organizing research papers for a literature review is: Tableau.
• The other options, Mendeley, Zotero, and EndNote, are all specialized reference management tools designed for researchers and academics. They allow you to:
• Import references from various sources (journals, databases, websites)
  • Organize references in folders and tags
  • Annotate and highlight PDFs
  • Generate citations and bibliographies in different styles
  • Share libraries with collaborators
• Tableau, on the other hand, is a data visualization tool used for creating interactive dashboards and reports. While it can be used to present research findings in a visually appealing way, it's not primarily used for managing and organizing the references themselves.

Therefore, C. Tableau is the most likely software tool not typically used for managing references and organizing research papers for a literature review.

Given:

Number of girls = 120% of number of boys

Total number of students = 66

4 more girls are admitted.

Calculation:

Let, the number of boys = 100

According to the question,

Number of girls = 120% of 100 = 120

Now,

⇒ (100 + 120) unit = 66

⇒ 220 unit = 66

⇒ 1 unit = 3/10

So, number of girls = 120 × 3/10 = 36

And, number of boys = (66 - 36) = 30

Now, new number of girls = (36 + 4) = 40

So, the ratio of boys to girls = 30 : 40 = 3 : 4

∴ The ratio of the number of boys to that of the girls is 3 : 4.

The correct response is Increased physical activity from being outdoors improves cognitive function.

Key Points

• Option 3 aligns with inductive reasoning by suggesting a plausible mechanism for the observed link between outdoor time and test scores. While it remains a hypothesis and needs further testing, it directly builds upon the initial observation.
• Option 1 makes a causal claim without considering alternative explanations.
• Option 2 goes against the inductive approach by introducing pre-existing characteristics about children.
• Option 3 focuses on external factors unrelated to the observed correlation.

Additional Information

Inductive reasoning is a crucial ability in research aptitude, involving the process of drawing general conclusions from specific observations. In research, it plays a key role in several critical phases:

1. Observation and Pattern Recognition: Researchers use inductive reasoning to identify patterns and connections from the data they collect. For example, observing a consistent correlation between two variables might prompt them to investigate a potential causal relationship.

2. Hypothesis Generation: Based on these patterns, researchers employ inductive reasoning to formulate hypotheses. These hypotheses are informed by the observed associations but remain tentative, aiming to explain them and predict future outcomes.

3. Interpretation and Generalization: After conducting research and analyzing data, researchers use inductive reasoning to interpret their findings and draw conclusions. They consider how their specific observations can contribute to a broader understanding of the research question.

The logic followed here is:

From Option 1) TSCACACSTOC

A T C O S C / A A C O S T / A C C O S T / A C O C S T → Does not follow pattern.

From Option 2) SACCCACOCST

A S C O A C / A C C O S T / A C C O O C / A C S T S T → Does not follow pattern.

From Option 3) STCACCSTOOA

A S C O T C / A A C O S T / C S C O T O / A C O A S T → Does not follow pattern.

From Option 4) CSTCCACSTCO

A C C O S T / A C C O S T / A C C O S T/ A C C OS T → follows a pattern of ACCOST.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

India had a Ministry of Education from Independence until 1985, when the Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to HRD Ministry and made several associated Departments it's part.

The Union Cabinet on July 29, 2020, approved the renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD) to the Ministry of Education to more clearly define its work and focus.

Following are the main objectives of the Department of Higher Education of the Government of India:

• To expand the Higher Education sector in all its modes of delivery to increase the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education to 15% by 2011-12 to 21% by 2016-17 and 30% by the year 2020.
• To expand the institutional base of Higher Education (including technical, professional and vocational education) by creating additional capacity in existing institutions, establishing new institutions and incentivizing State Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations/civil society.
• To provide opportunities for Higher Education to socially-deprived communities and remove disparities by promoting the inclusion of women, minorities and differently-abled persons.
• To remove regional imbalances in access to Higher Education by setting up of institutions in unserved and underserved areas.
• To enhance plan support for infrastructure and faculty development in the institutions of higher learning and to attract talent towards careers in teaching and research.
• To create conditions for knowledge generation through improved research facilities in universities and colleges.
• To promote collaboration with the International community, foreign governments, universities/institutions and regional and international institutions, for the advancement of universal knowledge and intellectual property rights.
• To promote the development of Indian languages.
• To promote autonomy, innovations, academic reforms in institutions of higher learning
• To undertake institutional restructuring for improving efficiency, relevance and creativity in Higher Education.

Functions

• Enhancement of Gross Enrolment Ratio by expanding access through all modes.
• Promoting the participation of these sections of the society whose GER is lower than the national average.
• To improve quality and to promote academic reforms
• Setting up of new educational institutions and also capacity expansion and improvement of the existing institutions.
• Use of Technology in Higher Education.
• Development of Vocational Education and Skill Development.
• Development of Indian Languages.
• International Collaboration in the field of education.

Calculation
The number of cars sold by A = 40%
The number of bikes sold by A = 15% of 1600 = 240
60% → 240
(bikes + cars)100% → 240 × 100/60 = 400
The number of cars sold by C = 60%
The number of bikes sold by C = 18.75% of 1600
⇒ 3/16 × 1600 = 300
(bikes) 40% → 300
(bikes + cars) 100% → 300 × 100/40 = 750
The ratio = 750:400 = 15:8
The answer is 15:8.

Calculation
The number of bikes sold in five showrooms is 1600.
The number of bikes sold by C = 18.75% of 1600 (18.75% = 3/16)
⇒ 3/16 × 1600 = 300
The number of cars sold by C = 60%
40% → 300
60% → 300 × 3/2 = 450
The number of cars(from C) sold to male = 5/9 × 450 = 250
The number of bikes sold by E = 10% of 1600
⇒ 1/10 × 1600 =160
The number of bike(from E) sold to male = 160 × 3/8 = 60
The sum = 250 + 60 = 310
The number of cars sold by E = 71.44% (71.44% = 5/7)
(7 - 5) → 160 (10% of 1600 = 160)
5 → 160 × 5/2 = 400
The % Difference = (400 - 310)/400 × 100 = 22.5%
The answer is 22.5%

Calculation
The number of bikes sold in five showrooms is 1600.
The number of bikes sold by C = 18.75% of 1600 (18.75% = 3/16)
⇒ 3/16 × 1600 = 300
The number of bikes sold by B = 25% of 1600
⇒ 1/4 × 1600 = 400
The number of bikes sold by D = 31.25% of 1600 (31.25% = 5/16)
⇒ 5/16 × 1600 = 500
The average = (300 + 400 + 500)/3 = 400
The number of cars sold by C = 60%
40% → 300
60% → 300 × 3/2 = 450
The number of cars sold by D = 50%
50% → 500
50% → 500 × 1/1 = 500
The number of cars sold by E = 71.44% (71.44% = 5/7)
(7 - 5) → 160 (10% of 1600 = 160)
5 → 160 × 5/2 = 400
The average = (450 + 500 + 400)/3 = 450
Difference between the average = 450 - 400 = 50
The answer is 450.

The correct answer is: D) Purposive Sampling

Key Points

• A) Stratified Random Sampling: This involves dividing the population into groups (strata) and then randomly selecting individuals from each group. While it still involves some degree of randomness, it's not based solely on specific characteristics.
• B) Systematic Sampling: This involves selecting individuals at a predetermined interval from a list or ordered structure. While it can be used to target specific subgroups, the selection process itself is still based on a systematic order, not individual characteristics.
• C) Convenience Sampling: This involves selecting individuals who are easily accessible to the researcher. While it can be biased towards certain groups or characteristics, it's not based on a deliberate selection process focused on specific qualities.
• Therefore, purposive sampling stands out by intentionally choosing individuals based on specific characteristics or qualities that are relevant to the research question. For example, a researcher studying the lived experiences of cancer survivors might purposefully sample individuals from different age groups, cancer types, and treatment backgrounds to get a diverse and informative sample.
• It's important to note that purposive sampling can be a valuable tool for research, but it also comes with potential biases. Researchers need to be aware of these biases and take steps to mitigate them, such as using a clear and transparent sampling strategy and including a diverse range of perspectives within the selected sample.

The correct response is the Pedagogical structure (5+3+3+4).

Key PointsPedagogical structure (5+3+3+4):

This is indeed a specific reform introduced by the NEP 2020. The new pedagogical structure replaces the previous 10+2 system and aims to provide a more integrated and holistic education aligned with children's developmental stages.
Additional Information

• SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals): While NEP 2020 aligns with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals to some extent, SDGs are not specific reforms of the NEP itself. They are a broader international agenda.
• SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan): While this is a significant educational scheme in India, it predates NEP 2020. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is not introduced by NEP 2020, but elements may be integrated or aligned with the new policy.

The correct answer is 'Histolysis'.
Key Points

• The passage distinctly states, "Within this cocoon, the caterpillar’s old body undergoes a remarkable transformation, called 'histolysis', essentially transforming into a liquid."
• This suggests that it is during the process of histolysis that the old body of the caterpillar transforms into a basic liquid state.
• The process is distinct from histogenesis and metamorphosis, which are other stages of the butterfly's lifecycle.
• Histogenesis refers to the creation of new tissues from the "liquid" state, and metamorphosis refers to the entire transformation process a butterfly goes through.
• Müllerian mimicry in butterflies is an evolutionary tactic, where two or more harmful species come to resemble each other's appearance as a survival strategy.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Butterfly wing patterns serve various functions'.
Key Points

• The passage establishes that "These intricate patterns also serve in various ways, like mate attraction, camouflage, and warning signals to predators."
• This remark clearly illustrates the varied functions of the patterns on butterfly wings.
• Statement 1 is incorrect as butterflies do not start their life as adults but undergo a lifecycle progression from eggs to caterpillars, then pupa, and eventually mature into adult butterflies.
• Statement 2 is also inaccurate. While caterpillars consume plant matter, butterflies overall play an essential role in ecosystems, particularly as pollinators and indicators of environmental health.
• Statement 4 is misleading. While some harmful butterfly species exhibit Müllerian mimicry, it is not a characteristic of all butterfly species as implied by the statement.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

The correct answer is 'Adult butterflies primarily feed on meat'.
Key Points

• The passage mentions, "Upon emerging from the chrysalis, adult butterflies are a spectacle of patterned winged loveliness, flying from flower to flower in search of nectar."
• This implies that the primary food source for adult butterflies is nectar, not meat, making the statement incorrect.
• As for the other options, it's clarified in the passage that butterflies start their life as eggs and that caterpillars, the larval stage of the butterfly, voraciously consume plant matter.
• Moreover, butterflies are indeed hailed as vital pollinators, which contradicts the first statement, but this information was covered in previous questions and thus does not form part of the solution.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 4'.

Given:

A can do 3/4 of a work in 12 days.

B can complete the remaining work in 5 days.

Concept:

Time = Total Work/Efficiency

Calculation:

Total work = LCM of 12 and 5 = 60

⇒ Efficiency of A = 45/12 = 15/4

⇒ Efficiency of B = 15/5 = 3

⇒ Efficiency of (A + B) = 15/4 + 3 = 27/4

Now,

A and B together finish that work in:

Total Work/Efficiency of (A + B)

⇒ 60/27/4

⇒ 240/27

⇒ 8 8/9

∴ The total days A and B take together to finish that work is 8 8/9.

Alternate Method

Let total work = 4 units (as 3/4 is mentioned)

If A can do 3 units in 12 days

Then, A will do the whole work (4 units) in = 4 × 12/3 = 16 days

B is don't the remaining (4 -3) = 1 unit work in 5 days

So, B will do the whole work in = 5 × 4 = 20 days

Now A & B are working together

So, total work = LCM of (16, 20) = 80 units

Efficiency of A = 80/16 = 5 units/day

Efficiency of B = 80/20 = 4 units /day

They will do the whole work in = 80/(5+4) = 80/9 days

⇒ 80/9 = 8 8/9

In the context of internet security and cyber threats, the correct statement about spamware is: B. Spamware is a type of software that harvests email addresses from the internet with the intent of sending bulk unsolicited emails.Key Points

• A. Spamware is a program specifically designed to locate and remove viruses from an operating system: This function refers to antivirus software, not spamware.
• C. Spamware is a type of anti-spyware program that specifically targets and removes adware from an individual's computer: This describes anti-adware software, not spamware.
• D. Spamware refers to the software applications used to support and manage an organization's social media presence: This describes social media management software, not spamware.

Therefore, option B is the only one that accurately describes the role of spamware in internet security and cyber threats. It is a malicious software tool used by spammers to collect email addresses and send large numbers of unwanted emails, often containing scams, phishing attempts, or malware.

The Ram Murti Review committee recommended that admission to higher education must be Selective.

Important Points

The term "selective" indicates that the committee suggested that the admission process to higher education institutions should be based on certain criteria, qualifications, or standards. This implies that not all individuals would be granted admission, but rather those who meet specific requirements and qualifications.

The other options do not align with the term "selective":

Universal: This suggests that admission should be open to everyone, without any limitations or criteria.

Reservation-based: This implies that admission would be based on specific reserved categories, such as caste or ethnicity, rather than on qualifications.

Free from payment: This suggests that education should be provided without any fees, which is not directly related to the concept of selective admission.

Therefore, the most appropriate answer is option 3) Selective.

1) Triangulation

• It is a significant technique of verification where the researcher makes use of multiple and different sources, methods and theories in order to provide corroborating evidence.
• It involves comparing and cross-checking consistency of data derived by different means at different times using qualitative methods. It means:
  • comparing observational data with interview data;
  • comparing observational data with questionnaire data;
  • what participants of a programme say in public with what they say in private;
  • checking for consistency the opinion of the participants about a programme over a period of time and
  • comparing the opinion of the participants of a programme with others who are associated with
    programme in one capacity or the other.
• The triangulation of data sources within qualitative methods will seldom lead to a singly totally consistent picture. But such triangulation is helpful to study and understand when and why there are differences.

2) Meta-analysis: Meta-analysis is a technique designed for combining results from independent studies. It involves evaluation and summarizing results from a number of individual studies thus increasing the overall sample size and also increasing the ability of the researcher to study the effects of interest. This type of study uses synoptic reasoning to develop a new understanding of the research problem.

3) Trend analysis: Trend analysis refers to the determination of the tendency regarding changes in the area of investigation in data relating to the banks. It is a dynamic method of analysis showing the. changes over a period of time.

4) Cross-validation: Cross-validation (sometimes called rotation estimation) is a demography technique of appraisal to correlates classification techniques by partitioning the given set of data into two parts, one part is used to build a model and the other one used to endorse the class label for test data.

Hence, The combination of different approaches to validate information, strategies, and results in a research study is technically known as Triangulation.

A thing that is changeable or a quantity that may have a number of different values is known as a variable. Variables are tangible and can be manipulated, controlled, or observed by the experimenter. following are the various types of variables:

1) Extraneous variable:

• Any and all other variables that may ‘mask’ the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable are known as extraneous variables.
• Extraneous variables may directly affect the dependent variable or may combine with the independent variable to produce an effect. Therefore, extraneous variables must be controlled so that the experimenter can determine whether the dependent variable changes in relation to variation in the independent variable.

2) Moderator Variable:

• A moderator variable is a variable, which is thought to temper or modulate the magnitude of the effect of an independent variable on a dependent one.
• Moderators specify when a relationship will hold. It can be qualitative (e.g., sex, race, class…) or quantitative (e.g., drug dosage or level of reward).
• A moderating variable is used exclusively in quantitative, rather than qualitative, research.
• Moderating variables are useful because they help explain the links between the independent and dependent variables.
• Also sometimes referred to as simply moderators, these moderating variables provide additional information regarding the association between two variables in quantitative research by explaining what features can make that association stronger, weaker, or even disappear.

3) Intervening variable:

• An intervening variable is a hypothetical variable used to explain causal links between other variables and especially the relationships between independent variables and dependent variables.
• Intervening variables cannot be observed in an experiment (that’s why they are hypothetical).
• For example, there is an association between being poor and having a shorter life span. Just because someone is poor doesn’t mean that will lead to an early death, so other hypothetical variables are used to explain the phenomenon. These intervening variables could include a lack of access to healthcare or poor nutrition.
• It is often distinguished from a hypothetical construct in that it has no properties other than those observed in empirical research. That is, it is simply a summary of the relationships observed between independent and dependent variables.
• For example, hunger is a hypothetical internal state which has been used to explain the relationships between independent variables such as length of time without food, or amount of food consumed, and dependent variables which are measures of eating.
• Intervening variables may be useful in reducing the number of relationships which need to be explained; for example, in attempting to explain the relationships between five independent variables and two dependent measures of eating, the use of the intervening variable of hunger reduces the number of relationships to be explained from ten to seven (five between the independent variables and hunger, and two between hunger and the dependent variables).

4) Treatment Variable (Independent Variable):

• Researchers are most likely to use the word treatment when referring to experimental research, especially when the data from that research were analyzed via analysis of variance (ANOVA).
• In experimental research, the researcher manipulates the independent or treatment variable(s) and then observes whether the treatment groups differ on one or more dependent or outcome variables.
• An independent variable or stimulus variable is that factor manipulated or selected by the experimenter in his attempt to discover its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
• For example, The researcher can manipulate the teaching methods by using different approaches of teaching and examine its effect upon the scholastic achievement of boys and girls.

Hence, from the above-explained points, we can conclude that the intervening variable is not directly observable but its effect is inferred on the dependent variable in the research study.

Given:

The price of an article is increased by r%.

The new price was decreased by r% later.

Now the latest price is Rs. 1.

Concept used:

If the price of an article is increased by r% and then decreased by r% , the total decrease is r²/100

Calculation:

Let the old price be Rs x

As per the question,

x - (r²/100) x (x/100) = 1

⇒ x = 10000 / 10000-r²

∴ The correct option is 1

Nowadays financial transactions are carried out on computers or mobile phones. Information and communication technology (ICT) has entered and made huge progress in the banks wherein now the banks have started to conduct bank transactions electronically known as E-Banking.
Various Digital Initiatives:

Hence, UMANG offers a single point of access to all government services, BHIM provides Unified payment interface, eBiz relates to G2B Services and SWAYAM is a learning platform.