UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 10 - UGC NET MCQ

Curriculum framework:

• A curriculum framework is an organized plan or set of standards or learning outcomes that define the content to be learned in terms of clear, definable standards of what the student should know and be able to do.
• A curriculum framework is part of an outcome-based education or standards-based education reform design.
• As compared with traditional education which is concerned only about delivering content, a standards-based education reform system promises that all will succeed if all are held to high expectations.
• A curriculum framework describes the educational environment in which syllabuses (or subject-specific outlines of objectives, outcomes, content, and appropriate assessment and teaching methodologies) can be developed.
• The particular focus of the curriculum at a given point in time; that is, how much of a larger content area will be taught.

Conclusion:

A curriculum framework is the summary of educational issues. it outlines the curriculum structure, its subjects or learning areas, and the rationale for the inclusion of each in the curriculum; allocates time to various subjects and/or learning areas in each grade or stage. Though it outlines the objectives of national vision, economy, etc. it is more subject-oriented. Thus, we can say that a curriculum framework is a subject-specific document. Hence, option (2) is correct.

Key Points

•  To accomplish the goals and objectives required of education, planning is an essential characteristic of management: the plan, which is a statement of policy and is equally necessary, aids in formulating policy. Planning is a process that determines the future course of action and is undertaken at all levels of management. It involves a continual process of perception, analysis, and conceptual problem.

Steps of planning:

1- Establishing Goals: This is the first and foremost step in the  planning of educational management. It is about to set the objectives and goals that has to achieved within a set period of time.

2- Developing Planning Premises: This step is related to develop the bases upon which the goals and plans are based.

3- Charting out various alternatives and choosing from among them the most suitable choice for reaching the desired goals: In this step most suitable alternative is choose to carry forward the planning 

4- Determining and allocating the resources required: It is related to allocating the resources to each area according to the need and requirement.

5- Ensuring that plans are communicated to all the concerned:

The plans that are decided should be communicated to all the people concerned to the implementation process of the planning.

Thus option 03 is correct.

Additional Information 
Salient Features of Planning:

1- Planning is a process rather than behaviour at a given point in time. The process determines the future course of action.  

2- Planning is primarily concerned with looking into the future, which requires forecasting the future situation.

3- Planning involves the selection of a suitable course of action. 

4- Planning is flexible as commitment is based on future conditions, which are always dynamic. 

5-  Planning is a continuous managerial function involving the process of perception, analysis, conceptual thought, communication, decision and action.

The teaching method is a way to put theory into practice.

• It generally describes the pedagogy of children, general principles, and management strategies that are to be used through the whole teaching-learning process.
• The teacher must be flexible while using teaching methods to encourage the participation of students in the teaching-learning process.​

Key Points

Lecture method

• It is one of the oldest methods of teaching environmental studies which is based on the principle of idealism.
• It is a teacher and information-centred approach that means the teacher plays the role of an active participant while giving the information to the students.
• It is used to provide an overview of larger content or subject matter.
• The teacher instructs or gives lectures on a topic for most of the complete time in the period.
• The teacher provides information, concepts, facts, events, theories, laws, principles, etc.
• Students are passive listeners. Their activities during the lecture period, at best, are taking down some notes and responding to occasional questions of the teacher. 
• Within a single period, the teacher sometimes presents more information than students can absorb, and the method provides no accurate means of checking student progress.
• Content is presented as a whole and the students learn through listening and memorization.
• This method can be successfully used in imparting factual information, explaining the theoretical points which cannot be demonstrated, summarizing and recapitulating certain topics, etc. in higher classes.
• This method seems to be not relevant for teachers and students of elementary classes.

So, in the lecture method, the teacher is an active participant while students are passively involved.

The correct answer is (a) and (c) only.

Key Points 
PERT and CPM are the project management technique, which helps in understanding and displaying each stage of the project.

Important PointsPERT-Program Evolution Review Technique

•  Developed in 1950
• It is an event-oriented network -successive events are joined by an arrow.
• Suitable for non-repetitive projects
• The most probable time to complete the project is estimated.
• Mainly applied scheduling, integration, and organizing of tasks in a project  
• It is probablistic in nature. 
• it generally focuses on the time element of a project rather than the cost element.                         

CPM-Critical Path method

• Activity oriented network
• Consist of well-recognized jobs or activities
• In this method activity is represented by an arrow and the junctions between the activity represent the events
• Used for repetitive type projects.
• It is a deterministic model.
• It does not allow variation in activity.
• Finding the least amount of time to complete a task with less wastage.

Hence the correct answer is PERT is probabilistic in nature and CPM is deterministic in nature, PERT focuses primarily on time elements and attaches lesser significance to the cost. On the contrary, the CPM puts a strong emphasis on cost.

Inclusion is concerned with the learning and participation of all students vulnerable to exclusionary pressures not only those with impairments or those who are categorised ‘having special educational needs’. Inclusion is all about embracing all. However, there is no consensus about the degree of inclusion of disabled students in the mainstream.

Classification/Models/Types of Inclusive Education

The types or models of inclusive education are broadly divided into two: partial and full, based on the placement of disabled students in the mainstream.

Hence, from the above table, it is clear that the concept of inclusion that allows disabled children being educated in regular classes in the same way and degree as the non-disabled children are called full inclusion. 

The correct answer is 'Mind the gap: On Gender gap.'

Key Points

• The title of the passage should express the main idea of the passage.
• The passage as a whole focuses on the Gender gap.
• The other choices address more specific ideas expressed in the passage but are not its main idea. 
• Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative and the quantitative paradigms is known as mixed method research. 

Important Points

• ​Mixed method research is a research approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative research methods to collect, analyze and integrate data.
• This approach seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research problem, utilizing the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research methods.
• Mixed method research is often used in social sciences, education, healthcare, and other fields that require a multidimensional perspective on complex phenomena.

Additional Information

• Action research is a research method that involves actively working to solve real-world problems in a practical setting.
• Quantitative research is a research approach that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to study and measure relationships between variables.
• Basic research is a type of research that aims to expand knowledge in a particular field without a specific goal or application in mind.

Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) pedagogy often emphasizes language learning through the following order: Listen-speak-read-write.

Key Points

•  This approach recognizes that language acquisition typically begins with listening skills, followed by speaking, then reading, and finally writing.
• It aligns with the natural progression of language development in young children, acknowledging the importance of first understanding spoken language before actively engaging in conversation, and subsequently, learning to read and write.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

Integrated education:

The concept of integrated education arises as an outcome of the National policy of education, 1986 recommended providing equal opportunity to all not only for access but also for success. Integration signifies the process of interaction of disabled children with normal children in the same educational setting. Integration also means ‘mainstreaming’ or ‘Normalisation’. As disabled children are treated with normal children.

Important Points

Importance of integrated education:

• It does not create a feeling of differentiation among disabled children.
• It helps to remove the inferiority complex among disabled children.
• It provides peer group help in learning from normal children.
• It provides disabled children a chance to enjoy school life with normal children and ensures social integration.
• It inculcates affection, love, and respect for disabled children among normal children.
• It ensures that learners have an understanding of and respect for the rights, equality, and diversity of all without discrimination.

Conclusion: Integrated Education is the educational program in which exceptional children attend classes with normal children on either a part or full-time basis. It is the placement of disabled children in ordinary schools with some specialized educational help and services. Integrated education encourages open-minded attitudes among pupils as well as building the confidence and ability to question, observe, listen and make informed decisions. Integrated schools educate children in an environment where self-esteem and independence are developed as priorities. Self-respect and respect for others are strongly encouraged. Thus we can say that integrated education provides the children with disabilities to feel normal and helps the normal children to be sensible towards special children. So, above mentioned all options are correct. Hence, option (4) is correct.

• Samkhya is a classical Indian school of philosophy emphasising reality's dualistic nature. It holds two basic principles of existence: Purusha (pure consciousness) and Prakriti (matter and energy). The goal of Samkhya is to achieve liberation (moksha) by realizing the true nature of the self as distinct from matter.
• In terms of education, Samkhya holds that the ultimate aim is to achieve liberation, but at the same time, education should also prepare individuals for practical life in the world. So, education must balance spiritual and materialistic aims.
• According to Samkhya, education's spiritual aim is to help individuals understand the true nature of the self and the world and develop spiritual qualities such as detachment, discrimination, and devotion.
• According to Samkhya, education's materialistic aim is to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills they need to lead a successful and fulfilling life in the world, including knowledge of the arts, sciences, economics, and politics.

According to Samkhya, education's materialistic aim is to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills.

Key Points
Snowball sampling:

• Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique often used to study hard-to-reach populations or populations that are not well-defined. It involves identifying a small number of initial participants who meet the criteria for the study and then asking them to identify other individuals who also meet the criteria. The sample grows as each participant identifies additional individuals, and the process continues until the desired sample size is reached.
• Snowball sampling is particularly useful when studying populations that may be difficult to reach through traditional sampling techniques, such as drug addicts or alcoholics. These populations may be hidden or stigmatized, making it difficult to identify and recruit participants through other means. Snowball sampling also allows researchers to access the social networks of the initial participants, which can provide valuable insights into the behaviours and attitudes of the population being studied.

Purposive sampling:

• This is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher intentionally selects participants who meet certain criteria. The sample is chosen based on the research question and the population's specific characteristics.
• Purposive sampling is often used when the population is small or difficult to access or when the researcher wants to ensure that certain types of participants are included in the study.

Stratified random sampling:

• This is a probability sampling technique where the population is first divided into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics, such as age, gender, or income. Participants are then randomly selected from each stratum to ensure that the sample is representative of the population as a whole.
• Stratified random sampling is often used when the researcher wants to ensure that the sample is representative of the population on certain characteristics.

Incidental sampling:

• This is a non-probability sampling technique where the researcher selects participants based on who is available at a particular time and place.
• This type of sampling is often used in convenience samples, such as participants attending a conference or seminar. Incidental sampling is generally not recommended for research studies because it may result in a biased sample not representative of the population.

Therefore it is clear that If you require to study the social behaviour of drug addicts or alcoholics, the most desirable sampling technique to use would be snowball sampling.

Online courses:

• This type of courses are conducted over the internet
• Students can view the course framework, syllabus, e-content, lectures, progress, etc. online
• They can follow their course instructor as well
• They don't need to present physically in the classroom.

Advantages of online courses:

• Self-paced: the learner can control their learning style, time, material, etc. They stay motivated all time.
• Flexible: a flexible way of learning. Course structure, curriculum, meeting time, fixed schedule give more freedom to the students.
• Easily accessible: students in remote locations can also access over the internet. Anyone from any place can enroll and follow the lecture at any time.
• Affordable: course fees are comparatively less than the offline mode.
• Time management: relocation is not necessary, Extra investment of time is not required.
• Safety and security: all data and documents could be safely stored and used
• Good communication: students can choose an expert instructor from anywhere as per their requirements.

Challenges of online courses:

• Technical issues
• Internal motivation of the students
• Distractions and time management
• Confusion in choosing courses
• Understanding course expectations.
• Lack of in-person interaction.
• Adapting to unfamiliar technology.
• Uncertainty about the future.

Therefore it can be said that online courses are available and their popularity is increasing because of their advantage. But, sometimes students get confused to choose the right course from the large storage of courses. So, Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.

From 1880 year the Mohammadan College started sending regular batches of students to England.

Learning is brought about through teaching, teaching process is the arrangement of environment within which the students can interact and study how to learn. The process of teaching learning aims at transmission of knowledge, imparting skills and formation of attitudes, values and behaviour.

The UGC, however, was formally established only in November 1956 as a statutory body of the Government of India through an Act of Parliament for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of university education in India.

In 1956, the American educational psychologist Robert M. Gagn proposed a system of classifying different types of learning in terms of the degree of complexity of the mental processes involved. He identified eight basic types.

The term 'storm and stress' was coined by G. Stanley Hall in Adolescence, written in 1904. Hall used this term because he viewed adolescence as a period of inevitable turmoil that takes place during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. 

Research is a systematic way of investigation, a process of discovering new knowledge. It consists of various steps such as defining the research problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing data, and arriving at a conclusion.

Key Points

Diagnostic research:

• It is done where any problem exists, but its causes are not known.
• It is the exercise towards finding such causes or variables responsible for origin, existence and subsistence of problem are diagnosed is called diagnostic research.
• It is also known as causal research.
• It shows the cause and effect relationship.
• A problem is always an effect of certain known or unknown variables.
• The study of such unknown variables is known as diagnostic research. 

Important Points

Explanatory research:

• Explaining any knowledge which already exists but social awareness towards such knowledge or reality is incomplete, misled or inconsistent.
• Such research is motivated so that society can be made aware of the real state of knowledge.
• The purpose behind such research is to protect society from suffering caused due to the wrong perceptions towards any fact, phenomenon, principle or theory.
• If social perception can be corrected the society can progress further.
• Otherwise, it may be static or degrading continually in any particular field of life.

Experimental Research:

• Where the effect of one variable is observed on another variable in a controlling and manipulative manner by the researcher.
• It is the testing of variables in the laboratory.
• These researches are rarely used in legal research.
• Since, the law research is generally focused on exiting and ideal legal principles, legislation and policies studied in real social conditions without any external control.
• Though, the pilot project schemes are basically experimental methods used in social science.
• Experimental methods are more expensive for their frequency of trails taken by the researcher for coming on reliable results so that standard predictions can be made. 

Remedial research:

• Where the causes of any problem have already been identified, but how to prevent or control such problem still puts a question.
• Therefore, the remedies are explored to control or eradicate such problem is called remedial research.

Thus, research towards finding causes or variables responsible for the origin, existence and subsistence of problem is known as Diagnostic research.

Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) is an educational assessment system that aims to provide a holistic view of a student's progress and development.

Key Points 

• It focuses on marks-based evaluation of student's work: This statement is incorrect. Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) aims to move away from a marks-centric approach. Instead of solely relying on numerical grades, CCE emphasizes a more holistic assessment that considers various aspects of a student's performance, including both scholastic and co-scholastic domains.

• It makes evaluation an integral part of the teaching-learning process: This statement is correct. One of the primary characteristics of CCE is its integration of assessment within the teaching-learning process. Formative assessments are conducted during instruction, providing continuous feedback to both students and teachers. 

• It focuses on all-round development of the child's personality: This statement is correct. CCE is designed to assess not only academic achievements (scholastic aspects) but also the overall development of a student's personality. It includes co-scholastic aspects such as life skills, attitudes, values, and participation in extracurricular activities to ensure a well-rounded evaluation.

• It includes an assessment of scholastic as well as co-scholastic aspects of the students: This statement is correct. CCE incorporates a comprehensive approach by assessing both scholastic and co-scholastic aspects. Scholastic aspects involve academic performance, while co-scholastic aspects encompass areas such as life skills, attitudes, values, sports, and other extracurricular activities.

​Thus, It focuses on marks based evaluation of student's work is not a characteristic of continuous comprehensive evaluation.

The Correct answer is Philip B. Crosby.

Key Points

• The Quality Management Maturity Grid (QMMG) is an organizational maturity matrix initially conceptualized by Philip B. Crosby and first presented in his 1979 book, "Quality is Free."
• This grid serves as a benchmark for businesses or organizations to assess the maturity of their processes and their integration into the organizational culture, specifically in the realm of service or product quality management.
• Credited as a precursor to the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), which emerged a decade later, the QMMG shares the concept of five maturity levels.
• These five maturity levels outlined in the Quality Management Maturity Grid are:
  • Uncertainty
  • Awakening
  • Enlightenment
  • Wisdom
  • Certainty

Additional Information

• Joseph M. Juran:​
  • The Juran Trilogy, also called the Quality Trilogy, was presented by Dr. Joseph M. Juran in 1986.
  •  According to him management for quality is done through three managerial processes - planning, control, and improvement.
  •  According to Juran 'Quality is fitness for use,
  • He was the first to stress that management, communication, and human resources are key to achieving quality.
• Philip B Crosby:​
  • He was an author and businessman who contributed to management theory and quality management practices.
  • Some of his renowned published books are "Quality is free" and "Art of Making Quality Certain".
  • He spearheads the zero defects program, promoting the philosophy of "doing it right the first time" (DIRFT) to achieve a 100 percent acceptable output.'
  • Crosby has also formulated a 14-point program that leans towards practical rather than philosophical aspects
• W Edwards Deming:
  • W. Edwards Deming was an American engineer, statistician, and management consultant who is credited with the development of Total Quality Management (TQM) principles.
  • He was a prominent figure in the post-World War II Japanese quality control efforts and is credited with helping Japan transform its manufacturing industry.
  • Deming’s management system was based on the philosophy of continuous improvement towards the perfect ideal.
  • He believed that a commitment to quality requires transforming the entire organization.
  • His philosophy is based on a system known as the Fourteen Points.
• Genichi Taguchi:
  • ​​Genichi Taguchi made many important contributions during his lifetime. Some of his most important were probably in the field of quality control.
  • Following are some of the major contributions that he made to the quality improvement world:
    • The Loss Function:
    • Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs:​
    • Robustness

The 5E Model of Instruction is a constructivist learning model that focuses on actively engaging students in the learning process. It consists of five phases: Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration, and Evaluation.

Key Points 

• The 5E Model is rooted in the principles of constructivism, a learning theory that emphasizes the active role of the learner in constructing knowledge and understanding.
• The model provides a framework for teachers to create learning environments that encourage students to explore, investigate, and make connections between new information and their prior knowledge.

Therefore, The 5E Model of Instruction was developed for constructivism, a learning theory that emphasizes the active involvement of students in constructing knowledge and understanding. 

Conditioning is the process of modifying one’s behaviour with the help of some preparation or training. Behaviourism theory is an idea which states that learning takes place owing to conditioning. John Watson is called the father of behaviourism. There are two types of conditioning:

• Classical: Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, this conditioning has two factors: environment and a naturally occurring stimulus. In this, when the conditioned stimulus is evoked, the conditioned response takes place. For example, noisy class becoming quiet after the teacher claps for a fixed number of times, a student associate math's with fear since he is humiliated by his math teacher many a time for being bad in math.
• Operant: It is based on reinforcement and punishment.  For example, parents reinforce their kid to study well, and if he does not, he is punished or else he is offered a bicycle.
  Both reinforcement and punishment are of two types: Positive and Negative
  • ​Positive Punishment: It is used when we want to reduce some behaviour. For example, Fear of a particular subject because of humiliation by that subject teacher.
  • Negative Punishment: In this, you are taken away with your favourite thing. For example, the government doe not allow to go outside your home in case of a pandemic.
  • Positive Reinforcement: For making an outcome to take place, again and again, this is used. Example: Teacher using words like, “Well done”; “good job” etc.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Just opposite of the above one, it is used to avoid or negate an outcome. Example: You don’t tease a dog to be bitten by him.

Curriculum transaction is the process of planning and organizing the curriculum in a particular subject area for different levels of education. Specifically curriculum transaction or. implementation not only refers to the teaching of the contents of various theory subjects. This follows different approaches. 
Key Points 

• Disciplinary approach: Here disciplines are independent and topics related to that particular discipline are included in the curriculum. There will be no chance for the integration or collaboration of other disciplines. Topics and concepts related to the same individual discipline will be taught and highlighted.
• Interdisciplinary approaches involve multiple content areas. This approach facilitates integrated knowledge. Teachers often collaborate to create interdisciplinary units, in which students work across several subject areas on the same project or activity, although teachers may connect disciplines in their individual classrooms if collaboration is not practical.
• A multidisciplinary approach is an approach to curriculum integration that focuses primarily on the different disciplines and the diverse perspectives they bring to illustrate a topic, theme, or issue. A multidisciplinary curriculum is one in which the same topic is studied from the viewpoint of more than one discipline. Here understanding a concept from different perspectives of different disciplines is a key process.

Hence A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (i) is the correct option.

A research idea represents the first exposure of the researcher or the researcher-to-be to the possibility of advancing the first steps of the research project. The research idea can be heterogeneous, multifaceted, and only limited by the imaginative capability of the investigator.

Key Points

The research process is explained in the steps given below :

Select topic:

• The researcher needs to have a clear and deep understanding of the problem on which the research will be based.
• So, identifying and selecting the research topic is an important part of this stage.

Identification of the Research Problem: 

• A well-identified problem will lead the researcher to accomplish all-important phases of the research process, starting from setting objectives to the selection of the research methodology.
• It is essential to ensure that the research problem is concrete and explicit.

Stating Research Purpose

• After discovering and defining the research problem, researchers should make a formal statement of the research purpose. 

Study research questions:

• In this step pointing out research questions under the area of interest is done as decided in the previous stage.

Framing of Hypothesis: 

• A hypothesis is an unproven statement or proposition that can be refuted or supported by empirical data.
• Hypothetical statements assert a possible answer to a research question.
• The hypothesis should be free from any biases.

Thus, the following order is recommended for the development of a research idea: research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis

Assessment is vital to the education process. It is considered a vital part of the teaching-learning process.

 Assessment is referred as “a process of collecting evidence and making judgments relating to outcomes”.

The purpose of assessment can be formative and summative-

Teachers help can create in a student a desire to learn is most appropriate.

'Reality is still in the making' is a principle of Pragmatism.

In pragmatism, no importance is attached to the impracticable and to things that can not fulfill some purpose. The pragmatic philosophers of education give attention to practical and useful things. Practical and useful does not simply mean theoretical, but induces to do useful and practical work.

The education based on this ideology makes the child worthy and independent of society. Pragmatic philosophers of education consider the aim, nature, organization, and order of education should be such that it may do maximum good of man.

John Dewey argued that the mind-body (spirit-matter) dualism of classical philosophy is responsible for the unnatural cleavages in society and education such as labor-leisure, practical-intellectual, man-nature, culture-vocation, subject matter- method, ends-means, and others.

Information Technology refers to the use of hardware and software for storage retrieval processing and distributing information of many kinds isthe following is the appropriate definition of Information Technology.

Clark L. Hull (1884 - 1952) a teacher in the universities of Wisconsin and Yale is credited with putting forth a systematic mathematical and scientific theory of human behavior based on conditioning and the connections of the earlier behaviorists.

He built his theory on a logical structure of postulates and theorems. His theory can be briefly summarized as: Hull’s theory rejected the trigger like mechanism of stimuli-response advocated by Thorndike and introduced the concept of intervening variables between stimulus and Response.

The things within the learner definitely act and react to what is received in terms of stimuli from the external environment before emitting of an overt response. Hull provided the amended S-O-R formula in place of the traditional S-R approach.

The formula he developed is:

sEr: Excitatory potential or the likelihood that an organism will produce a response (r) to a stimulus (s)

sHr: Habit strength established by the number of previous conditioning

D: Drive strength determined by the amount of biological deprivation

K: Incentive motivation or the size or magnitude of the goal

J: The delay before the organism is allowed to seek reinforcement

lr: Reactive inhibition or fatigue

slr: Conditioned inhibition caused by the previous lack of reinforcement

sLr: Reaction threshold the smallest amount of reinforcement that will produce learning

sOr: Random error

Dependent variable

A = Amplitude of behavior

Str = Response latency = time between the presentation of a stimulus to the organism & its learned response

N = number of trials

Resistance to Extinction

P = response probability = will be close to reaction threshold

He termed the environmental influences upon the individual as “inputs” and his responses as “Outputs” and what goes from the learner as “processes”.

He asserted that “input” and “output” can be measured experimentally and therefore behavior in its processes and products can be subjected to experimental verification.

Hull’s theory attached sufficient importance to the needs drives incentives reinforcement and adequate motivations for achieving satisfactory results in the process of teaching and learning.

The greatest contribution of Hull’s theory lies in its emphasis on linking the learning to the needs of the learners. He advocated the need based goals curricula and methods of teaching.

Realism & Methods of Teaching

Realists more emphasis on learning by doing. Important methods of teaching proposed by them:

Realism gives more emphasis to sense training.

Milton emphasized the importance of travelling in education.

Locke emphasized the importance of observation and experimentation.

Inductive – Deductive method is also advocated by them.

Learning by doing.

Sir Thomas Bacon gives methods of scientific thinking.

Repetition is necessary for retention.

Education should proceed from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract.

Individual’s experience and spirit of inquiry.

Questioning- Answer technique.

Concrete to abstract

According to Holt “The conscientious scientist…. . knows perfectly well that he ‘constructs’ nothing: and that indeed his prime concern is precisely not to construct anything. It is his purpose to efface the personal will and if it were possible he would transcend the limitations of his sense organs so as to be an impartial witness of the events. ” i. e. development of scientific at among students.

The realistic teacher should use synthetic method.

Synthetic method

It starts like induction from the observed facts includes:

Analysis (breaking up into simpler elements)

Proceed from the known to the unknown facts