UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 4 - UGC NET MCQ

There are many committees and reports which played an important role in the Indian education system. Some of these are the following:

Report of the Standards of University Education Committee (1965):

• The report of the Standards of University Education Committee, 1962, was published by the UGC in 1965, for the promotion and coordination of university education and or the determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in universities.
• The committee gave an illuminating analysis of the academic situation at the graduate, post-graduate and research level, and technical and administrative problems of the examination system.
• Examination reform units were set up, with the commission’s support at the Universities of Delhi, Baroda, Guwahati and Aligarh.

NOTE:

• Hartog Committee report (1929): The committee focused on improving the quality and standards of university-level education. It also recommended the setting up of the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), which was again established in 1935 and has been in existence.
• Calcutta University Commission: The objective of this commission, better known as the Sadler Commission had been to ensure an investigation of the problems connected with the University and to formulate recommendations in the light of the best expert opinion upon the requirements of University education.

Hence, it can be concluded from the given points that the Report on standards of University education UGC (1965) focused on the problems of the examination system of India.

The Principal:

• The Principal is part of an Administrative Team whose function is to support and assist the schools in meeting the overall objectives of the education and the needs of individual students.
• The role of the Principal is to provide leadership, direction, and coordination within the school.
• The Principal's main focus should be to develop and maintain effective educational programs within his/her school and to promote the improvement of teaching and learning with his/her school.
• The Principal should strive to create an organization and or climate which fosters student and teacher growth.
• The duties of the School Principal are all-encompassing as all aspects of the school's operations are either directly or indirectly under his/her jurisdiction.
• In general terms of the Principal shall be responsible for:
  1. the detailed organization of the school;
  2. the development of the instructional program;
  3. the assignment of duties to and the supervision of members of his staff;
  4. the general operation of the school facility.
• The amount of time a Principal will be able to devote to administrative duties will vary according to the size and grade level of the school, the amount of time released from teaching, and the demands of a particular year. 

Hint

•  you become aggressive in the class while supervising them: Showing aggressiveness should not be a role of a principal, s/he should be always calm and peaceful in order to handle any situation in the school.
• you enter the class and ask for details with the teacher: A principal should always interact with the teacher during the teacher's meeting and staff meeting not in front of the students. The teacher's time inside the classroom is important for the teaching-learning process not for answering the question of the principal. Instead, the principal should instill cameras in every classroom to observe the activities of the classroom.
• you stop the regular supervising practices: The principal should never stop supervising the teachers.

Hence, you call the teacher immediately after the class is the mosy appropriate action to take in such condition.

• Using Web 2.0, individuals had an active role in creating and sharing knowledge.
• Web 2.0 technology comprises diverse software applications such as social networking sites, blogs, microblogs, Wikis, content-sharing platforms and text/audio video-sharing platforms.

1. Social networking sites include Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, Snap Chat, and WhatsApp. 
2. Blogs work as online journals in which contributors discuss particular topics. The content can be retrieved, modified and located.
3. Wikis host content that can be changed at will. Wikis are supported by a database containing a history of the posted content.

Additional Information

•  Web 2.0 are websites and applications that use user-generated content for end users.
• Web 2.0 is characterized by greater user interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive network connectivity and enhanced communication channels.

Thus, it can be concluded that the option 4 is the correct answer.

INCLUSIVE EDUCATION implies that all students receive meaningful education in the best possible environment .The classroom in which Normal, Disabled and Extraordinary students learn together is called Inclusive classroom, it means inclusive classrooms involve everyone and so all experiences, cultural, knowledge and personalities can help to build non - formal forms of education.

Key Points

 Principles of inclusive education are given below:-

• Every child has the right to learn and play together i.e. normal and disabled children should not be segregated in Inclusive Education.

Thus, the option A is incorrect.

• No student is discriminated within education on grounds of race, sex, language, colour, religion, disability, poverty or any other status. It means zero rejection should be applied in Inclusive Education.​​

Thus, the option B is correct.

• Individual differences among students are a sources of richness and diversity, not a source of conflict. In Inclusive Education student's diversity is appreciated.

Thus the option C is correct.

• ​In Inclusive Education two or more professional trainers / teachers work together to teach normal, disabled, and extraordinary students at one place, it is called professional collaboration.  

Thus, the option D is correct.

• All students can learn and reward from education
• Schools adapt to the needs of students, rather than students adapting to the need of school.
• Student's views are listened to and taken seriously.
• There are no valid reasons to separate children for the period of their schooling.

Hint  The Education in which Normal Students and The students who need special individualized attention are not learn together, is called Segregated Education .

Hence, Segregated Education is not the principle of Inclusive education.

Education is concerned with all people and considered as basic social need of all societies. John Dewey viewed that having a social need it performs major functions to the society as the following:

• Transmission of culture:  Each society has its own cultural heritage which they preserve and transmit to the next generation. The crucial role of education is to transmit the tradition, culture, skill and knowledge to the new members of the society
• Reduce inequality and disparity: After independence, constitutional provisions (Article 21-A and 45) changed this elitist approach to egalitarian approach and the process of empowerment observed in various empirical studies. UN Millennium Development Goals (2000) targeted eight goals in which two are significant here- first is to achieve universal primary education and secondly, gender equity. These have been accepted by 189 countries of the world including India. Following this goal Sarva Sikhsa Abhiyan (SSA) as a national flagship programme launched. For female literacy many initiative taken as Mahila Sankhya, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) etc.
• Social Mobility and Social change: Social stratification is a universal social fact. Social mobility refers to the movement of individual and group position or status in the social hierarchy of any society. There are two important factors of social mobility- education and income status. Now, free and compulsory education to all provides an opportunity to enhance one’s educational and income status.
• Development of new knowledge: Education is the way to acquire knowledge to achieve success in its life. Through education, we develop new knowledge or addition to the existing knowledge to fulfil our new necessity. As we know that necessity is the mother of inventions.
• Individual development: Education is very important for an individual’s success in life. Education provides pupils teaching skills that prepare them physically, mentally and socially for the world of work in later life.

It should be noted that the 'economy is the basic structure of any society on which other institutions are dependent' given by Karl Marx.

Hence, we conclude that John Dewey considered the transmission of culture, and reducing inequality and disparity as major functions of society.

Key Point
Kothari Commission (1964-66):

• It was set up under the Chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari to formulate a coherent education policy for India. 
• Two of the unique features of the Report are:
  1. Its comprehensive approach to educational reconstruction; and
  2. Its attempt to project a blueprint of a national system (all level) of education for India.
• According to this Commission, education was intended to increase productivity, develop social and national unity, consolidate democracy, modernize the country, and develop social, moral, and spiritual values.
• The Commission identified the three important facets that would bring about the desired educational resolution, they are: 
  1. an internal transformation so as to relate it to the life needs and aspirations of the nation; 
  2. qualitative improvement so that the standards achieved are adequate and become internationally comparable; and
  3. expansion of educational facilities broadly on the basis of manpower needs with an emphasis on equalization of education opportunities.
• It recommended the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary, and university education.
• The Commission emphasized the need for alternative channels of education to remove illiteracy and provide adult education.
• The Commission recommended that India’s development needs are better met by scientists than social scientists by laying more focus on Mathematics and Science rather than Social Science or Arts.
• The Commission urged that professional preparation of teachers was the key for qualitative improvement of education and recommended measures like: 
  • qualitative improvement in teacher education programs; 
  • introduction of new courses for headmasters/teacher educators and educational administrators; and
  • expansion of teacher education institutions and recommendations of the training facilities.

​Thus, the recommendation to establish Integrated training colleges was given by Kothari Education Commission (1964-66)
Additional Information

Yashpal Committee Report (2009)

• In the year 2009, the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) had set up a Committee on Higher Education known as the Yashpal Committee.
• The chairman of the committee was Dr Yash Pal, and it was constituted for examining reforms to be brought about in higher education in India. 
• Yash Pal was a globally renowned physicist, academic, and higher education reformer.
• In its report, the Yashpal Committee laid emphasis on the idea of a university and advocated a number of major structural changes.
• Following are the important recommendations of the Yashpal Committee Report:
  • In the Final Report submitted by the committee to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), it was recommended that the deemed university status should be abandoned.
  • It was also recommended that all the deserving deemed universities should be either converted to full-fledged universities or would have to be scrapped.
  • The report also said that a GRE-like test needs to be evolved for the purpose of university education.
  • The committee recommended that bodies like the NCTE, AICTE, UGC, and others must be replaced by a Commission for Higher Education and Research (CHER) – a seven-member body.
  • It was recommended that this new regulator must be free from political pressures.
  • The position of the chairperson of CHER was recommended to be parallel to that of the election commissioners.
  • It was recommended that the universities must take up all the academic responsibilities, restricting the jurisdiction of the other regulators such as the Bar Council of India, the Medical Council of India, etc. to administrative matters alone.

National Policy of Education (1986, 1992)

• The 1986 National Policy on Education was modified in 1992 by the P. V.
• Program of Action (PoA) 1992, under the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 envisaged conducting a common entrance examination on an Indian basis for admission to professional and technical programs in the country.
• The main objective of the National Policy of Education of 1986 and Programme of Action, 1992 was to establish a national system of education that implies that all students irrespective of caste; creed, sex, and religion have access to education of comparable quality.
• The National Policy on Education (NPE) was adopted by Parliament in May 1986.
• Based on an in-depth review of the whole gamut of the educational situation and formulated on the basis of a national consensus, it enunciated a comprehensive framework to guide the development of education in its entirety.
• Regarding Elementary Education, the major objectives of the National Policy of Education 1986 are mainly: Universal access and enrolment. Universal retention of children up to 14 years of age and.
• A sustainable improvement in quality education to enable all children to achieve the essential levels of learning. 

National Commission on Teachers (1999)

• The commission, under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, was the sixth commission in India post-independence and the first commission with comprehensive terms of reference on education.
• National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is a statutory body of the Indian government set up under the National Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993 (#73, 1993) in 1995 is to formally oversee standards, procedures, and processes in the Indian education system.
•  This council functions for the central as well as state governments on all matters with regard to Teacher Education and its secretariat is located in the Department of Teacher Education and National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
• Despite the successful functioning in terms of the educational field, it is facing difficulties in ensuring the maintenance of the standards of teacher education and preventing the increase in the number of substandard teacher education institutions in the country.

Teacher Education

• Teacher Education programs produce teachers, who in turn educate generations of pupils and students.
• Teachers who transform the knowledge and skills acquired in school, college, or university during the rest of their lives and work.
• It is an education program which has the policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills a teacher require to perform tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community.
• An individual who wishes to be a teacher needs to be trained not only initially but also from time to time so that he/she will keep himself abreast.
• Teacher education, therefore, is perceived as a continuous process which consists of three distinct and closely interrelated consecutive stage.
• These stages are as follow:
  • Pre-service training
  • Induction
  • Inservice training

In-service Teacher training

• It is the education a teacher receives after he has entered the teaching profession.
• It includes all the programs-educational social or others, in which the teacher takes a vital part.
• It is a continuous process, coextensive with teaching. 
• In-service training is most essential for the professional growth of the teacher.

Pre-service training:

• Pre-service education of teacher Is education specially designed for teachers before they enter into service as a teacher
• It consists of combined or alternative studies of the theory and practice of teaching with elements of psychology, educational philosophy, and sociology of education and some helpful instruction about teaching certain specific subjects.
• This part of training is carried out with a view to developing in him/her a basic insight into the professional and some key skills required for various teaching-learning tasks.
• Practice teaching is the most vital and crucial ingredient of this training.

The following measures for improving the quality of teacher education:-

• Reorganization of Course- the course should be reorganized at given intervals so that the teachers are equipped with the modern teaching world demands.
• The development of a positive attitude among pupil-teacher- teacher and pupil relationships is the building block of the education system.
• Emphasis should be given on in-service teacher education- In-service training is most essential for the professional growth of the teacher because they are interacting with the students on daily basis therefore, the development of the child is at stake if the in-service training is not adequate.

The Buddhist education system was founded on the fundamentals of life.

Key Points

• This education is built on a student's moral, mental, and physical growth.
• It also directs students' attention to the Sangha's regulations and instructs them on how to obey them. 
• Buddhist Education was first taught by Lord Buddha in the 5th century BC.
• Its most distinguishing feature is that it is monastic and inclusive of all castes.
• Much emphasis was placed on the efficiency of the teachers in the Buddhist educational system.
• 'Upajsaya' (Guru) was primarily responsible for the correct education and upkeep of the student in the Buddhist system of education.

​Therefore, Upajsaya is mainly responsible for proper education in the Buddhist system of education. 

Additional Information

• Ashram:  Gurukuls also known as ashrams were educational residential institutions. Hundreds of students used to learn together in gurukuls which were located in forests in tranquil and peaceful circumstances. 
• Shishya:  the guru–shishya tradition or parampara (lineage) implies a succession of teachers and pupils. the gurus and their shishyas lived together and assisted one another in their daily lives. 
• Brahmins: Brahmins are consisting of a full community of knowledgeable people with their own administration and are funded by society's generous donations.

Explanation:

• PM launched the Vidyanjali portal at the inaugural conclave of Shikshak Parv.
• The aim of the portal is to enable volunteers, donors or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) contributors to contribute for school development by connecting them directly with the government and government-aided schools of their choice.
• Other initiatives launched at the conclave of Shikshak Parv are:
  • Indian Sign Language Dictionary (audio and text embedded sign language video for the hearing impaired, in conformity with Universal Design of Learning)
  • Talking Books (audio books for the visually impaired).
  • School Quality Assurance and Assessment Framework (SQAAF) of CBSE.
  • NISHTHA teachers' training program for NIPUN Bharat.

A curriculum is a formal plan of educational experiences and activities offered to a learner under the guidance of an educational institution. It is more structured in schools and more flexible in higher education.

Principle of curriculum development: The curriculum has to change by the change in social class relationships due to industrial growth, scientific process, and social advancement. 

• The principle of future orientation: Learning should be closely linked with the specific life situations which confront the learner groups and should motivate them towards taking concrete and practical steps to lessen the strain under which they live and work.
• The principle of correlation: The curriculum is related to the aims and objectives of society. The aims and objectives of the people in a society have to be fulfilled through the experiences provided. These experiences are planned and spelled out in the curriculum. 
• Principle of utility: The curriculum should be of practical use to the pupil and hence should maintain the vocational and technical base. Emphasis should be given to work experiences. It should include subjects and activities useful for children in the present life and in the future.
• Principle of including all the activities: The curriculum is a broad and comprehensive process. The curriculum is much more than classroom instruction. It is not confined to the four walls of the classroom. It should be a focus on the overall development of the student. All the experiences provided during the course both inside and outside the institution are included in the curriculum.
• Principle of Flexibility: The curriculum should be flexible to serve the educational objectives of curriculum Development of the nation and suitable for the needs of the learners at every stage. Any adult education attempt to force uncongenial activities is found to lead to frustration in learners. It should make provision for freedom for learners to choose a course, subject program of their choice.

Hence, we can conclude that principle of future orientation states that the curriculum should be closely linked with the specific life situations which confront the learner groups and should motivate them towards taking concrete and practical experiences.

Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

Characteristics Of Qualitative Inquiry:

• Qualitative research focuses on the study of complex human and social problems in totality, unlike the scientific method of concentrating on the study of fragmented variables or situations or events. 
• In qualitative research, the human and subjective approach is highlighted. 
• The studies are conducted in a natural/actual setting i.e., to observe the events without making any manipulations or controls on variables studied. 
• It involves a variety of data gathering techniques and approaches of qualitative nature viz., case study, interviews, dialogues, observations, personal experience, life story, visual data like photography, etc. 
• Qualitative researchers are concerned primarily with the process, rather than outcomes or products.
• The process of qualitative research is inductive in that the researcher builds abstractions, concepts, hypotheses, and theories from details.
• Qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in the process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures.
• The qualitative researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis. Data are mediated through this human instrument, rather than through inventories, questionnaires, or machines.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

1. Experimental research helps in establishing causal relationships among different variables in a situation under controlled conditions. Experimental research is undertaken when a researcher wishes to trace cause-and-effect relationships between defined variables.

2. Generalization, which is an act of reasoning that involves drawing broad inferences from particular observations, is widely acknowledged as a quality standard in quantitative research but is more controversial in qualitative research. The goal of most qualitative studies is not to generalize but rather to provide a rich, contextualized understanding of some aspect of human experience through the intensive study of particular cases.

Percentage of knowledge gained through observation/vision is 75%.

Research findings revealed that physical education teachers apply several teaching strategies. These included the lecture, individualised instruction, task teaching, cooperative learning, problem solving, interactive teaching, peer, station, simulation and active teaching.

The concept of totalitarian education is characterized by centralized, state-controlled schooling designed to serve the objectives of the state. Options a, c and d reflect progressive or internationalist philosophies that emphasize individual needs, holistic development or global understanding. Only option b captures the use of education as an instrument for realising the ends of the state, which aligns with totalitarian principles.

The black-board can be utilized best by a teacher for writing the important and notable points.

Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena. Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources.

Hence, option 2nd is correct.

Four types of triangulation are:

1. Data triangulation involves time, space, and persons.
2. Investigator triangulation involves multiple researchers in an investigation.
3. Theory triangulation involves using more than one theoretical scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon.
4. Method triangulation involves using more than one option to gather data, such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documents.

PERT is an event-oriented network while CPM is an activity-oriented network. In AOA network diagram events are represented on node and in AON network diagram there is no place for event. Bar charge does not show the interrelationship between the activities up to the complete extent, hence it cannot be used as controlling tool in project management. Critical path is that which consumers maximum of the time resource.

Key Points

•  Joyful Learning: Incorporating sports into math classes makes learning enjoyable.
• Inclusive Approach: Besides popular sports, indigenous sports can also teach math effectively.
• Incorrect: Using sports for math teaching is not only possible but beneficial.
• Misconception: Integrating sports doesn't necessarily make teaching time-consuming.

The correct options are (a) and (d), as they accurately reflect the benefits and possibilities of using sports-integrated pedagogy in mathematics classrooms as recommended by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

Key Points

• The efforts made by educated Indians at the provincial level to form associations with the aim of organizing public opinion culminated in mobilizing a national political conference of educated Indians.
• An Englishman, Allan Octavian Hume, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service was a major motivating force to bring the educated Indians who were active in provincial associations together to form one national political association.
• Hume has been called "the Father of Indian Ornithology" and, by those who found him dogmatic, "the Pope of Indian Ornithology".
• As an administrator of Etawah, he saw the Indian Rebellion of 1857 as a result of misgovernance and made great efforts to improve the lives of the common people.
• After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Empire.

Hence, Allan Octavian Hume has become the major motivating force to bring the educated Indians for organizing public opinion.

Key Points

• Surendranath Banerjea also tried to make his Indian Association a broader platform by convening an all-India conference of the association.
• But the initiative taken by Hume gave birth to the formation of the Indian National Congress and later on Surendranath joined the National Congress.
• The Indian Association was the first avowed nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876.
• The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people".
• The Association attracted educated Indians and civics leaders from all parts of the country and became an important forum for India's aspirations for independence.
• It later merged with the Indian National Congress.

Hence, both (A) and (B) are true.

The aim of education is influenced by a complex interplay of societal factors, and society's values, needs, and expectations are central in shaping the overarching goals of education.

Key Points

•  Education aims to meet the needs of society, prepare individuals for citizenship, address economic and workforce demands, and impart cultural and ethical values.
• The collaborative effort among these groups ensures that education aligns with both societal expectations and the unique needs and aspirations of students.

Thus, it is concluded that Determining the aim of education is the responsibility of society.

The correct answer is National mission on Education through ICT.

Key Points

• National Digital Library of India, IIT, Kharagpur:
  • The National Digital Library of India, created by IIT Kanpur, serves as a virtual repository of educational resources.
  • This initiative falls under the Ministry of Education, Government of India, and is part of the National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT).
  • Initially introduced in pilot form in May 2016, the library was officially dedicated to the nation on June 19, 2018, by Union Human Resource Minister Prakash Javadekar.
  • The Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, oversees the management of this library.
  • The National Digital Library of India (NDLI) aims to foster knowledge creation, collaboration, and dissemination by offering support to various institutes and organizations in creating and managing their digital assets through the Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) Hosting Service. 
  • DEEPAK: Disability Education & Engagement Portal for Access to Knowledge is also maintained by NDLI.
  • CHAVI: the Comprehensive Archive of Imaging in Oncology, stands as India's first imaging biobank dedicated to oncological imaging.
  • In the field of oncology, imaging plays a crucial role not only in diagnosis but also in therapy and post-therapy follow-up.

Universalization of education means the availability of education everywhere according to the specific need of the children and place. The combination of primary and upper primary schooling is termed as elementary education. Elementary education is the foundation of the pyramid in the education system and has received a major push in five-year Tenth plan through the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) has improved access to primary schools across the region which has accelerated the path towards Universalization of Elementary Education(UEE).

Universalization of elementary education can also be defined as availability and equal opportunity to everyone to educate themselves. There are three aspects to it:

• Universal access and enrollment: The Indian government recently planned to set up a primary school at every kilometre for easy access to the students. A survey of the families which come under the jurisdiction of that particular school is made in the starting of the year by that school. A list of all children who are eligible for education as well as those who are out of schools is made, in order to bring both of them to the school. When the school opens, enrollment week is observed to ensure 100% enrollment of all eligible students.
• Attendance and retention: It is increasingly realized that retaining the disadvantaged children enrolled in school is so far a more challenging task than enrolling them into the educational system itself, so universal retention of children up to the 14 year of age is a must. Hence, many facilities like daily attendance allowance, free travelling pass, free mid-day meal etc .are provided and new techniques of teaching are adopted to improve the attendance.
• Quality of education: It means provision of standard education to every child to enable him\her to achieve a minimum level of learning(MLL) according to his/her ability and also substantial improvement in infrastructure, basic facilities of drinking water and toilets, teacher’s training and pupil-teacher ratio.

Hence, we conclude that the three aspects are universal access and enrollment, attendance and retention, and quality of education (not research and education).

Resolving children's conflicts caused by contradictory value systems of the home and the schools is difficult but not impossible.

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.

Internet provides access to excellent resources to explore. The internet is the wider network that allows computer networks around the world run by companies, governments, universities and other organisations to talk to one another.

Education is the basic human right were the first words of the 8th Educational Policy.

For any research work designing and developing an appropriate tests and techniques constitute an important aspect. But since developing new sophisticated instruments themselves becomes great mechanical problematic so the available appropriate instruments are generally used by the researchers in their studies with a view to investigate the problems hypothesized in the study the following instruments have been used. No attempt has been made to standardize any new psychological tests.

Aptitude Test

The measurement of some significant Aptitudes has been included in the study is a significant problem. Like any other psychological constructs of intelligence personality etc. the measure of Aptitude has remained to be a controversial issue and has been commented upon its being measuring ‘achievement’ to a large extent. In fact the difference between the Aptitude and achievement tests lies in its very purpose of designing the respective tests and the selection of the relevant areas of sample behavior for the measurement.

Characteristics

(a) Aptitudes are innate or acquired.

(b) Aptitudes are unitary or pluralistic.

(c) Aptitudes are constants or variables.

(d) Aptitudes are distribute normally or multifariously.

(e) Current research supports the thesis that both factors - innate and acquired - interact and contribute to the development of aptitude.

Definition

A test is usually a structured chronological sequence of stimuli. Objectivity in the test items is ensured through the processing of the latter via administration and standardized techniques. A test can be classified variously from the perspective of various criteria. Such a criterion is administrative condition. Tests can be classified on the foundation of the administrative conditions into two major types the individual tests and group tests.

The Aptitude test measures the predictability for success by training in specific potentiality possessed by a person; whereas the achievement test evaluates the concurrent learning ability of a person after having taught him the relevant planned learning experiences. Thus the former is a predictability oriented prognostic evaluation instrument whereas the latter is learning ability centered diagnostic evaluation instrument.

In developing the test of aptitude the content of the test is a sample of behavior selected from an unlearned or learned planned or unplanned course contentwhereas the test of achievement essentially includes such learning experiences as are taught to the pupils on the strength of planned learning experience designed purposefully well in advance with the intention of bringing about a desirable behavioral modification in the subjects.

Thus the aim of Aptitude tests is to predict the probable chances of improvement or successor or behavioral modification after having provided him proper training and instruction; whereas the tests of achievement are designed with a view to know is how much of the course content has been learnt by the pupils and how much of the instruction given them has not been learnt.

Further the tests of achievement aim of diagnosing the strength and weaknesses of a pupil in a particular course content or learning ability or learning experience in a field of study.

In essence the test of Aptitudes displays the predictive validity whereas the tests of achievement reveal a content as well as concurrent validity

Statistical analysis involves such calculations as F test (ANOVA) and correlation coefficient in order to get certain positive results with a greater efficiency. The means of multi samples may be compared with such tests. The test which involves multi samples is called as F- test or analysis of variance (ANOVA).

1. F-test for testing equality of variance is used to test the hypothesis of the equality of population variances. The height example above requires the use of this test.

2. F-test for testing equality of several means. The test for equality of several means is carried out by the technique called ANOVA.

For example suppose that an experimenter wishes to test the efficacy of a drug at three levels: 100 mg 250 mg and 500mg. A test is conducted among fifteen human subjects taken at random with five subjects being administered each level of the drug.

To test if there are significant differences among the three levels of the drug in terms of efficacy the ANOVA technique has to be applied. The test used for this purpose is the F-test.

3. F-test for testing significance of regression is used to test the significance of the regression model. The appropriateness of the multiple regression model as a whole can be tested by this test. A significant F value indicates a linear relationship between Y and at least one of the Xs.

Kruskal- Wallis H Test

The Kruskal-Wallis H Test is a non parametric procedure that can be used to compare more than two populations in a completely randomized design.

Mann- Whiteney U test

The Mann-Whitney U test is a non-parametric test that can be used in place of an unpaired t-test. It is used to test the null hypothesis that two samples come from the same population (i. e. have the same median) or alternatively whether observations in one sample tend to be larger than observations in the other.

Student t- test

A student t-test is used to compare two population means where you have two samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample. Examples of where this might occur are: Before-and-after observations on the same subjects (e. g. students’ diagnostic test results before and after a particular module or course).

A field of applied statistics of human research surveys survey methodology studies the sampling of individual units from a population and associated techniques of survey data collection such as questionnaire construction and methods for improving the number and accuracy of responses to surveys.