UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 9 - UGC NET MCQ

Key Points

• Generation Y, the millennial generation, refers to individuals born between the early 1980s and around 2000.
•  Its members are identified as confident and technologically advanced and come with a sense of entitlement.
• Technology is intimately embedded in their lives, and they view information technology as a crucial component of their daily existence.
• Enabling students to learn at their own pace encourages independent thinking.
• They prefer a diverse range of learning methods.
• This generation is more aware of the concept of learner style.
• They prefer learning materials that meet their visual, auditory, and kinesthetic needs.
• To keep their interest, they need to see changes in delivery formats.
• Group projects that simulate the workplace are ideal for these students.

 Additional Information

• This generation emerged during the last two decades of the 20th century.
• Their ideal learning environment includes fewer lectures and more peer collaboration.
• They do not prefer team teaching.

Thus, it can be concluded that option 4 is the correct answer.

John Dewey, an American philosopher has proposed the concept of 'P< />rogressive Education' which emphasizes that learning takes place only through 'hands-on' approach so the students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

Important Points

Progressive education is the basic idea that schools should be agents of democracy. To reform society, we must reform the schools. Growing out of a period of rapid social, economic, demographic, and political change.

Progressive education: 

• belief that schooling needs to be solidly grounded in democratic values of associated living.
• emphasizes to enhance skills and understanding of the learners by engaging with the contents and experiences.
• promotes 'learning by doing' to make children self-reliant and productive to use their knowledge and talents effectively.
• ensures the active participation of students by working in a group and applying practical knowledge to complete an activity.

Key Points

Feature of Progressive Education:

• Education for society and democracy.
• Collaborative and cooperative learning.
• Learning as opposed to rote knowledge.
• Flexible time-table and seating arrangement.
• Emphasis on lifelong learning and social skills.
• Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units.
• Emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking.
• De-emphasize textbooks, emphasize multiple resources.

Hence, we can conclude that progressive education is the belief that schooling needs to be solidly grounded in democratic values of associated living.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023 is a policy framework for school education in India. It was released in 2023 by the Ministry of Education. The NCF 2023 sets out the aims and objectives of school education in India, and it also provides guidance on the curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment.

Key Points

• The curricular goal for the Foundational Stage is to develop effective communication skills for day-to-day interactions. This means that children should be able to communicate effectively in their own language, and they should also be able to communicate in other languages, as appropriate.
• The other options are not the curricular goals for the Foundational Stage. The study of foreign languages is not a priority at this stage, and the development of good human beings and contributing citizens are broader goals that are achieved through the development of effective communication skills.

Therefore, the answer is 2) Develop effective communication skills for day-to-day interactions.

Key Points

•  DIKSHA is a platform for school education in India that provides digital and interactive content for both teachers and students.
• The term "DIKSHA" stands for Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing.
• DIKSHA offers resources and training modules for teachers to enhance their digital skills and teaching methodologies.
• It aims to empower educators with the tools and knowledge to integrate technology into their teaching practices.
• DIKSHA serves as a digital repository of educational content, including textbooks, lesson plans, assessments, and multimedia resources. 

Thus, the full form of DIKSHA is Digital infrastructure for Knowledge sharing.

• The term "existentialism" was coined by Gabriel Marcel, a French philosopher and playwright, in the early 20th century.
• Marcel used the term to describe a new approach to philosophy that was emerging in Europe, which emphasized the individual's subjective experience of the world and the search for meaning and purpose in life.
• Existentialism became a major philosophical movement in the mid-20th century, with influential thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, and Albert Camus developing and expanding upon its ideas.
• The movement's focus on the individual's experience of freedom, responsibility, and anxiety has had a significant impact on fields such as psychology, literature, and the arts.

Communication:

• Communication means passing information or sending massage to a target population.
• It contained five steps generally, Sender - Massage - Channel - Receiver - Feedback
• Based on the time and place of communication it can be divided into Synchronous communication and Asynchronous communication.

So, it is clear that A, B, and C only facilitate Synchronous communication.

​Effective Teaching

• Effective Teaching envisions Teacher to be a good, moral person - a role model who meets the community ideal for nurturing a good citizen, a good individual and good employee
• The key behavioral components that make effective teaching are Lesson clarity, instructional variety, Task orientation, active engagement in the learning process and student success rate.

• Lesson clarity - The ideas should be conveyed in sequential order so as to avoid confusion and ensure minimal distraction.
• Engagement in the learning process - Usage of IT tools in the instructional medium to create a vibrant and dynamic learning environment and the adoption of variation of voice and gestures should also be done to reinforce the concepts taught.
• Teacher task orientation - Faculty should be able to handle inevitable interruptions quickly and timely collection of study materials for course work should be done to organise lesson planning well and establish smooth transmission of lecture delivery.

Probing and Questioning - Teacher should draw out student responses by getting them to elaborate on their ideas through discussion and help them to discover the content and explore their own capabilities rather than being explicitly told. However, probing involving eliciting and soliciting moves and questioning may demotivate the learner and create a sense of nervousness which might ruin the classroom experience. Therefore, it cannot be considered as an effective teaching practices.

Therefore option 3 is the correct answer.

 B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning Cognitive Domain, Affective Domain, and Psychomotor Domain.

Key Points 

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition power. 

Stages & Sub-domains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Comprehension: It refers to the process of interpreting and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information.
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials.

Hence, it is clear that knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation belong to the cognitive domain.

Additional Information
Affective domain is the second domain in the taxonomy. It deals with attitude, motivation, willingness to participate, incorporating values and discipline into life. Let's Understand the Levels of Affective Domain in Brief:

• Receiving: At this level, the learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli. It is like the teacher catching the student's attention.
• Responding:  It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or stimuli. (Willingness to participate)
• Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of behavior and commitment to it. One values certain behaviors not by desires but by commitment. (Willingness to change behavior)
• Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained when one develops one’s code of conduct or standard of public life.
• Characterizing: It deals with behavior as per values or attitudes a child has imbibed; children show teamwork. (Willingness to be involved)

The psychomotor domain of learning is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements. The sub-domains of the psychomotor domain is elaborated below:​

• Imitate: At this level children possess the ability to observe and perform a specific behavior.
• Manipulate: At this level children possess the ability to perform certain actions on the basis of given instructions.
• Precision: At this level children possess the ability to perform particular actions accurately and with few errors but without any help.
• Articulation: At this level children possess the ability to adapt, integrate multiple actions, and modify the movement to perform a specific task.
• Naturalization: At this level children possess the ability to perform certain actions effortlessly and in an automatic or unconscious way.

Key Points

E-Inclusion:

• It refers to the degree to which information and communication technologies contribute to equalizing and promoting participation in society at all levels.
• The purpose of the e-inclusion initiative is to promote equal participation in society through technology by filling the gap between technologically empowered and excluded communities.
• It aims to end the digital divide in the world that exists between people who have access and those who do not have access to modern information technology.
• The initiative seeks to use information and communication technologies to promote participation at all levels of society and to ensure that no one is left behind due to lack of access to technology.

The correct answer is option 1.

Young adolescents rebel to express their desire for freedom.

A Father is trying to convince his child for sending him to visit monument by explaining the importance of such as educational and cultural trip.

Sir Syed played a vital role in the educational uplift of the Muslims in India. He did the following things to improve the educational standards: set up a journal, Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq, which contained articles of influential Muslims who agreed with Sir Syed's approach towards education.

Criticism is the practice of judging the merits and faults of something. The judger is called a critic. To engage in criticism is to criticise One specific item of criticism is called a criticism or critique. Criticism is an evaluative or corrective exercise that can occur in any area of human life.

Key Points

• NCERT (National Council of Educational Research and Training) is a key organization responsible for developing national curriculum frameworks and educational resources, including textbooks.
• SCERTs (State Councils of Educational Research and Training) operate at the state level and are involved in the development of textbooks and educational materials tailored to the specific needs of each state.

Thus, option 1 is the correct answer.

Teachers play a significant role in shaping the course of higher education, which goes well beyond mere instruction or providing information.  A myriad of duties and responsibilities fall under the domain of higher education teaching, and one of the most crucial among them is promoting self-learning among students.

Key Points Promoting self- learning among students:

• One of the primary duties of a teacher in a higher education setting is to nurture an environment that promotes self- learning.
• In contrast to primary and secondary education, higher education often demands a greater degree of independent learning from students.
• This necessity stems from the complex and specialized nature of subjects being taught and a drive towards fostering critical thinking and autonomy in students.

Thus, the role of a teacher in promoting self-learning among students in a higher education context is fundamental. 

The Correct answer is Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard.

Key Points

• Situational Leadership Theory or Situational Leadership Model is created and introduced by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard.
• The basic assumption of this theory is that the best action of the leader depends on a range of situational factors.
• An effective leadership requires leadership flexibility since different situations require different leadership approaches and tactics. 
• Situational Leadership aids managers in adjusting their leadership approach based on both the work environment and the individuals they lead.
• Mastering the skill of adapting leadership styles is crucial for aspiring leaders on their developmental journey.
• The Situational Leadership model takes into account an employee's Performance Readiness level, assessing their ability and willingness to perform a specific task. 
• The Situational Leadership® model comprises four leadership styles:
  • Telling (S1)
  • Selling (S2)
  • Participating (S3)
  • Delegating (S4)

Additional Information

• Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton is associated with The managerial grid.
• Michael Porter is associated with Five forces and Five Corners Model.

 In a learner-centered approach, the ‘learner’ or ‘child’ and not the ‘teacher’ is the main focus of the educational program. It emphasizes ‘learning’ rather than ‘teaching’.

Key Points

•  The overall goal of education, according to the learner-centered approach is the round development of the child and not only that of acquiring knowledge.
• Curriculum, according to this approach, should be based upon the needs, interests, aptitudes, and abilities of learners at different levels so that it enables them to acquire the necessary skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values for realizing their full potential.
• A learner or child-centered approach means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom are widely different.
• It, therefore, suggests an approach to teaching different from the existing practice of having a uniform curriculum, uniform learning material and activities, uniform time, and uniform instructional and evaluation strategies for the whole class.

Learner-centered approach advocates:

•  flexible curriculum.
•  varied methods of teaching.
• varied learning experiences/tasks/activities.
• varied learning time.
• varied methods of assessing children’s progress.

Thus, it is concluded that learner-centered education includes control over the learning process.

Flanders interaction analysis:

• Interaction analysis is a process of encoding and decoding the study pattern of teaching and learning.
• In the coding process, categories of classifying statements are established, a code symbol is assigned to each category, and a trained observer records by jotting down code symbols.
• In the decoding step, a trained analyst interprets the display of coded data and reconstructs the original events on the basis of the encoded data even though he may not have been present when the data were collected.
• Although there are many systems for coding spontaneous verbal communication in the classroom, a typical system for interaction analysis will usually include
• Interaction Analysis is a technique for capturing quantitative and qualitative dimensions of teacher verbal behavior in the classroom.
• As an observational system, it captures the verbal behavior of teachers and students that are directly related to the social-emotional climate of the classroom. 
• Teaching as an interactive process. Interaction means the participation of teachers and students in the process of teaching.
• In this process, the teacher influences the students; students also interact with the teacher. Interaction takes place among the students themselves also.
• It means, in the process of teaching, everybody interacts with every other person involved in the process.
• Flander‘s system of interaction is known as the most popular technique used for the analysis of the teacher behavior and interaction going on in the classroom at a particular teaching-learning situation.
• It tries to categorize all the sets of possible behaviors while interacting with his students in ten categories divided into three major sections

1.  teacher talk
2. student talk
3. silence or confusion

•  The application and utilization of Flander‘s interaction analysis mainly involve three major steps:

1.  observation and recording of the classroom events
2.  construction of the interaction matrix
3.  interpretation of the interaction matrix.

Therefore, In Flander’s observation matrix if we see too many tallies in diagonal cells, then the teacher does not make a change in the teaching. As the observation matrix used for the analysis of teacher behavior and interaction going on in the classroom at a particular teaching

The research process consists of a series of actions and steps needed for conducting scientific research, if the researcher follows certain steps in conducting the research, the work can be carried out smoothly with the least difficulty. the steps of research are as follows: 

1. Identification of the Problem: The first and most important step for identifying a problem is asking a question or identifying a need that arises as a result of curiosity and to which it becomes necessary to find an answer.
2. Review of Literature:​ A researcher needs to focus on the related studies and techniques for the research but creativity is not required to do the review of existing literature.
3. Conceptual framework: After reviewing the related literature a researcher requires attentiveness and dedication for the conceptual understanding.
4. Formulating a Hypothesis: “Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches – assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible”.While formulating hypothesis there is a desire to get the intellectual joy of doing some creative work, it involves creative thinking.
5. Identifying, Manipulating, and Controlling Variables: Variables are defined as those characteristics which are manipulated, controlled, and observed by the researcher. The study may have extraneous variables. So, the researcher needs to use the imagination skills to identify the most appropriate variables that can help in formulating and structuring the study.
6. Formulating a Research Design: A research design may be regarded as the blueprint of those procedures which are adapted by the researcher for testing the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable
7. Constructing Devices for Observation and Measurement: When the research design has been formulated the next step is to construct or collect and choose appropriate tools of research for scientific observation and measurement.
8. Sample Selection and Data Collection: After deciding the tools for the study the research one must also decide about the participants of the study for which purpose usually a small sample is drawn which represents the population.
9. Data Analysis and Interpretation: After making observation the data collected are analyzed with the help of various quantitative and qualitative statistical techniques that requires no creativity.

• National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is a statutory body of the Indian government set up under the National Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993 in 1995 is to formally oversee standards, procedures and processes in the Indian education system.
• This council functions for the central as well as state governments on all matter with regard to Teacher Education and its secretariat is located in the Department of Teacher Education and National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
• Despite the successful functioning in terms of the educational field, it is facing difficulties in ensuring the maintenance of the standards of teacher education and preventing the increase in the number of substandard teacher education institutions in the country.
• To fulfil the responsibility as assigned by the NCTE Act., NCTE has 4 Regional offices which are as follows: Eastern Regional Committee (ERC) located at Bhubaneswar. Southern Regional Committee (SRC) located at Bangalore. Western Regional Committee (WRC) located at Bhopal.

Therefore Option 1(4) is the correct answer.

Good reading aims at developing understanding.

Practical knowledge of language is learnt at School.

Approximates the goals which educational scientists have set up educational activity is most desirable to the pragmatist.

Confidence Level,

Upper : < X + 
Lowe : > X - 
These all critical  values  of z which are fixed when N> 30

So, z = 2.27 at level of confidence

X, Mean = 100, S.D.,s = 20, N = 100

From above formulas

upper: < X + 

Upper = 105.14

Lower> X - 

Lower = 94.86

The possibility of population mean at 0.01 level of confidence.

Therefore,population mean falls between 94.8 to 105.3

Dr. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar was the first Chairman of University Grant Commission.

Kindergarten (KG)system of education is indebted toFroebel.

According to Rousseau at 16 age a person ready to have a companion of the opposite sex.

Sampling is the process of choosing the units of the target population which are to be included in the study.
Sampling enables the researcher to study a relatively small number of units instead of the whole population and to collect data that are representative of the whole target population.
Types of Sampling:
Random or probability sampling
Non-probability sampling
With probability sampling all elements in the population have some opportunity of being included in the sample and the mathematical probability that any one of them will be selected can be calculated.
With non probability sampling in contrast population elements are selected on the basis of their availability or because of the researcher’s personal judgment that they are representative. The consequence is that an unknown portion of the population is excluded.
Simple random sampling:
Each member of the population has the same probability of being selected.
Systematic sampling
It relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list.
Systematic sampling involves a random start and then proceeds with the selection of every kth element from then onwards. In this case (population size/sample size).
It is important that the starting point is not automatically the first in the list but is instead randomly chosen from within the first to the kth element in the list.
Stratified Sampling
Where population embraces a number of distinct categories the frame can be organized into separate “strata. ” Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population out of which individual elements can be randomly selected.
Every unit in a stratum has the same chance of being selected.
Using same sampling fraction for all strata ensures proportionate representation in the sample.
Multistage sampling
A complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are embedded one in the other. This technique is essentially the process of taking random samples of preceding random samples.
Not as effective as true random sampling but probably solves more of the problems inherent to random sampling. An effective strategy because it banks on multiple randomizations. As such extremely useful.
Multistage sampling used frequently when a complete list of all members of the population don’t exist and is inappropriate.

Meaning of Knowledge

Knowledge systems are dynamic people adapt to changes in their environment and absorb and assimilate ideas from a variety of sources. However knowledge and access to knowledge are not spread evenly throughout a community or between communities. People may have different objectives interests perceptions beliefs and access to information and resources.

Knowledge is generated and transmitted through interactions within specific social and agro-ecological contexts. It is linked to access and control over power.

Differences in social status can affect perceptions access to knowledge and crucially the importance and credibility attached to what someone knows

Common knowledge is unique to every culture or society; elders and the young possess various types of knowledge. And women and men farmers and merchants educated and uneducated people all have different kinds of knowledge.

Common knowledge is held by most people in a community; e. g. almost everyone knows how to cook rice (or the local staple food)

Common knowledge is the knowledge that people in a given community have developed over time and continue to develop.

It is:

Based on experience

Often tested over centuries of use

Adapted to the local culture and environment

Embedded in community practices institutions relationships and rituals

Held by individuals or communities

Dynamic and changing

Ways to enhance common knowledge for constructing new knowledge.

Provide scaffolding

Visibly organize course content

Allow students to make predictions and encounter phenomena

Show students how experts with more developed conceptual frameworks think through problems or topics

The law of effect says we are motivated to gain rewards and avoid punishments.