UGC NET Paper 2 Sociology Mock Test - 10 - UGC NET MCQ

C.W. Mills observed that the Chief Executives and the very rich are one and the same group in the U.S.A. Mills identifies three key institutes-the major corporations, the military and the federal government. Those who occupy the command posts in the institutions form three elites. Thus power elite involves the coincidence of economic military and political power. C.W. Mills argues that business and government cannot be seen as two distinct worlds.

The status of woman in any society is the index of the standard of its social organization. With the enactment of Hindu, Code woman was allowed equal rights to matters of inheritance adoption of the child and divorce. However, social control is exercised through custom, religion, suggestion, folkways and mores.

DAKSH is an electrically powered and Remotely Operated Vehicle by DRDO.

• It is an electrically powered and remotely controlled robot used for locating, handling and destroying hazardous objects safely.
• It is created with a primary function of bomb recovery.
• The robot can navigate staircases, negotiate steep slopes, navigate narrow corridors and tow vehicles to reach hazardous materials.
• Using its robotized arm, it can lift a suspect object and scan it using its portable X-Ray device.
•  It has a shotgun, which can break open locked doors, and it can scan cars for explosives.

Institutions are humanly devised structures of complex rules, norms and procedures that shape and constrain individual behaviour. 

• Institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology.
• While institutions tend to appear to people in society as part of the natural, unchanging landscape of their lives, the study of institutions by the social sciences tends to reveal the nature of institutions as social constructions, artefacts of a particular time, culture and society, produced by collective human choice, though not directly by individual intention.
• Sociology traditionally analyzed social institutions in terms of interlocking social roles and expectations. Social institutions were created and were composed of groups of roles or expected behaviours.

A role is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation.

• In sociology, role refers to the the behaviour expected of an individual who occupies a given social position or status. A role therefore, denotes the functional significance of the actor for the social system. It is vital to both functionalist and interactionist understandings of society. 
• Role expectations include both actions and qualities: a teacher may be expected not only to deliver lectures, assign homework, and prepare examinations but also to be dedicated, concerned, honest, and responsible.
• Individuals usually occupy several positions, which may or may not be compatible with one another: one person may be husband, father, artist, and patient, with each role entailing certain obligations, duties, privileges, and rights vis-à-vis other persons.

Religiosity, measured at the levels of individuals or groups, includes experiential, ritualistic, ideological, intellectual, consequential, creedal, communal, doctrinal, moral, and cultural dimensions.

• The concept of modernization theory is used to describe how societies evolve.
• Modernization theory arose from the theories of German sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920), which served as the foundation for Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons' (1902–1979) modernization paradigm.
• Modernization theory, both attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies and seeks to explain the process of social evolution.
• Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and free-market ideologies, world-systems theorists, globalization theorists, and dependency theorists among others.
• Modernization theory stresses not only the process of change but also the responses to that change.
• It also looks at the internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies.

The correct answer is Only I, II and III.

Multiculturalism is a societal framework that embraces and values diverse cultural backgrounds, fostering coexistence and mutual respect among individuals from various ethnic, religious, and social groups. It promotes the recognition and celebration of differences, aiming for a harmonious society where diverse perspectives contribute to a rich and inclusive community.

Different aspects of Multiculturalism are:

Cosmopolitan Multiculturalism - Cosmopolitan multiculturalism refers to exposure to and blending of cultures, values, and ideas from diverse groups around the world, largely driven by globalization and increased connectivity between societies. Some key points about cosmopolitan multiculturalism:

• It focuses on intercultural exchange and hybridization of cultures due to increased intercultural contacts, migration, media/technological exposure.
• Globalization via trade, technology, travel, migration has enabled intermixing of diverse cultures like never before. People are exposed to ideas, lifestyles, values beyond their localized cultures.
• It leads to cultural diffusion, syncretism (blending of cultures), emergence of fusion foods, music, clothes, values etc. that blend attributes of different regional cultures.

 Pluralism Multiculturalism - Pluralism multiculturalism refers to recognizing diversity among cultural groups in a society and respecting their right to retain their cultural identities. Key points:

• It accepts and respects groups from different ethnic, linguistic, religious backgrounds to follow their traditional customs and beliefs.
• Supports minority groups rights to exist without being discriminated against or dominated. Emphasizes peaceful co-existence.
• Toleration is a key idea - willingness to accept cultural traditions, values, beliefs one may personally disagree with but recognizes their rights to retain differences.

 Liberal Multiculturalism - Liberal multiculturalism combines respect for diversity with equality and shared civil liberties. Some defining aspects:

• Accepts that various diverse groups adhere to different value systems, identities.
• Emphasizes providing equality, human dignity and rights to all regardless of background.
• Believes in commonly shared civil liberties and constitutional rights that apply equally to groups from all cultural backgrounds.

The literal meaning of the word "animism" is the attribution of a soul to plants, animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. It's one of the oldest spiritual systems and is often associated with indigenous and tribal societies.

While animism varies greatly across different cultures and regions, common threads include ancestor reverence, shamanism, totemism, and the belief in a living force that connects all living things.

Additional Information

Positivism :

• Positivism, as a unique philosophical ideology and movement, initially took shape through the work of Comte, who was not only instrumental in giving it its defining features but also in naming and structuring the discipline of sociology.
• This philosophy acknowledges only concepts that are scientifically verifiable or logically or mathematically provable, hence excluding a priori or metaphysical speculations.

Spiritualism :

• This belief system asserts that the spirit or soul is separate from matter, or posits that spirit is the ultimate reality, transcending the material existence.This philosophy often revolves around the idea that the spirits of the dead can converse with the living via mediums, prioritizing individual spiritual development over traditional religious practices and doctrines.

Holism :

• Derived from the Greek word "holos," meaning "all," "entire," or "total," holism posits that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by looking at its components individually. Holism is the idea that all the parts of something are closely linked and can't exist separately from the whole thing.

The correct answer is Binay Kumar Sarkar and Brajendra Nath Seal. Key Points

• Binay Kumar Sarkar (1889–1964) was an Indian philosopher known for his work in the fields of epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of religion. His notable contributions include discussions on the nature of reality, perception, and the relationship between philosophy and religion. He proposed a concept of "Hindu Sociology."
• Brajendra Nath Seal (1864–1938) was an Indian philosopher who contributed to the study of Indian philosophy and aesthetics. His works encompassed topics like metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of art. Similar to Sarkar, Seal is generally associated with the development of a concept called "Hindu Sociology."
• The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology, Book 1: Non-Political is a book written by Benoy Kumar Sarkar and published in 1914. The book is a detailed study of the social structure and customs of Hindu society, with a focus on the non-political aspects.
• This Hindu Sociology therefore is more or less a statical picture and represents chiefly such landmarks in the cultural history of the Hindus as are embodied in the single document Sukraniti.

Additional Information

• Radha Kamal Mukherjee (1905–1986) was an Indian anthropologist and sociologist who made significant contributions to the study of Indian society, particularly in the fields of kinship, caste, and social structure.
• Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji, known as DP Mukerji, was an Indian professor and sociologist. He was known for works and lectures focused on sociology and Marxism.
• Nirmal Kumar Bose was a leading Indian anthropologist, who played a formative role in "building an Indian Tradition in Anthropology". A humanist scholar with a broad range of interests, he was also a leading sociologist, urbanist, Gandhian, and educationist
• Surajit Sinha's original contribution in Indian anthropology could be found in his articles on 'Tribe-Caste and Tribe-Peasant Continua in Central India'(1965), 'State formation and Rajput myth in Tribal Central India'(1962) and 'Bhumij-Kshatriya social movement in south Manbhum(1959).

Thus, Binay Kumar Sarkar and Brajendra Nath Seal articulated positive tendencies in Hindu thought by proposing a 'Hindu Sociology'.

The correct answer is Herskovits.Key Points

The quote "Culture is the human-made part of the environment" reflects Herskovits's view that culture is a product of human ingenuity and creativity, which helps shape and define the social, economic, and physical aspects of our lives.

• This perspective emphasizes that culture is not a natural or static phenomenon but is constructed and maintained by human actions, beliefs, and values.
• By understanding culture as the human-made part of the environment, Herskovits highlighted the importance of examining the relationship between culture and its context.
• This approach has been influential in the development of anthropological theory and methodology, as it recognizes that cultural practices and beliefs are not isolated but interconnected with various aspects of the environment and broader social systems.
• Consequently, to understand culture fully, one must consider the complex interactions between people, their beliefs, and their surroundings.
• This perspective has implications for various disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, history, and cultural studies.
• It highlights the importance of recognizing the diverse ways in which culture shapes human experiences and how these experiences, in turn, inform the development and maintenance of cultural practices and beliefs.

The correct matching is A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3.
Key Points

Vaishno Devi:

• It is a popular pilgrimage site located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in northern India.
• The shrine is dedicated to the Hindu goddess, Vaishno Devi.
• The temple is situated at an altitude of 5,200 feet on the Trikuta Hills.
• The pilgrimage involves a 13 km trek from the base camp at Katra to the temple.
• The trek is considered to be a spiritual journey and attracts millions of devotees every year.

Sai Temple:

• The Sai Baba Temple is located in the town of Shirdi in the state of Maharashtra in western India.
• It is dedicated to the Indian saint, Sai Baba, who is revered by both Hindus and Muslims.
• Sai Baba is believed to have performed miracles during his lifetime, and his teachings of love, peace, and unity continue to inspire people today.
• The temple attracts devotees from all over the world and is one of the most popular pilgrimage sites in India.

Siddhi Vinayak:

• The Siddhivinayak Temple is located in Mumbai, the financial capital of India.
• It is dedicated to Lord Ganesha, the Hindu god of wisdom and remover of obstacles.
• The temple is one of the most visited and revered temples in Mumbai and is believed to fulfil the wishes of devotees who visit it with a pure heart.
• The temple's inner sanctum houses an idol of Lord Ganesha made of black stone, which is said to be self-manifested.

Golden Temple:

• The Golden Temple, also known as Sri Harmandir Sahib, is located in the city of Amritsar in the state of Punjab in northern India.
• It is the most important pilgrimage site for Sikhs around the world.
• The temple is built in the middle of a man-made lake, which is considered to be holy by Sikhs.
• The temple's dome is made of pure gold, which is why it is called the Golden Temple.
• The temple complex also houses the Akal Takht, which is one of the five temporal seats of authority for Sikhs.

• The temple attracts millions of visitors every year and is a symbol of the rich cultural heritage of Punjab.

So we can conclude that the correct matching is A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3.

The statement that best defines the term 'ritual' is: It is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words and objects, performed in a sequestered place and according to a set sequence. Important Points

• Rituals are a sequence of actions that often involve specific gestures, words, and objects.
• They are typically performed in a sequestered place, such as a temple, church, or designated ritual space.
• These actions are usually carried out in a set sequence, with specific instructions or guidelines that dictate how they should be performed.
• Rituals can have both religious and non-religious purposes.
• They may be used to mark important life transitions, such as weddings, funerals, or graduations, or they may be used to mark important seasonal or cultural events.
• They can also be used as a form of spiritual or religious practice, with rituals serving as a way to connect with a higher power, seek guidance, or express devotion.
• In some cultures, rituals are an integral part of daily life, while in others, they are reserved for special occasions.
• Regardless of their purpose, rituals can provide a sense of meaning, structure, and continuity in an often chaotic world.

• They can also serve as a way to connect with others and reinforce social bonds.

Hence we can conclude that the statement that best defines the term 'ritual' is: It is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words and objects, performed in a sequestered place and according to a set sequence.

Knowledge constitutive interests theory of Habermas is useful way to explore knowledge and its impact on students engagement.

Key Points
Knowledge constitutive interests theory of Habermas:

Jürgen Habermas, a German philosopher and sociologist, is well-known for his contributions to critical theory and communicative action. One key aspect of his work is the theory of knowledge-constitutive interests, which is an integral part of his broader framework of communicative rationality.

Habermas identifies three primary types of knowledge-constitutive interests that shape human understanding and communication:

1. Technical or instrumental knowledge: This interest revolves around the manipulation and control of the external world. It is concerned with the efficient and effective application of means to achieve predetermined ends. Technical knowledge is typically associated with the natural sciences and technology, aiming to understand and control the empirical world.
2. Practical knowledge or hermeneutic interest: This interest focuses on understanding social and cultural phenomena, emphasizing interpretation and meaningful communication. Practical knowledge is essential for grasping the social, historical, and cultural context within which individuals live and interact. Hermeneutic understanding is crucial in the human and social sciences, where the goal is to interpret meanings embedded in texts, symbols, and practices.
3. Emancipatory knowledge or critical interest: This interest is oriented toward uncovering and challenging forms of domination, oppression, and unjust social structures. Emancipatory knowledge seeks to promote social justice, equality, and individual freedom. It involves questioning existing power relations and advocating for the empowerment of marginalized or oppressed groups.

Additional Information

• Habermas argues that these knowledge-constitutive interests are interconnected and should be recognized and balanced for a comprehensive understanding of human existence.
• He emphasizes the importance of communicative action, which involves rational discourse and consensus-building among individuals in a society.
• In an ideal communicative situation, participants engage in open and honest dialogue, free from coercion, to arrive at mutual understanding and agreement.
• The theory of knowledge-constitutive interests is integral to Habermas's broader project of developing a theory of communicative action and rationality, which he sees as essential for the functioning of a democratic society.
• By acknowledging and integrating these different forms of knowledge, individuals can engage in meaningful communication and contribute to the development of a just and inclusive social order.

Thus the option C is correct answer.

The correct answer is Both (ii) and (iii) are true. Key Points

• Cultural relativism suggests that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood and judged within the context of their own culture.
• They should not be rather assessed according to the standards of another culture.
• "It refers to not judging a culture to a person's standards."
• This statement emphasizes the importance of suspending one's own cultural biases and judgments when evaluating or understanding other cultures.
• "It refers to a person's understanding about cultural practices of other groups in its cultural context"
• This statement highlights the need to interpret and understand cultural practices within the specific cultural context in which they occur.

Additional Information

• Cultural Pluralism: Cultural pluralism refers to the coexistence of diverse cultural groups within a society, each maintaining its own distinct cultural identity, practices, and traditions.
• Ethnocentrism: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to evaluate other cultures according to the standards and values of one's own culture, often resulting in a biased or judgmental perspective.
• Cultural Syncretism: Cultural syncretism occurs when different cultural traditions blend or merge to form new cultural practices, beliefs, or customs.

Thus, The term cultural relativism means: It refers to not judging a culture to a person's own standards, It refers to a person's understanding of the cultural practices of other groups in its cultural context.

The correct answer is Formalism

Explanation:

Key Points

Max Weber used the term "formalism" to describe bureaucratic officials' tendency to highly value adherence to rules, procedures and formalities. Key points:

• Formalism implies following established protocols rigidly without exception.
• It reflects excessive preoccupation with processes over outcomes.
• Bureaucratic administrators prioritize set rules and hierarchies.
• They often disregard situational factors, nuances, and human impacts.
• Formalism can thus lead to inefficient, unjust or absurd results.
• Though Weber advocated bureaucracy, he was concerned about such excessive formalism.

Therefore, C is the correct option, as "formalism" specifically describes the phenomenon of bureaucrats blindly following formal processes.

While related, credentialism, rationalization, and dehumanization do not accurately capture this tendency that Weber analyzed.

A. The Theory of Communicative Action → Jürgen Habermas (3)

• Jürgen Habermas, a German sociologist and philosopher, developed the Theory of Communicative Action, which focuses on the role of rational communication in society.
• He argues that rational discourse and consensus-building are fundamental to democracy and social integration.

B. Orientalism → Edward Said (2)

• Edward Said, a Palestinian-American scholar, introduced the concept of Orientalism in his book Orientalism (1978).
• The theory critiques how Western scholars have historically represented and stereotyped Eastern cultures, portraying them as exotic, inferior, and passive.

C. AGIL Schema → Talcott Parsons (4)

• Talcott Parsons, an American sociologist, developed the AGIL Schema, a framework for analyzing how social systems maintain stability and function.
• AGIL stands for Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, and Latency, representing four essential functions of a society.

D. Symbolic Interactionism → G.H. Mead (1)

• George Herbert Mead, an American sociologist and philosopher, is a key figure in Symbolic Interactionism, which explains how people create meaning through social interactions.
• He emphasized concepts like the self, the "I" and the "me," and the role of symbols in communication.

Thus, the correct match is:
A - 3, B - 2, C - 4, D - 1.

The correct answer is 'Reception Theory'.

Key Points

• Reception Theory argues that it is the audience, or reader, who gives a text its meaning, rather than the text itself possessing inherent meaning.
• It emphasizes the active role of the reader in the interpretation process and acknowledges that readers bring their personal experiences, emotions, and cultural background to the interpretation.
• This theory underlines the variability of interpretations based on factors such as individual reader's historical period, cultural background, and social circumstances.
• Reception Theory moves away from authorial intent and focuses on the diverse readings a text might generate.
• It aligns with the idea that the meaning of a text is not fixed but is instead constructed by the reader, making the reading experience subjective and dynamic.
• Developed primarily by scholars like Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser, it has significantly influenced the fields of literary criticism and media studies.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Focuses on the underlying structures of narratives and cultural phenomena.
• Option 2: Concerned with the instability of language and meaning, focusing on how texts undercut their own arguments.
• Option 4: Explores the connections between economic production, social classes, and cultural products

The correct answer is A - 4, B - 2, C - 5, D - 3, E - 1

Explanation: These concepts collectively form the foundation of Marxist theory, providing a framework for understanding the dynamics of historical development, societal conflicts, and the transition from capitalism to communism.

Historical Materialism:

• Definition: Historical materialism is a key concept in Marxist theory, proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It is a materialistic approach to understanding societal development and change.
• Basic Premise: According to historical materialism, the driving force behind historical progress is the development of the means of production and the relationships of production. In other words, changes in technology, economic systems, and the way people produce and exchange goods play a crucial role in shaping the course of history.
• Mode of Production: Marx identified various historical epochs characterized by distinct modes of production, such as feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. Each mode of production has its own set of social relations, class structures, and means of production.

Dialectical Materialism:

• Definition: Dialectical materialism is a philosophical framework that underlies Marxist thought. It is rooted in the dialectical method, which involves the examination of contradictions and their resolution.
• Basic Premise: Dialectical materialism asserts that historical progress occurs through the conflict of opposing forces, or contradictions, leading to a synthesis that resolves the tension. This process is continuous and shapes both nature and society.
• Example: In the context of class struggle, the bourgeoisie and proletariat represent opposing forces. The conflict between these classes leads to historical change and societal evolution.

Class Struggle:

• Definition: Class struggle is a central concept in Marxism, highlighting the conflict between different social classes, particularly the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class).
• Basic Premise: Marx argued that throughout history, societies have been characterized by class divisions and that the struggles between these classes drive historical change. The bourgeoisie controls the means of production, while the proletariat sells their labor to survive.
• Outcome: The ultimate goal of class struggle, according to Marx, is the establishment of a classless society, where there are no class distinctions or exploitation.

Surplus Value:

• Definition: Surplus value refers to the additional value produced by workers beyond what is necessary for their own subsistence. It is a key concept in Marx's analysis of capitalist economies.
• Basic Premise: In capitalism, workers are paid a wage that corresponds to the value of their labor power (the cost of reproducing their labor). However, the goods and services they produce often have a higher value, and the difference between the value of labor power and the value created is the surplus value.
• Exploitation: Marx argued that surplus value is the basis of capitalist exploitation, as the bourgeoisie appropriates this surplus value for profit.

Communism:

• Definition: Communism, as envisioned by Marx and Engels, is the ultimate stage of human societal development where class distinctions and private property are abolished.
• Basic Premise: In a communist society, the means of production are collectively owned, and there is no private ownership of the means of production. The classless nature of communism is expected to eliminate exploitation and social inequality.
• "From Each According to His Ability, to Each According to His Needs": In a communist society, resources are distributed based on need rather than on an individual's contribution to production.

The Correct answer is a and b are correct.

Key Points

• The transactional theory of leadership was first discussed by Max Weber in 1947 and was later developed by Bernard M Bass in 1981.
• Transactional leadership theory is based on the idea that managers give employees something they want in exchange for getting something they want.
• It focuses on the basic management process of controlling, organizing, and short - term planning.
• The leader believes in motivating through a system of rewards and punishment.
• Transactional leadership, often called managerial leadership, is a leadership approach that emphasizes achieving optimal job performance through a system of rewards and punishments.
• In this model, leaders engage in an exchange or transaction, rewarding workers who meet specified performance standards and applying punishments to those who fall short.
• A brief history of transactional leadership involves key figures in the development of leadership theory:
  • Max Weber: The German sociologist, in his 1947 work "The Theory of Social and Economic Organization," introduced the concept of different leadership styles, laying the foundation for what would later be known as transactional leadership theory.
  • James MacGregor Burns: A political scientist and historian, Burns contributed to leadership studies with his 1978 book "Leadership."
    • He outlined the components of transactional leadership, contrasting it with transformational leadership, emphasizing their mutually exclusive nature.
  • Bernard M. Bass: As a distinguished professor at the State University of New York at Binghamton, Bass expanded the understanding of transactional leadership in the 1980s.
    • Building on the work of Burns and Weber, he provided insights into measuring transformational leadership, exploring the impact of leadership styles on motivation and performance.

Additional InformationTransactional leadership involves three approaches:

• Contingency: This approach utilizes reinforcement theory and extrinsic motivation through a system of rewards, incentives, and penalties.
  • Employees receive contingent rewards and perks upon achieving their goals.
• Active Management by Exception: Transactional leaders proactively monitor situations to anticipate issues and take corrective action in response to problems.
• Passive Management by Exception: In this approach, transactional leaders generally refrain from intervening in the team's activities unless employee performance falls below expectations. They step in only when necessary.

The Centre has appointed Vivek Joshi, a 1989 batch IAS officer from the Haryana cadre, as the new Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.

Population census helps in determining the number of people who can pay taxes which helps to estimate the amount of revenue that can be obtained from the sector. Forecasting the possible economic needs. Population census helps to forecast the country's economic needs, for example, electricity, housing, food, etc.

The word demography comes from two ancient Greek words, demos, meaning "the people", and graphy, meaning "writing about or recoding something" — so literally demography means "writing about the people".

Climate pledges under the Paris Agreement cover 1/3 fraction of greenhouse gas emissions reduction needed to limit the global warming below 2°C.

Climate change is a reality and the rise in temperature is a wakeup call for everyone to leave behind the prejudices about the scientific realities of climate change. Various initiatives have been launched and international agreements have been signed for the said purpose.

Social interaction is an exchange between two or more individuals and is a building block of society. Social interaction can be studied between groups of two (dyads), three (triads) or larger social groups. By interacting with one another, people design rules, institutions and systems within which they seek to live.

Urbanization is not a cause of the growth of cities.

The physical expansion of urban areas (expansion of area, population etc.) is called urbanization. This is a global change. According to the definition of the United Nations, 'urbanization' is also the movement of people from rural areas to live and work in cities.

Research is a systematic process and the method pf research has specific steps.

First, a problem is observed and a question is framed. A hypothesis is generated. Then, to answer this hypothesis, experiments are conducted and results are drawn.

Post-1991 LPG reforms the tertiary sector has grown more than others. It contributes about 54% to GDP employing 31% workforce. The highly educated English speaking labour in the country has taken advantage of this growth.

The first newsprint paper mill in India was set up in Madhya Pradesh. NEPA limited in Nepa nagar in Madhya Pradesh was the first newsprint paper mill in India.

NEPA stands for National Newsprint and Paper Mills. The name was coined from National Environment Protection Authority. It was established in 1955 at Nepanagar in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh.

Citizenship in India is governed by the Citizenship Act which provides for various categories including Citizenship by Registration and Citizenship by Naturalisation. Since a person can hold only one domicile and dual citizenship is not permitted by the Constitution of India, statement 1 is correct. Also, in India both citizens by birth and naturalised citizens are eligible to hold the office of President, making statement 2 incorrect. Additionally, the Citizenship Act allows for losing citizenship through renunciation, termination, or deprivation, hence statement 3 is incorrect. Therefore, only statement 1 is correct..