UP TET Paper 2 Mock Test - 3 (Science and Mathematics) - UPTET MCQ

'Lev Vygotsky', a Soviet psychologist, has propounded the "Socio-cultural Theory". This theory implies the idea that social interaction plays a crucial role in the development of learners' cognitive ability. 
In Vygotsky's view, the above-mentioned kind of support is called 'scaffolding' as it refers to a process through which:

• required assistance is given to children according to their individual needs.
• temporary support is imparted to the children to enhance their learning skills.
• individualized support is provided to children to increase their learning boundaries.

So, it could be concluded that in Vygotsky's view, the above-mentioned kind of support is called 'scaffolding'.

• Abstract thinking is the ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present. It is a great way to generate new ideas and gain new insights during any problem-solving process.
• Peer tutoring refers to the learning process where fellow students teach each other. In this strategy, a higher-performing student is paired with a lower-performing student to teach specific skills.
• Generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses caused by related stimuli.

During classroom discussions, the teacher pay attention to boys only rather than girls. This is an example of Gender bias.
Gender Bias is behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over another. Gender bias occurs when we make assumptions regarding the behaviors, abilities, or preferences of students based upon their gender. Therefore, During classroom discussions, when the teacher pays attention to boys only rather than girls. This shows the scenario of gender biaseness.

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are the two types of motivation. Students that are intrinsically driven have a natural drive to complete their assignments. Students who are driven by external rewards are extrinsically motivated.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience. It is difficult to give a precise definition of learning so every psychologist has different beliefs about the derivation of the word 'learning' and they have defined it in different ways.
Some well-known definitions of learning are as follows:

So, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned definition of learning is given by J.P. Guilford.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc. are the most common learning disability.

A classroom teacher would like to know the opinion of class X students on a certain issue. The appropriate method to know the opinion is an attitude. Attitude means a settled way of thinking or feeling about something.

To have confidence that a test is valid, and thus the inferences we make based on the test scores are valid, three kinds of validity evidence are:
Construct- It is the extent to which the content of the test matches the instructional objectives.
Criterion- It is the extent to which scores on the test are in agreement with or predict an external criterion.
Content- It is the extent to which an assessment corresponds to other variables, as predicted by some rationale or theory.

• उपर्युक्त गद्यांश के अनुसार हाल के वर्षों में उपभोक्ता संगठनों की संख्या में तेजी से उछाल आया है।
• विक्रेताओं और सेवा प्रदाताओं से लोगों में इतनी अधिक संतुष्टि थी कि उपभोक्ताओं के पास अपनी आवाज उठाने के सिवा और कोई रास्ता नहीं बचा था।

प्रस्तुत गद्यांश के अनुसार गद्यांश का उपयुक्त शीर्षक जाति प्रथा – एक सामाजिक बुराई है उचित शीर्षक है। अतः सही विकल्प जाति प्रथा – एक सामाजिक बुराई है, अन्य विकल्प असंगत हैं।

• शाम का सजीव चित्रण करने के लिए मोर की आवाज़ को अनुपयुक्त माना जा सकता है।
• क्योंकि मोर की आवाज़ सिर्फ़ शाम को ही नहीं सुबह भी सुनाई देती है।
• दूसरा मोर की आवाज़ मधुरता का प्रतीक है जबकि कविता में मोर की आवाज से प्रकृति में घटनाओं का परिवर्तन को दर्शाया गया है।

भाषा अधिग्रहण: यह मानव मस्तिष्क की जन्मजात क्षमता के कारण मूल या दूसरी भाषा सीखने की अवचेतन प्रक्रिया को संदर्भित करता है।

• यह एक प्राकृतिक प्रक्रिया है जिसके तहत बच्चे अपने मूल वातावरण की प्राकृतिक वातावरण में जो कुछ सुनते हैं उसे देखकर और दोहराकर भाषा सीखते हैं।
• भाषा अधिग्रहण के लिए किसी औपचारिक निर्देश की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है, बच्चे बिना पढ़ाए ही भाषा सीख लेते हैं। यह एक स्वाभाविक प्रक्रिया है, इसलिए व्यक्ति अपनी मातृभाषा को नहीं भूलता है।

इस प्रकार, यह निष्कर्ष निकाला जा सकता है कि एक बच्चा प्राकृतिक वातावरण में अपनी पहली भाषा सीखता है।

‘विलंब’ का पर्यायवाची शब्द  जल्दी नहीं है।
जल्दी, विलम्ब का विलोम शब्द है।
विलम्ब के पर्यायवाची - देर, ठहरना 
जल्दी के पर्यायवाची - शीघ्रता, स्फूर्ति, फुर्ती, अभी, तुरंत, फौरन, शीघ्र।

परस्पर बातचीत मुख्यतः सुनने और बोलने के कौशलों के विकास में सहायक है।
भाषा के चार मुख्य कौशल सुनना, बोलना, पढ़ना तथा लिखना है। इन कौशलों के प्रयोग के द्वारा ही मानव अपने विचारों का सरलतापूर्वक आदान प्रदान करता है। भाषा से संबंधित इन चारों प्रक्रियाओं को प्रयोग करने की क्षमता ही भाषा कौशल कहलाती है।

'बुभुक्षित' शब्द के लिए वाक्यांश 'जो अत्यधिक भूखा हो' है। शेष विकल्प असंगत हैं। अतः सही विकल्प 'जो अत्यधिक भूखा हो' है।

The passage mainly talks about the endangered species. So, option (1) is the correct answer. Option (2) is incorrect as 'progress' is nowhere mentioned in the passage. Option (3) is incorrect as animals are not fighting with man, they are not retaliating. Option (4) is incorrect as option (1) is more appropriate title for the passage.

The speaker feels that Santa burnt the house because the child had been naughty. It can be inferred from the line, "I guess I was on the naughty list".

All of us have had the experience as students in the school of finding certain topics taken up in class ‘difficult’. 

• In some cases, a sensitive and resourceful teacher provides special help in various ways to help learners overcome such difficulties fairly quickly so that they could keep up with the others.
• In other less happy cases, the difficulty and lack of understanding were overcome only much later “ in remedial lessons, but sometimes never at all. This happens over and over again to many students at all levels.

Reasons behind challenges of teaching language:

• This is because there is a mismatch between what the teaching plan for the topic assumes as available prior knowledge and what individual students actually have.
• This is a problem that always comes up when a standard syllabus is covered according to a fixed calendar and learners are not ready for the given lesson.
• If they do not learn as expected, it is because of this inadequate preparation, and not because of low learning capacity
• The standard syllabus for any subject is based on certain logical and reasonable assumptions. The syllabus for Class V builds on the Class IV syllabus, and the Class VI syllabus builds on what is in the Class V syllabus, and so on.
• The problem in the classroom arises because every child has not properly learned or mastered everything covered earlier. Teachers often do some revision before taking up a new topic. This is of course useful, but may not be enough.

So, it could be concluded that 'this is the problem of low learning capacity and learners' ignorance which could be improved by drill and practice exercise' is not one of the best possible reasons behind the above-mentioned challenge of teaching language.

In order to effectively teach grammar to language learners, selecting appropriate grammatical items is crucial. One important criterion to consider during the selection process is "Range.

After vigorous exercise, muscles generate energy anaerobically. This energy comes from glucose through a process called glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down or metabolised into a substance called pyruvate through a series of steps. When the body has plenty of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled to an aerobic pathway to be further broken down for more energy. But when oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown and thus energy production to continue.

Let length of one side of the cube = b cm
So, (b cm)³ = b³ cm³ = 125 cm³ = 5³ cm³
Thus, b = 5
Area of one face of cube = (5 cm)² = 25 cm²
Thus, option (3) is correct.

Water is a poor conductor of electricity since its molecules do not have free electrons to travel and thus transfer current.

Given:
Percentage of apples the fruit seller sells = 40% 
No of apples he left with = 420 
Calculation:
Initially, the fruit seller had 100% apples.
⇒ He sold 40% of them, now he has (100 - 40) = 60%
⇒ 60% of the apples = 420 
∴ 100% of the apples = 420 × 100/60 = 700 
Originally, he had 700 apples.

Metal activity series:

• The metals are arranged in an activity order that is known as the metal activity series.
• The more active metals are present at the top of the series whereas the less active metals are put at the end of the series.
• The metal activity series is as follows- 

Metals on top of the activity series can displace metals at the bottom and they are highly reactive as compared to metals at the bottom of the series.

• Metal 'X' displaces metal 'Y' from its salt solution, so 'X' is more reactive than 'Y'.
• Metal 'X' Can not displace metal 'Z' from its salt solution, so 'Z' is more reactive than 'X'.

So reactivity order of these metals will be:
Z > X >Y.
So, metal 'Z' will be the most reactive metal among all.

OY is the bisector of ∠AOC = 2 ∠COX.
∴ ∠BOC = 2 ∠COY
∴ ∠AOC + ∠BOC
⇒ 2∠COX + 2∠COY = 180°
⇒ 2(∠COX + ∠COY) = 180°
⇒ 2∠XOY = 180°
⇒ ∠XOY = 90°
∴ ∠AOX + ∠XOY + ∠BOY = 180°
⇒ ∠BOY = 180° - 20° - 90° = 70°.

Given:
M1 = 10, D1 = 16 DAYS, M2 = 8.
Formula used:
M1D1T1W2 = M2D2T2W1 (where, M1, M2 = number of men, D1, D2 = number of days, T1, T2 = time, W1, W2 = amount of work done)
Calculations:
According to problem,
10 × 16 = 8 × D2
⇒ D2 = (10 x 16)/8
⇒ D2 = 10 × 2
⇒ D2 = 20 days.
∴ The answer is 20 days.

Acids and bases: 

• The bee's sting contains formic acid. So, to neutralize the effect of the chemical of a bee's sting, that portion of the area of his hands was nibbed with moist baking soda ( sodium hydrogen carbonate) which is alkaline in nature to relieve the pain in that area.

Thus, from the above explanation, the correct answer is acidic - basic.

Plane Mirror: A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface.

The characteristics of an image formed in a plane mirror:

• The image formed by the plane mirror is virtual and erect i.e. image cannot be projected or focused on a screen.
• The distance of the image ‘behind’ the mirror is the same as the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
• The size of the image formed is the same as the size of the object.
• The image is laterally inverted, i.e. left hand appears to be right hand when seen from the plane mirror.
  
• If the object moves towards (or away from) the mirror at a certain rate, the image also moves towards (or away from) the mirror at the same rate.

From above it is clear that images are formed by the Plane mirror is virtual, erect, and laterally inverted.

Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting evidence of students’ progress and achievement. Evaluation needs to be integrated with the process of teaching and learning. 

Science is any system of knowledge concerned with the physical world; it focuses on the natural world around us; it is a way of life-based on rational thought, and it is a way of life.

• The way to learn Science is to do Science. 
• Science cannot be taught through books alone. It is always experimented with, observed, and experienced through several practical activities done inside and outside the school by the learner.
• For effective science teaching, there is a need for co-curricular activities and various other approaches like the organization of field trips, organizing quizzes, and laboratory along with different activities.

Science involves the process of observation, experiments, research, analysis, and investigation. It is a subject that is purely based upon facts that are proven with the help of various scientific techniques. To solve a problem scientifically, one must have a scientific attitude or temper which will help a person to solve problems in a systematic and organized manner by being objective and realistic. Scientific attitude is the tendency to think creatively and behave practically by being realistic in nature. 

Key Points

• The major problem of copying verbatim from books and encyclopedias affects the learning and thought processes of students.
• Students should have good knowledge of the topic, can use books, articles, videos and other sources before starts writing to do research works.
• It may help the student to broaden their knowledge and enhance the capability to use their own thought or words ethically and intelligently. 
• The teacher must encourage students to behave ethically, they can use different sources to enhance their knowledge but it should not be copied from any sources.

Hence, when upper-grade children do research work, the major problem the teacher has to contend with is discouraging children from copying verbatim from books and encyclopedias and guiding them effectively.