Political Science: CUET Mock Test - 4 - CUET MCQ

World Environment Day is celebrated annually on 5 June and is the United Nations' principal vehicle for encouraging awareness and action for the protection of the environment.

Indira Gandhi was defeated by Raj Narain in the 1977 Lok Sabha Elections in the Rae Bareli Constituency by a margin of over 55,000 votes. Raj Narain, a Janata Party candidate, later became the Health Minister in Morarji Desai’s Cabinet. Prior to this defeat, Raj Narain had accused Indira Gandhi of corrupt election practices in the 1971 election and filed a petition in the Allahabad High Court. On June 12, 1975, the court upheld the accusations, disqualifying her from contesting elections for six years, which led to the declaration of the Emergency on June 25, 1975. The 1977 election occurred after the Emergency was lifted.

The Bishnoi movement was started against the cutting of trees in 1730 when Amrita Devi, a member of the Bishnoi sect, inspired 362 other Bishnois to die in protest of the cutting down of Khejri trees by order of the Maharaja of Jodhpur.

the correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The Naga National Council (NNC) is a political organization of Naga people, active from the late 1940s to the early 1950s.
• It evolved out the Naga Hills District Tribal Council, an organization established in 1945 by the Deputy Commissioner of the Naga Hills district.
• The group was reorganized to form NNC in 1946 at Sanis (in present-day Wokha district), with Eno T. Aliba Imti Ao as the President, and other democratically elected Naga representatives as its members. Later, NNC declared Independence one day ahead of India ie on 14th August 1947.
• Under the leadership of A.Z.Phizo, the NNC resisted the Indian occupational forces. It was during this period that the controversial AFSPA act was brought into effect to deal with the insurgency in Naga areas.

Kanshi Ram was the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP) political party.

• BSP was founded in 1984.
• It is symbolic to the 'Majority of People' and representing the oppressed sections of the society such as the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes as well as religious minorities.
• In 2001, Kanshi Ram was succeeded by Mayawati as President of the BSP.
• Mulayam Singh Yadav was the founder of Samajwadi Party.
• Balwant Singh Ramoowalia was the founder of Lok Bhalai Party(LBP).

The correct answer is ' Maharashtra'

Key Points

• The Dalit Panthers, an influential social movement, was founded in Maharashtra in 1972.
• It was initiated by a group of young Dalit poets and activists in Mumbai, aiming to combat caste discrimination and social inequality.
• The movement drew inspiration from the Black Panther Party in the United States, adopting similar strategies for fighting caste oppression and working towards the upliftment of Dalits in India. Maharashtra, with its historical context of Dalit activism and the legacy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, provided fertile ground for the emergence of such a radical movement.

Additional InformationKerala: Although Kerala has a history of social reform movements, the Dalit Panthers specifically originated in Maharashtra. Kerala's social landscape is marked by different movements focusing on caste and gender issues.
Rajasthan: Rajasthan, known for its rich cultural heritage, did not witness the origin of the Dalit Panthers. Social movements in Rajasthan have typically revolved around issues like land rights and women's empowerment rather than the specific caste-based activism of the Dalit Panthers.
Odisha: While Odisha has its own set of social challenges and movements, the Dalit Panthers movement did not originate here. The state has seen various other forms of activism primarily focused on tribal rights and environmental issues.

The correct answer is B and E only.
Key Points
Ethnic conflict in Srilanka:

• Sri Lanka has retained democracy since its independence in 1948.
• But it faced a serious challenge, not from the military or monarchy but rather from ethnic conflict leading to the demand for secession by one of the regions.
• After its independence, politics in Sri Lanka (it was then known as Ceylon) was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community.
• They were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there.  This migration continued even after independence.
• The Majority Sinhala nationalists thought that Sri Lanka should not give ‘concessions’ to the Tamils because Sri Lanka belongs to the Sinhala people only. Hence, statement B is incorrect.
• The neglect of Tamil concerns led to militant Tamil nationalism. From 1983 onwards, the militant organisation, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) has been fighting an armed struggle with the army of Sri Lanka and demanding ‘Tamil Eelam’ or a separate country for the Tamils of Sri Lanka. Hence, statement A is correct.
• The Sri Lankan problem involves people of Indian origin, and there is considerable pressure from the Tamil people in India to the effect that the Indian government should protect the interests of the Tamils in Sri Lanka.
• In 1987, the government of India for the first time got directly involved in the Sri Lankan Tamil question.
• India signed an accord with Sri Lanka and sent troops to stabilise relations between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamils. Hence, statement C is correct.
• Eventually, the Indian Army got into a fight with the LTTE.
• In 1989, the Indian PeaceKeeping Force (IPKF) pulled out of Sri Lanka without attaining its objective. Hence, statement E is not correct.
• The Sri Lankan crisis continues to be violent. However, international actors, particularly the Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Iceland have been trying to bring the warring groups back to negotiations. Hence, statement D is  correct.

The Correct Answer is 'Human security or global security'.
Key Points

• Non-traditional security refers to challenges that do not emanate from territorial disputes or state-to-state military conflicts.
• Instead, it focuses on issues that affect the survival and well-being of people and states that stem from non-military sources, such as climate change, resource scarcity, infectious diseases, natural disasters, irregular migration, food shortages, people trafficking, and transnational crime.
• This approach emphasizes human security or global security, recognizing that security threats are interconnected and can transcend national borders, affecting the international community as a whole.

Additional Information  
State security: This concept is centered on protecting the state from external threats, typically through military means. It focuses on the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of the state. This traditional notion of security is more aligned with the interests of the state itself rather than the broader, more inclusive approach of non-traditional security.
Sovereignty: Sovereignty refers to the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. While it is a fundamental principle of international law and politics, it is not a direct answer to the question of how scholars define non-traditional security.
Territory: Territory pertains to the defined geographical area under the jurisdiction of a state. Concerns related to territory, such as border disputes or territorial integrity, fall under traditional security concerns rather than the broader, more inclusive concerns addressed by non-traditional security.

The Correct Answer is '1990s'
Key Points

• The notion of global security emerged prominently in the 1990s.
• This period is marked by the end of the Cold War, which led to a significant shift in the international security landscape.
• The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 removed the bipolar structure of global power, leading to a unipolar world dominated by the United States.
• This era saw a growing recognition of non-traditional security threats, including economic instability, environmental issues, terrorism, and cyber threats, which required cooperative international efforts to address.
• The 1990s also witnessed the rise of globalization, further emphasizing the interconnectedness of security concerns across national borders.

Additional Information 
1970s:
This decade was characterized by the Cold War's continuation, with tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Global security discussions were largely focused on nuclear arms control and the balance of power rather than a comprehensive, interconnected approach to security.
1950s:
The early years of the Cold War, marked by the formation of NATO in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955, establishing a clear division between the Western bloc led by the US and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. The focus was on military alliances and deterrence, rather than a broader concept of global security.
1980s:
This decade continued to be dominated by Cold War dynamics, including a significant arms race and the Strategic Defense Initiative by the US. While there was movement towards arms reduction towards the end of the decade, such as the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987, the broader notion of global security as understood post-Cold War had not yet fully emerged.

The Correct Answer is 'Global warming'
Key Points

•  Global warming is considered a non-traditional threat because it encompasses environmental changes that have far-reaching impacts on national security, health, and the global economy, transcending national borders and requiring a collective, multinational approach to address its challenges.
• It is characterized by its indirect nature in undermining human security.

Additional Information
War between two states is classified as a traditional threat, focusing on military confrontations and territorial disputes between nations. This form of threat has been the primary concern of national security policies historically.
Aggressive nationalism, while it can lead to conflicts and poses a significant risk to international peace, is generally considered more of a political or ideological threat rather than a non-traditional one. It often precedes traditional threats such as wars.
Protectionism is more about economic strategy and policy rather than a direct threat to global security in the context of non-traditional security threats.

The Correct Answer is 'Hunger'
Key Points

• Human security is a broad concept that extends beyond traditional notions of security to include various forms of security important for individual well-being.
• Hunger directly impacts human security as it affects individuals' health, potential for development, and overall quality of life. Ensuring access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food addresses a fundamental aspect of human security by enabling people to lead healthy and active lives.

Additional Information
Alliance Building: This refers to the formation of partnerships or coalitions between countries, primarily for defense or strategic purposes. While important for national security, it doesn't directly address the individual aspects of human security like hunger does.
Military Threats: These are concerns related to armed conflict, aggression, or defense against external forces. Military threats are a traditional security issue focusing on state and international security rather than the individual-focused aspects of human security.
Balance of Power: This concept involves the distribution of power among nations to prevent any one entity from becoming too strong and thus threatening the stability of international relations. Like alliance building and military threats, it is more pertinent to national or global security rather than directly impacting individual human security in the way hunger does.

The Correct Answer is 'Protection of people'
Key Point

• Human Security focuses on ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals rather than prioritizing the security of nation-states or territories.
• It encompasses a broad range of concerns including economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security, all aimed at safeguarding individuals from critical and pervasive threats.
• This concept shifts the traditional security paradigm from state-centered to people-centered, emphasizing the importance of protecting individuals from violence, poverty, disease, and environmental disasters.

Additional Information
Protection of states:
While the security of states is a traditional focus of international relations and defense policies, it does not directly address the individual and societal levels of security that Human Security is concerned with.
State security primarily deals with the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political stability of a country, rather than the direct well-being of its citizens.
Protection from war:
Although protection from war is an important aspect of human security, it is not the sole focus. Human Security encompasses a wider range of threats to individuals, including non-military issues that can significantly impact lives.
Focusing solely on protection from war overlooks other critical dimensions such as economic deprivation, social injustice, and environmental degradation that also threaten human well-being.
Protection from accidents:
Protection from accidents is too narrow and specific to encapsulate the broad scope of Human Security.
While safety from accidents (such as industrial accidents or natural disasters) is a component of Human Security, the concept as a whole addresses a wider array of vulnerabilities and threats facing individuals and communities.

The Indian government embarked upon an expansionist policy without tackling the problem of resource mobilization, which was constrained because of the tax cuts. In 1986-87, the overall fiscal deficit touched an all time high of 9% of GDP.

Liberalisation is a process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.

This includes exchanges of currencies in capital movements, technology transfer, international travel and an international flow of ideas and information.

The European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) is a European organization, established under the Treaty of Rome in 1957 to coordinate the research programs of the EU Member States for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The EU has its own Joint Research Centre (JRC) in the nuclear field.

The Community's initial aim was to bring about economic integration, including a common market and customs union, among its six founding members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany.

Two more countries from Eastern Europe - Bulgaria and Romania - join the EU, bringing the number of Member States to 27.

The Kyoto Protocol’s first commitment period, during which major nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations, started in 2008 and ended in 2012.

The giant panda is the featured animal on the logo for World Wildlife Fund as a symbol of all endangered species that would be able to thrive if permitted the range and natural environment of their origin.

Due to globalization, almost every foreign brand is now available in India.

Globalization has led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries, e.g., the spread of the internet.

Globalization is an economic, political, and cultural phenomenon that makes different nations interdependent and interconnected, thus making it a multidimensional phenomenon.

Some differences in tastes will always remain among people of different nations, but with tremendous improvements in telecommunications, transportation, and travel, the cross-fertilization of cultures and convergence of tastes can only be expected to accelerate. Consumer preferences are considered one of the key parameters on the basis of which marketing strategies are devised.

The New Economic Policy of India was launched in 1991 under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. This policy opened the door of the Indian economy to global exposure for the first time.

Worldwide interconnectedness refers to interlinking the world through the free flow of goods and services, technology, ideas, and people across the globe to extend globalization.

Jammu & Kashmir was not a 'communal zone' during partition. Unlike cities such as Lahore, Amritsar, and Calcutta, which were divided into zones of religious violence between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, Jammu & Kashmir was a princely state whose fate was decided later through accession rather than immediate communal division.

Cities in Punjab and Bengal, such as Lahore, Amritsar, and Calcutta, which had a majority Muslim population along the Radcliffe Line, were termed 'communal zones' that witnessed brutal violence and mass deaths during the partition of India.