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Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - UPSC MCQ


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15 Questions MCQ Test Lucent for GK - Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2

Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 for UPSC 2024 is part of Lucent for GK preparation. The Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 questions and answers have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus.The Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 MCQs are made for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises, MCQs and online tests for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 below.
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Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 1
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

The Hijri era was established during the caliphate of Umar with the first year falling 622 CE.

A date in the Hijri calendar is followed by the letters AH.

The Hijri year is a lunar year of 354 days, 12 months (Muharram to Dhul Hijja) of 29 or 30 days. Each day begins at Sunset and each month with the sighting of the Crescent moon. The Hijri year is about 11 days shorter than the Solar year. Therefore, none of the Islamic religious festivals, including the Ramazan fast, Id and Hajj, corresponds in any way to seasons. There is no easy way to match in the Hijri calendar with the dates in the Gregorian calendar. One can calculate the rough equivalents between the Islamic (H) and Gregorian Christian (C) years with the following formulae:

(H × 32/33) + 622 = C

(C – 622) × 33/ 32 = H

Q. When was the Hijri era established?

Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 1
The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was established as the Islamic New Year of 622 CE. During that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 2
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

The Hijri era was established during the caliphate of Umar with the first year falling 622 CE.

A date in the Hijri calendar is followed by the letters AH.

The Hijri year is a lunar year of 354 days, 12 months (Muharram to Dhul Hijja) of 29 or 30 days. Each day begins at Sunset and each month with the sighting of the Crescent moon. The Hijri year is about 11 days shorter than the Solar year. Therefore, none of the Islamic religious festivals, including the Ramazan fast, Id and Hajj, corresponds in any way to seasons. There is no easy way to match in the Hijri calendar with the dates in the Gregorian calendar. One can calculate the rough equivalents between the Islamic (H) and Gregorian Christian (C) years with the following formulae:

(H × 32/33) + 622 = C

(C – 622) × 33/ 32 = H

Q. What is the difference between Hijri year and Solar year?

Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 2
The Hijri year is about 11 days shorter than the solar year. Therefore, none of the Islamic religious festivals, including the Ramazan fast, Id and hajj, corresponds in any way to seasons.
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Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 3
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

The Arabs were divided into tribes (qabila), each led by a chief who was chosen partly on the basis of his family connections but more for his personal courage, wisdom and generosity. Each tribe had its own God or Goddesses, who was worshipped as an idol in a Shrine. Many Arab tribes were Nomadic, moving from dry to Green areas of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practiced trade or agriculture. Muhammad’s own tribe Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a cube-like structure called Kaaba, in which idols were placed. Even tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba Holy and installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to the shrine. Mecca was located on the crossroads of a trade route between Yemen and Syria which further enhanced the city’s importance. The Meccan Shrine was a sanctuary (Haram) where violence was Forbidden and protection given to all visitors. Pilgrimage and Commerce gave the Nomadic and settled tribes an opportunity to communicate with one another and share their beliefs and Customs. Although the polytheistic Arabs were vaguely familiar with the notion of a Supreme God, Allah (possibly under the influence of the Jewish and Christian tribes living in their midst), their attachment to Idols and shrines was more immediate and stronger.

Q. According to the extract, what do you know about the main teaching of Islam?

(i) Idol worship is a curse.

(ii) God i.e., Allah is almighty.

(iii) Islam believe in life after death in hell or heaven.

(iv) No one is superior or inferior .

Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 3

  • Basically there are five major teachings of Islam and they are as follows;

  • Firstly, Shahada, Muslims believe that God does not exist but only the messenger and Prophet Muhammad whom they praise and follow.

  • Secondly, Salat means prayer, Muslims have to pray five times a day whether in a mosque or anywhere they are facing Mecca.

  • The third one is Zakat or Alms were all able Muslims have to give their certain amount of income to the needy members of the community according to the law of Islam.

  • Fourth is Sawm or fasting, every able Muslims do not drink or eat anything or keep fasting during the day hours on the festival season of "Ramzan".

  • Lastly, Hajj or pilgrimage where every able Muslim from every corner of the world has to make a holy trip to Mecca the birth place of Prophet Muhammad once in a lifetime.

Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 4
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

The Arabs were divided into tribes (qabila), each led by a chief who was chosen partly on the basis of his family connections but more for his personal courage, wisdom and generosity. Each tribe had its own God or Goddesses, who was worshipped as an idol in a Shrine. Many Arab tribes were Nomadic, moving from dry to Green areas of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practiced trade or agriculture. Muhammad’s own tribe Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a cube-like structure called Kaaba, in which idols were placed. Even tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba Holy and installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to the shrine. Mecca was located on the crossroads of a trade route between Yemen and Syria which further enhanced the city’s importance. The Meccan Shrine was a sanctuary (Haram) where violence was Forbidden and protection given to all visitors. Pilgrimage and Commerce gave the Nomadic and settled tribes an opportunity to communicate with one another and share their beliefs and Customs. Although the polytheistic Arabs were vaguely familiar with the notion of a Supreme God, Allah (possibly under the influence of the Jewish and Christian tribes living in their midst), their attachment to Idols and shrines was more immediate and stronger.

Q. What do you know about the Arab tribe?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 4
The Arabs were divided into tribes (qabila), each led by a chief who was chosen partly on the basis of his family connections but more for his personal courage, wisdom and generosity (murawwa). Each tribe had its own god or goddess, who was worshipped as an idol (sanam) in a shrine (masjid).

Many Arab tribes were nomadic (Bedouins), moving from dry to green areas (oases) of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practised trade or agriculture.

Muhammad’s own tribe, Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a cube- like structure called Kaba, in which idols were placed. Even tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimages (Hajj) to the shrine.

Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 5
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

The Arabs were divided into tribes (qabila), each led by a chief who was chosen partly on the basis of his family connections but more for his personal courage, wisdom and generosity. Each tribe had its own God or Goddesses, who was worshipped as an idol in a Shrine. Many Arab tribes were Nomadic, moving from dry to Green areas of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practiced trade or agriculture. Muhammad’s own tribe Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a cube-like structure called Kaaba, in which idols were placed. Even tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba Holy and installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to the shrine. Mecca was located on the crossroads of a trade route between Yemen and Syria which further enhanced the city’s importance. The Meccan Shrine was a sanctuary (Haram) where violence was Forbidden and protection given to all visitors. Pilgrimage and Commerce gave the Nomadic and settled tribes an opportunity to communicate with one another and share their beliefs and Customs. Although the polytheistic Arabs were vaguely familiar with the notion of a Supreme God, Allah (possibly under the influence of the Jewish and Christian tribes living in their midst), their attachment to Idols and shrines was more immediate and stronger.

Q. What do you think according to this extract is the meaning of Mecca?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 5
Muhammad belonged to the Quraysh tribe which lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine at Mecca. The main shrine at Mecca was a cube-like structure and was called Kaba. Even those tribes which lived outside Mecca considered the Kaba holy and put their own idols there. In order to do so, they made annual pilgrimages (hajj) to the shrine.

Mecca was situated on the crossroads of a trade route between Yemen and Syria. The shrine at Mecca was a sanctuary where violence was forbidden and all visitors were given protection.

Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 6
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

At the beginning of the 11th century Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Poets were naturally attracted by the brilliance of the Imperial Court. Rulers, too, realised the importance of patronising Arts and learning for enhancing their prestige. Mahmud of Ghazni gathered around him a group of poets who composed anthologies (diwans) and Epic poetry (mathnawi). The most outstanding was Firdausi (d. 1020) who took 30 years to complete the Shahnama (Books of Kings), an epic of 50,000 couplets which has become a masterpiece of Islamic literature. The Shahnama is a collection of traditions and legends (the most popular being that of Rustam), which poetically depicts Iran from creation up until the Arab conquest.

How many years did it take to complete Shahnama?

Q. Name the outstanding work which took 30 years to complete.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 7
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

At the beginning of the 11th century Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Poets were naturally attracted by the brilliance of the Imperial Court. Rulers, too, realised the importance of patronising Arts and learning for enhancing their prestige. Mahmud of Ghazni gathered around him a group of poets who composed anthologies (diwans) and Epic poetry (mathnawi). The most outstanding was Firdausi (d. 1020) who took 30 years to complete the Shahnama (Books of Kings), an epic of 50,000 couplets which has become a masterpiece of Islamic literature. The Shahnama is a collection of traditions and legends (the most popular being that of Rustam), which poetically depicts Iran from creation up until the Arab conquest.

How many years did it take to complete Shahnama?

Q. Which book is called the Book of Kings?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 7
The Shahnama or Book of Kings is an epic poem written in 1010 and containing about 60,000 couplets. Its author was Abu Al-Qasim Firdausi. Unique and lavish renditions of this story have been created for several centuries. Books were collected luxury items for the wealthy.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 8
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

At the beginning of the 11th century Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. Poets were naturally attracted by the brilliance of the Imperial Court. Rulers, too, realised the importance of patronising Arts and learning for enhancing their prestige. Mahmud of Ghazni gathered around him a group of poets who composed anthologies (diwans) and Epic poetry (mathnawi). The most outstanding was Firdausi (d. 1020) who took 30 years to complete the Shahnama (Books of Kings), an epic of 50,000 couplets which has become a masterpiece of Islamic literature. The Shahnama is a collection of traditions and legends (the most popular being that of Rustam), which poetically depicts Iran from creation up until the Arab conquest.

How many years did it take to complete Shahnama?

Q. Ghazni became the centre of literary life”, which of the following statements justifies it?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 8
Shahnama is a great historical political work of Firdausi. It is an epic of 50,000 couplets and also a masterpiece of Islamic literature. It took nearly 30 years to complete. Ghazni became the centre of Persian literary life. The rulers of Ghazni also patronised art and learning for enhancing their prestige. Shahnama is a collection of traditions and legends which depicts Iran from creation up until the Arab conquest. According to Ghaznavi tradition, Persian later became the language of administration and culture in India.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 9
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Study this picture from The Central Islamic Lands carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

Q. The crew and passengers shown in the pictures are:
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 10
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Study this picture from The Central Islamic Lands carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

Q. The transport of goods and passengers by water was cheaper, quicker and safer.
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 10
Waterways is an important mode of transport for both passenger and cargo traffic in India. It is the cheapest means of transport and is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky material. It is a fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 11
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

In medieval Islamic societies, Christians were regarded as the People of the Book (ahl al-kitab) since they had their own scripture (the New Testament or Injil). Christians were granted safe conduct while venturing into Muslim States as merchants, pilgrims, ambassadors and travellers. These territories also include those which were once held by the Byzantine Empire, notably the holy land of Palestine. Jerusalem was conquered by Arabs in 638 but it was ever present in the Christians imagination as the place of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. This was an important factor in the formation of the image of Muslim in Christian Europe.

Hostility towards the Muslim word become more pronounced in the 11th century. Normans, Hungarians and some Slavs had been converted into Christianity, and the Muslim alone remained as the main enemy. There was also a change in the social and economic organisation of Western Europe in the 11th century which contributed to the hostility between Christendom and the Islamic world.

Q. What kind of people Christians were regarded in medieval Islamic society?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 11
Thirty-one times in the Quran Jews are referred to as "people of the book." However before the rise of Islam, during Biblical times, Levitical scribes redacted and canonized the book of books.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 12
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Read the following extract carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

In medieval Islamic societies, Christians were regarded as the People of the Book (ahl al-kitab) since they had their own scripture (the New Testament or Injil). Christians were granted safe conduct while venturing into Muslim States as merchants, pilgrims, ambassadors and travellers. These territories also include those which were once held by the Byzantine Empire, notably the holy land of Palestine. Jerusalem was conquered by Arabs in 638 but it was ever present in the Christians imagination as the place of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. This was an important factor in the formation of the image of Muslim in Christian Europe.

Hostility towards the Muslim word become more pronounced in the 11th century. Normans, Hungarians and some Slavs had been converted into Christianity, and the Muslim alone remained as the main enemy. There was also a change in the social and economic organisation of Western Europe in the 11th century which contributed to the hostility between Christendom and the Islamic world.

Q. On the basis of the given passage, what do you know about Crusades?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 12
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The term refers especially to the Eastern Mediterranean campaigns in the period between 1096 and 1271 that had the objective of recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The term has also been applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns fought to combat paganism and heresy, to resolve conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or to gain political and territorial advantage. The difference between these campaigns and other Christian religious conflicts was that they were considered a penitential exercise that brought forgiveness of sins declared by the church. Historians contest the definition of the term "crusade". Some restrict it to only armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem; others include all Catholic military campaigns with a promise of spiritual benefit; all Catholic holy wars; or those with a characteristic of religious fervour.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 13
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Study this picture from The Central Islamic Lands carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

Q. What do you think the people shown in the picture are doing?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 13
Painting of whirling dervishes, Iranian manuscript, 1490. Of the four men dancing, only one is shown with his hands in the ‘correct’ position. Some have succumbed to vertigo and are being led away.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 14
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Study this picture from The Central Islamic Lands carefully and answer the following question by choosing the correct option:

Q. The above painting is on whirling dervishes’ Iranian manuscript.
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 14
Painting of whirling dervishes, Iranian manuscript, 1490. Of the four men dancing, only one is shown with his hands in the ‘correct’ position. Some have succumbed to vertigo and are being led away.
Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 15
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Which of the following is NOT a correct option?
Detailed Solution for Test: Central Islamic lands- Source Based Type Questions - 2 - Question 15

Around 612, Muhammad declared himself to be the messenger (rasul) of God who had been commanded to preach that Allah alone should be worshipped.

The worship involved simple rituals, such as daily prayers (salat), and moral principales, such as distributing alms and abstaining from theft. Muhammad was to found a community of believers (umma) bound by a common set of religious beliefs.

The community would bear witness (shahada) to the existence of the religion before God as well as before members of other religious communities. Muhammad’s message particularly appealed to those Meccans who felt deprived of the gains from trade and religion and were looking for a new community identity.

Those who accepted the doctrine were called Muslims. They were promised salvation on the Day Judgement (qiyama) and a share of the resources of the community while on earth.

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