BPSC Practice Test- 2 - BPSC (Bihar) MCQ

• Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture.

• Chemical formula of rust is Fe₂O₃.xH₂O

• In an electrochemical cell, the flow of current is opposite to that of the flow of electrons.
• Since the electron is moving from anode to cathode through an external circuit, therefore, current flows from cathode to anode.

OPTIONS EXPLANATION

• Dry cells – They are used in transistors and clocks. They are also known as Leclanche cell.

• Mercury cells – They are used in low current devices like hearing aids, watches, etc

• Fuel cells - The cell was used for providing electrical power in the Apollo space programme.

When nettle sting person, it injects an acidic liquid (methanoic acid) into the skin. Rubbing with mild base like baking soda solution on the stung area of the skin gives relief.

OPTIONS EXPLANATION

• Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid – These are examples of mineral acids.

• Citric acid – It is and example of organic acid and it is present in citrus fruits like oranges.

• Gastric juice is made up of digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid and other substances that are important for absorbing nutrients

• Since hydrochloric acid is present in gastric juice, it gives large amount of H+ ions.

• This is because hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.

OPTIONS EXPLANATION

• Sodium hydroxide solution – It gives highest amount of OH- ions. It is also known as caustic soda.

• Milk of magnesia – is a mild base, gives less amount of OH- ions.

• Lemon juice – It is rich of citric acid. It gives less number of OH- ions.

• This is because citric acid is an organic acid and all organic acids are weak acids.

• Photometer is used to measure the intensity of light produced by an unknown source in terms of a standard source.

• It can be defined as an instrument that measures visible light.

• It is an instrument that measures the strength of electromagnetic radiation in the range from ultraviolet to infrared and including the visible spectrum.

• Most photometers convert light into an electric current using a photoresistor, photodiode, or photomultiplier.

Ammeter

• Ammeter, instrument for measuring either direct or alternating electric current, in amperes.

• An ammeter can measure a wide range of current values because at high values only a small portion of the current is directed through the meter mechanism; a shunt in parallel with the meter carries the major portion.

Anemometer-

• An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction.

• It is also a common weather station instrument.

Dynamometer-

• A device for measuring force, moment of force (torque), or power.

• A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a driven machine such as a pump. In that case, a motoring or driving dynamometer is used.

Scalar-

• Physical Quantities which have only magnitude and no direction are called scalar quantities.
• example: Mass, Time, Volume, Temperature, etc.

Vector

• Physical Quantities which have both magnitude and direction are called vector quantities.
• example: Force, Velocity, Momentum, etc.

• Relative density is a dimensionless physical quantity.
• Relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance and the density of water.
• Relative density is equal to the ratio of density of substance to density of water.
• Since both have the same dimensions, thus their ratio is dimensionless.

Centrifugal force

• Centrifugal Force is force which acts on a rotating body when viewed from the rotating frame of reference.
• It acts in a direction away from the centre of rotation of the body.
• The origin of centrifugal force is due to the property of inertia.

Centripetal force

Centripetal force is the force that attracts any object to its center when it moves in any circular path, then it depends on three things-

• Velocity of the object moving in the circular path.
• Distance of the object from the center of the path.
• Mass of the object

Options explanation

• Root cap- The root cap is a type of tissue at the tip of a plant root. It is also called calyptra

• Root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived

• Root hairs are found only in the zone of maturation, also called the zone of differentiation

• Meristematic zone- The apical meristem, also known as the “growing tip,” is an undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants.

Related points

Root System

• The root is a underground part of a plant. Root with their branches is collectively called a root system.

• In Dicotyledons, elongation of radicle forms the primary roots which bears lateral roots of several orders called secondary roots, tertiary roots, etc.

• Taproot - The taproot is mainly found in dicotyledonous plants. It develops from the radicle of the germinating seed, along with its primary roots and branches. Example- Mustard seeds, mangoes, grams and banyan.

• Fibrous root- In monocotyledons, primary root is replaced by large number of roots at its base of stem to constitute the. This root develops from thin, moderately branching roots or primary roots, growing from the stem. Example- ferns and in all monocotyledonous plants.

• Adventitious root - The roots that arise from other parts of plant beside radicle are called adventitious roots. Example- Grass, Banyan tree, Maize, etc.

Related points

• Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential
• Osmotic pressure
• If a membrane is present, water will flow to the area with the highest concentration of solute. Osmotic pressure is the pressure created by water moving across a membrane due to osmosis. The more water moves across the membrane, the higher the osmotic pressure.

How Is Osmotic Pressure Calculated?

• Osmotic pressure is affected by concentration and temperature.
• The concentration of solute and temperature each affect the amount of pressure created by the movement of water across a membrane. Higher concentrations and higher temperatures increase osmotic pressure.
• Osmosis is also impacted by how the solute behaves in water, which is where Van't Hoff's factor comes in. Basically, the Van't Hoff's factor of a solute is determined by whether or not a solute stays together or breaks apart in water. Some solutes break apart and form ions, or charged atoms, in water. As shown here, table salt, NaCl, will form sodium (Na+) and Chlorine (Cl-) ions in water. The Van't Hoff's factor of NaCl is two because it breaks into two ions.
• When placed in water, some molecules such as sucrose stay together and do not form ions. Since sucrose does not break into ions, it has a Van't Hoff's factor of 1.

Related points

• A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
• Based on the solubility, Vitamins have been classified into two different groups:
• Fat-soluble vitamin
• Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the fat cells and as the name suggests, these vitamins require fat in order to be absorbed. Vitamin A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins.
• Water-soluble vitamin
• Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in our body as their excess gets excreted through the urine. Therefore, these vitamins need to be replenished constantly. Vitamin B and C are water-soluble vitamins.

Other points

Options explanation

The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly. Weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-brown in color and feels rubbery to the touch.

• Normally you can't feel the liver, because it's protected by the rib cage. The liver has two large sections, called the right and the left lobes.

Mitosis and meiosis

• Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process for life.

• A germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. In many animals, the germ cells originate in the primitive streak and migrate via the gut of an embryo to the developing gonads.

Confusing points

• Lymphocytes Are Required for Adaptive Immunity

• There are about 2 × 1012 lymphocytes in the human body, making the immune system comparable in cell mass to the liver or brain. Despite their abundance, their central role in adaptive immunity was not demonstrated until the late 1950s.

• The crucial experiments were performed in mice and rats that were heavily irradiated to kill most of their white blood cells, including lymphocytes. This treatment makes the animals unable to mount adaptive immune responses.

• Then, by transferring various types of cells into the animals it was possible to determine which cells reversed the deficiency. Only lymphocytes restored the adaptive immune responses of irradiated animals, indicating that lymphocytes are required for these responses

Important facts

• In addition to serving as a drainage network, the lymphatic system helps protect the body against infection by producing white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help rid the body of disease-causing microorganisms.

• The organs and tissues of the lymphatic system are the major sites of production, differentiation, and proliferation of two types of lymphocytes—the T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, also called T cells and B cells, respectively.

• Although lymphocytes are distributed throughout the body, it is within the lymphatic system that they are most likely to encounter foreign microorganisms.

Options explanation

• The plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.

• Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in their millions, in every environment, both inside and outside other organisms.

• A virus is a small collection of genetic code, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone.

Confusing points

• Plasmids are used in the techniques and research of genetic engineering and gene therapy by gene transfer to bacterial cells or to cells of superior organisms, whether other plants, animals, or other living organisms, to improve their resistance to diseases or to improve their growth rates.

Gene Therapy

• It is a technique through which a new DNA is introduced into a patient to treat a genetic disease. The new DNA usually contains a functioning gene to correct the effects of a non-functioning or disease causing gene.

• A four-year old girl became the first gene therapy patient. She had adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, a genetic disease which left her defenseless against infections.

Important point

• Plasmid Vector

  Plasmids and bacteriophages are frequently used as a cloning vector in the DNA recombinant technology.

  The ease with which plasmids can be modified and replicated makes it a great tool in genetic engineering and biotechnology

  For genetic engineering purpose, plasmids are artificially prepared in the lab

  The lab-grown plasmids, which are used as a vector contain an origin of replication, cloning site and selection marker

Additional information

• Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules. They are small, circular and have an ability to replicate autonomously. Replication of plasmid is not under the control of chromosomal DNA. They are mostly found in bacteria. Some of the eukaryotes like yeast and plants also contain plasmids.

  Their ability to replicate independently makes plasmid a cloning vector in the recombinant DNA technology for transferring and manipulating genes.

  Many antibiotic-resistant genes in bacteria are present in plasmids.

  The size of plasmid varies from a few base pairs to thousands of bp.

  Plasmids also get transferred from one bacterial cell to another by the process of conjugation.

  Plasmids carrying a specific gene are introduced into bacterial cells, which multiply rapidly and the required DNA fragment is produced in larger quantities.

  Plasmids are used to prepare a recombinant DNA with the desired gene to transfer genes from one organism to another. This is known as genetic engineering.

Options explanation

• DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
• Transcription termination- RNA polymerase will keep transcribing until it gets signals to stop. The process of ending transcription is called termination, and it happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a terminator.
• A histone is a protein that provides structural support to a chromosome. In order for very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus, they wrap around complexes of histone proteins, giving the chromosome a more compact shape.

Confusing points

• How is DNA replicated?

  Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment.
• During separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin. Several enzymes and proteins then work together to prepare, or prime, the strands for duplication.
• Finally, a special enzyme called DNA polymerase organizes the assembly of the new DNA strands. The following description of this three-stage process applies generally to all cells, but specific variations within the process may occur depending on organism and cell type.

Important points

• Triggers replication

  A schematic shows a double-stranded DNA molecule undergoing the replication process. The left side of the molecule is double-stranded.
• In the middle of the molecule, a globular yellow structure, representing the protein helicase, is bound to the ends of several nitrogenous bases on the lower strand.
• To the right of the helicase protein, the double helix has opened and the top strand has separated from the bottom. At right, a short segment of the newly replicated double-stranded DNA molecule is visible. The initiation of DNA replication occurs in two steps. First, a so-called initiator protein unwinds a short stretch of the DNA double helix. Then, a protein known as helicase attaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands.
• As the helicase moves along the DNA molecule, it continues breaking these hydrogen bonds and separating the two polynucleotide chains

?²×17.95 = 399.98×35.97

After writing approximate values.

2 m = 3 b, m:b = 3:2

Total work = 8×3×16

Efficiency of 12m + 6b =12×3 + 6×2 = 36+12 = 48

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi started his ambitious Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyan on 20 June 2020 from Telihar Panchayat under the Beldaur block of Khagaria district.

Additional Information

• Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyan (Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyan) is a scheme launched for a fixed period of time,

• Under which 125 days fixed employment will be provided to migrant laborers and workers. Under this scheme, 116 districts of 6 states of the country have been included, under which about 25,000 workers will be provided fixed employment for 125 days.

• Bihar and Orissa became separate provinces on 1 April 1936 by the Government of India Act, 1935.

• On April 1, 1936, Sir James David Sifton was appointed the first Governor of Bihar, while Muhammad Yunus was declared the first Prime Minister of Bihar.

Additional Information

• The tradition of elections in modern India started from the year 1937.

• It was the British government that started holding elections at the provincial level in India.

• These elections were conducted under the Government of India Act.

• Then the head of the provincial government was called the Prime Minister.

• Under the British Raj, there used to be a total of 11 provinces in India, of which Bihar was also one.

• On the basis of this election, Mohammad Yunus, a resident of Patna, became the first Prime Minister of Bihar.

• Bihar was awarded the 'Digital India Award'.

• The state has been given this award for the efforts made by the Bihar government to provide assistance to the people in a digital way during the Corona period.

• 190 applications were made for this award in 6 categories from various departments of the Central and State Governments.

• The Chief Minister's Secretariat, Disaster Management Department, and NIC of Bihar have been chosen as the winners in the 'Pandemic Category'.

• The first meeting of the Bihar Legislative Council was held on January 20, 1913, in the auditorium of Patna College (Bankipur).

• The appointment of Lieutenant Governor for the Bihar-Orissa province was announced by the Emperor of England on 12 December 1911 at the Delhi Durbar and the new province was formed on 22 March 1912.

• The government will set up 328 agricultural machinery banks in 13 districts of the state.

• Apart from this, 25 special custom hiring centers will also be set up in Patna and Magadha divisions. In both the schemes, the government will give 80 percent subsidy on the machines.

• But the maximum grant amount has been fixed at eight lakhs for Yantra banks and 12 lakhs for special banks.

• Most of the sugar mills of Bihar are developed in the North-Western region of Bihar.

• Sugar mills are concentrated in West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan, Gopalganj and Saran districts; Because this area is very favorable for sugarcane production.

Important Facts

• India's first sugar mill was established by the Dutch Company in Bettiah (West Champaran) in 1840.

• The first sugar mill was established by the British in the state in the year 1904 at a place called Marhaura (Saran district).

• Before 1960, about one-third of the entire sugar of India was obtained from Bihar.

• Sugar industry is an important industry in Bihar.

• Earlier the number of sugar mills here was 29 but its number has come down to only 9.

• Electricity, paper and ethanol are also manufactured as co-products from sugar mills.

Major Rivers of Bihar

• River Ganges, Ghaghara (Saryu River), Gandak, Budhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi, Mahananda, Son,Falgu, Punpun, Ajay, Sakri, Karmanasa, Chanan River, Kiul River

The River Ganges

• The Ghaghra river joins the Ganges near Chhapra in Saran district.
• It is also known as Lakhandei and Karnali in the upper part.
• The Ganges river flows in the central part of Bihar from west to east.
• India's longest river Ganga has a total length of 2500 km, in which 445 km flows in Bihar.
• Its origin is the Gomukh of the Gangotri glacier, located north of the Kedarnath peak of Uttarakhand.
• This river enters from Uttar Pradesh near Chausa in Buxar district of Bihar.
• In this region, the Ganges, Gandak, Saryu (Ghaghra) and Karmanasha rivers determine the boundary line of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• In this, the Ghaghra, Gandak, Bagmati, Balan, Budhi Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda and Kamala rivers come from the north (on the left bank), while from the south (on the right bank) the rivers Son, Karmanasha, Punpun, Kiul etc. Is.
• First of the major rivers, Son river in the Ganges in Bihar region, 10 km west of Danapur, comes near Maner.
• The Ganges river enters Bengal forming a boundary line with the Sahibganj district of Bihar and Jharkhand.

• Kanpur is the largest city situated on the banks of river Ganga.

• Kanpur is called the Manchester of the East.

• The leather industry here is famous in India.

• Patna is the largest district of Bihar in terms of population, situated on the banks of river Ganga.

• Patna district also has the highest water density.

• Varanasi is also situated on the banks of river Ganges.

• It is called the city of Ghats.

• Varanasi has got the second highest population density of Uttar Pradesh.

• Allahabad, situated at the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati, is the most populous district of Uttar Pradesh.

• The Ganges river flows in the central part of Bihar from west to east.

• India's longest river Ganga has a total length of 2525 km, in which 445 km flows in Bihar.

• The flow area of this river in Bihar is 15165 square kilometers.

• Its origin is the Gomukh of the Gangotri glacier, located north of the Kedarnath peak of Uttarakhand.

• This river enters from Uttar Pradesh near Chausa in Buxar district of Bihar.

• In this region, the Ganges, Gandak, Saryu (Ghaghra) and Karmanasha rivers determine the boundary line of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

• In this from the north (on the left bank) the Ghaghra, Gandak, Bagmati, Balan, Budhi Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda and Kamala rivers come together, while from the south (on the right bank) the rivers Son, Karmanasha, Punpun, Kiul etc. Is.

• First of the major rivers, Son river in the Ganges in Bihar region, 10 km west of Danapur, comes near Maner.

• The Ganges river enters Bengal forming a boundary line with the Sahibganj district of Bihar and Jharkhand. Ganga flows in the course of its journey in the districts of Buxar, Bhojpur, Saran, Patna, Vaishali, Samastipur, Begusarai, Khagaria, Munger, Bhagalpur, Katihar etc.

• The area of old Bihar was 1,73,877 square kilometer.

• The present area of Bihar is 94,163 square kilometer.

BIHAR

• State formation-22 March 1912 (Bihar Day)

• Capital- Patna

• Population-104,099,452

• Area -94,163 sq km

• Total District-38

• Geographical location of the state between -24°20'10" to 27°31'15" north latitude and 83°19'50" to 88°17'40" east longitude

• Rank in the country in terms of population - third

• Rank -13th in the country in terms of area

• Official Language - Hindi and Urdu

• Major languages spoken in the state - Hindi, Urdu, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Angika etc.

• Countries bordering the state - Nepal

• States bordering the state - Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal

• State Animal - Bull

• State Tree - Peepal

• state bird - sparrow

• The geologic structure of Bihar consists of rocks dating from the Precambrian period to the fourth period.

• Various types of physical variations such as mountains, plateaus and plains are found in Bihar, all types of landforms are found.

• Most of the landmass of Bihar is plain, but the Shivalik range in the north and the narrow plateau region in the south generate diversity.

• From the point of view of geological structure, the rocks of Bihar are divided into 4 parts.

• The Shivalik hill region of the north and the Terai region of the Shivalik hill region of the north

  • Terai region

  • Gangetic plain

  • southern plateau

  • north western mountain

• The Shivalik hill region of the north and the Terai region of the Shivalik hill region of the north

• The Shivalik range (Himalaya Mountains) extends up to the northern boundary of West Champaran in Bihar (northwest Bihar).

• The Shivalik range covers an area of 940 square kilometres.

• The average height of the Shivalik range is between 80-250 meters.

Shivalik hill region is divided into 3 parts

• Someshwara Range

• Ramnagar Doon Hill,

• Haraha Valley (Valley of Doon)

  • In the north-western part of West Champaran, there is a mountainous region of the Shivalik range associated with the geologic sequence of Himalayan mountain uplift.

  • They are naturally considered representatives of the Shivalik era of the sub-Himalayas.

  • Various types of variations are found in the relief of Bihar.

  • All types of landforms are found in Bihar, hills, plateaus and plains.

  • Most of the terrain is plain, but the Shivalik mountain range in the north and the narrow plateau region in the south produce geomorphological diversity.

  • The average elevation of Bihar above sea level is about 53 meters while the distance of Bihar from the sea level is about 200 kilometers.

  • It is found in the Shivalik mountain range to the south of the Himalayas.

  • Which was built in the Tertiary era, Quaternary era.

  • These rocks are found in the north-west part of Bihar.

  • Whose extension is between the hill of Someshvar, the valley of Doon and the Shivalik range.