CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 3 (Social Science) - CTET & State TET MCQ

Case-history method is more effective to study all of the factors given above because the information includes the past history which may be gathered from a patient, his close relatives like parents, siblings or others who accompany him or from his friends, neighbours, etc.

A student has the habit of writing with his right hand. Due to loss of his right hand in an accident, he uses his left hand for writing. It is an example of bilateral transfer. Bilateral transfer is an aspect of the transfer of learning and is the transfer of learning or performance from one side of the body after training to the other. So, for example, after training a task with the right hand, there is an improvement in left-handed performance.

The brain learns best and most efficiently when making connections and associations between new information and knowledge already processed and understood. The teachers must help the students learn by providing opportunities to relate new ideas or techniques to knowledge they have already mastered.
Hence, presenting disconnected chunks of knowledge would make it difficult for the learners to gain conceptual understanding, as the students are not able to make connections to the new information.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Children with ADHD may be hyperactive and unable control their impulses. Or they may have trouble paying attention. These behaviors interfere with school and home life.
Reducing the time allotted to complete an assignment to make it coincide with time of attention, and increasing this time in a phased manner will be best suited to deal with attention deficit hyperactivity.

Wood, Bruner, and Ross's (1976) idea of scaffolding parallels the work of Vygotsky. They described scaffolding as the support given to a learner who is younger by an older, more experienced adult. Vygotsky observed that adults and older peers' instructions to children become less directive across time; a process he called "scaffolding." When working with very young children, adults and older peers are naturally prone to provide a lot of structure and direction, telling children exactly what to do and how to do it. As time goes by, however, and children gain experience with problem solving on their own, adults/peers will naturally decrease the amount of prompting and direction they provide to children.

A slow learner is a child whose IQ is low enough to cause considerable difficulty in keeping up in the classroom. An average IQ is 100. Slow learners score between 70 and 90 on IQ tests. Less than 70 is considered mentally retarded.

The American motivation psychologist Abraham H. Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs consisting of five hierarchic classes. According to Maslow, people are motivated by unsatisfied needs. The needs listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-latest) are as follows:

• Physiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.)
• Safety/Security/Shelter/Health
• Social/Love/Friendship
• Self-esteem/Recognition/Achievement
• Self-actualisation/achievement of full potential/can never be fully accomplished

Schools should promote the personal/social development of students in a safe, inclusive learning environment. They also provide a foundation for students to understand their interests, abilities and challenges. This translates to developing as per their potential in the areas of their interests.

'Learning to learn' is the ability to pursue and persist in learning, to organise one's own learning, including effective management of time and information, both individually and in groups. So, the most effective from all the above options is 'Learning to learn'.

Article 30(1) enjoins that "all minorities whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice".

The term pedagogy can be used to define the various ways that teaching and learning is carried out, in an educational sense. It is a term that refers to the method of how teachers teach, in theory, and in practice.

• Pedagogy is formed by an educator’s teaching beliefs and concerns the interplay between culture and different ways to learn. In order to help students to build on prior learning, meaningful classroom relationships must exist.

Howard Gardner, an American psychologist, proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In his book ‘Frames of Mind’, he pointed out that he did not believe there was "one form of cognition which cuts across all human thinking." There are multiple intelligences with autonomous intelligence capacities. " So, intelligence cannot be viewed as a single entity.

• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence, which later on he increased to nine. Thus, Gardner views each individual as a unique combination of various intelligences; hence, we cannot say that one is more intelligent and another is less intelligent.

Role of Heredity and Environment in growth and development: Heredity and environment are closely interrelated and each human being at birth has a gene determined physical, mental, and biochemical potential. This potential may not be reached because of environmental influences. Stimulation to the development of innate abilities comes from the environment. Environment influences this potential only to a limited extent favorably or unfavorably.

Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable aim and may be viewed as the opposite of success. There are many cognitive, physical, intellectual, scholastical, emotional, and cultural causes for the failure of students.

A student with the locus of control believes that success or failure is due to his or her efforts or disabilities.

• The locus of control can be either internal or external to the individual.

Kohlberg Theory: The theory focuses mainly on the development of moral reasoning and morality among children and has given 6 stages for the same. The theory also suggests that moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and maintaining justice.

The teacher is responsible to keep the students active, disciplined, attentive, participative during the teaching-learning process. For all this, the teacher has to keep the students motivated so that they remain self-disciplined and actively perform in the classroom activity. 

Education would be meaningful only then when it would be student/child-centred. Education is referred to as child-centred education when it gives preference to a child's needs, interests & aptitudes.

Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning are actively constructed by the learner, not passively received from the environment. Knowledge is created or constructed by the experiencing individual. It is not impersonal or absolute.

• Bruner defines constructivism as a learning theory in which learning is seen as an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current and previous knowledge.

Defense mechanisms are learned and designed to tackle self-devaluation, anxiety, and hurt and operate automatically at habitual levels. They typically involve measures of self-deception and distortion. Defense mechanisms are usually exercised in combination instead of singly and quite often they are combined with task-oriented behavior. To a great extent, they are necessary to soften failure, alleviate anxiety and hurt, and protect feelings of significance adequacy, and worth. Normally, they are adjustive reactions but sometimes they seriously interfere with the effective resolution of stress. Defense mechanisms may feature in a negative or a positive form.

The theory of classical conditioning was propounded by I.V. Paulov in 1904. According to this theory, a response to a natural stimulus that is similar to a natural stimulus is classical conditioning, that is, the establishment of an association between the stimulus and the response is conditioning. Before understanding classical conditioning, it is necessary to know that there are other functions in human beings, some are innate like breathing, digestion etc and some are for psychological reasons like blinking, salivation etc.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process that starts from the pre-natal stage.
In the pre-natal stage, baby develops inside the mother's womb and becomes a mature one by passing through three different stages of prenatal development.
The three stages of pre-natal development include:

• Germinal period: First 2 weeks after conception.
• Embryonic period: 8 weeks from conception.
• Fetal Period: 9 weeks until birth or 38 to 40 weeks.

Hence it could be concluded that development starts from the pre-natal stage.​

On the basis of the classical contract theory of learning, feelings of fear, love and hatred can be easily generated in the child. In classical contract theory, an association is established between the stimulus response. Before understanding classical conditioning, it is necessary to know that there are other functions in human beings, some are innate like breathing, digestion etc and some are for psychological reasons like blinking, salivation etc.

Learning refers to the modification of behavioral patterns. It is a comprehensive process which refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skill as a result of practice and experience.

• Learning of children will be most effective when development of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of children will take place.
• These domains are proposed by Benjamin Bloom's in his taxonomy. It is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Let's Understand these domains in the context of child's learning:

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Affective domains: This domain comes into play when child grows in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc.
• Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.

So, it could be concluded that the learning of children will be most effective when development of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of children will take place.

Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult's point of view. 

- The Assertion is correct. Gender-biased hidden curriculum does indeed result in discrimination in education, impacting boys and girls differently.

- The Reason is also correct. Teachers historically have perpetuated traditional gender roles by praising conformity to gender stereotypes.

- The Reason provides a logical explanation for the Assertion, as the reinforcement of gender stereotypes by teachers directly contributes to the discriminatory effects of the hidden curriculum.

- The assertion is correct as children in the two-word stage naturally start following some grammatical rules in their sentences subconsciously.

- The reason is correct as children in the two-word stage begin to enhance their sound production capability.

- The reason is the correct explanation of the assertion because the development of sound production capability enables children to articulate and follow grammatical rules more effectively.

Inclusive education promotes social equality by accommodating all learners, regardless of differences.
Flexible teaching methods and community involvement enhance inclusivity by meeting diverse needs.
Both Assertion and Reason are true.
The Reason correctly explains why Inclusive Education is crucial for promoting social equality.

Therefore, the correct answer is: A: If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

- The assertion is correct as the physical school environment plays a vital role in a child's overall growth.
- The reason is also valid since schools are essential for fostering social skills, values, and various types of learning experiences, aligning well with Option A as the correct choice.

- Assertion is correct. Socialization indeed begins at birth and continues throughout an individual's life.

- Reason is false. Socialization involves interactions with various agents beyond just the family, such as peer groups, schools, and mass media.

- Therefore, the Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion.