HP TET TGT Medical Mock Test - 4 - HP TET MCQ

Mastery over the subject matter is one of the very essential factors of a teacher that affect the process of learning. 

Action research in education can be defined as the process of studying a school situation to understand and improve the quality of the educative process. It is an attractive option for teacher researchers, school administrative staff, and other stakeholders in the teaching and learning environment to consider. . It provides practitioners with new knowledge and understanding about how to improve educational practices or resolve significant problems in classrooms and school. 

The three methods most commonly used by Developmental Psychologists to study children are 
i) Cross sectional studies: Comparisons are made of the behaviour or abilities of two or more different groups of children, with each group covering a different age range.
ii) Longitudinal studies:  a group of children is followed up across time, this could be a relatively short period of several months, or in some cases for decades
iii) Case Studies: one or a very small number of children are seen regularly over a period of time. The time period is variable but usually is six months or more in length. 
These all come under comparative methods.

Playgrounds are essential safe spaces where children can be themselves and express their fun-loving nature while developing crucial cognitive, physical, social, and emotional skills.

Development proceeds from general to specific. In all areas of development, general activity always precedes specific activity. For example, the fetus moves its whole body but is incapable of making specific responses. With respect to emotional behaviour, infants approach strange and unusual objects with some sort of general fear response.
Later, their fears become more specific and elicit different kinds of behaviour, such as crying, turning away and hiding, etc.

One of the goals of education is to develop independent learning in students. However, at times, students might need a little push from the teacher in order to achieve that independence. Scaffolding is a technique that helps during such a scenario.

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'.

• He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized into 3 levels and 6 stages. 

Empirical formula of an acid is CH₂O₂

(Empirical formula) ×n= molecular formular

n = Whole number multiple i.e 1,2,3,4......

if n=1 molecular formula CH₂O₂

• The nature of positive rays produced in a vacuum discharge tube depends upon the nature of the gas-filled.
• The positive rays consist of positive ions obtained by removing one or more electrons from gas molecules.

C₄H₁₀(g) + 13/2O₂  →  4CO₂(g) + 5H₂O(l)
∆N_g = (n_g)_product - (n_g)_reactant
= 4-(13/2+1) = -7/2
or ∆N_g is negative.
∆H = ∆U + ∆N_gRT
SInce ∆n_g is negative therefore ∆H is less than ∆U.

Oxidising power of F₂ > CI₂ > Br₂ > l₂


Thus, (II) is true.

In experiment (III), orange colour of Br₂ does not appear, as it also oxidises Kl to l₂. Hence , only violet colour appears in CHCI₃ layer. Thus, (III) is also true.

Ferrous sulphate →FeSO₄⋅7H₂O

Copper sulphate →CuSO₄⋅5H₂O

Magnesium sulphate →MgSO₄⋅7H₂O

Sodium chloride →NaCl

Photorespiration is a biochemical process in plants in which, especially under conditions of water stress, oxygen inhibits the Calvin cycle, the carbon fixation portion of photosynthesis. The three organelles participates in photorespiration are chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes. Thus, option A is correct.
Organelles such as vacuoles, Golgi bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes does not involve in photorespiration. Thus, other options are wrong.

The thick walled bundle sheath cells present around vascular bundles in the shape of a ring in C₄ plants have chloroplast. The bundle sheath cells have agranal chloroplast and fix carbon dioxide with the help of RuBisCO enzyme. The thin walled mesophyll cells carry out initial carbon dioxide fixation with the help of PEP carboxylase enzyme. This special arrangement of cells and presence of dimorphic chloroplasts helps in minimizing photorespiration in C₄ plants. Thus two types of photosynthetic cells occur in C₄ plants- one type mesophyll cells, which carry on initial carbon dioxide fixation and another bundle sheath cells, which carry on carbon dioxide fixation using RuBisCO enzyme.

1. Needle-like Leaves:

• Needle-like leaves are much thinner than the broad leaves of other plants. This reduces the surface area that is exposed to the harsh environmental conditions, thereby limiting water loss through transpiration.

2. Thick Cuticle:

• The cuticle is a waxy layer that covers the leaves of gymnosperms. It serves as a barrier that protects the plant from water loss and damage from external factors such as wind and extreme temperatures.

3. Sunken Stomata:

• Stomata are small pores on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange. In gymnosperms, these stomata are often sunken or recessed into the leaf tissue.

In conclusion, all these features - needle-like leaves, thick cuticle, and sunken stomata - work together to help gymnosperms withstand extreme conditions of temperature, humidity, and wind.

Phaeophyceae possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls. They vary in colour from olive green to various shades of brown depending upon the amount of the xanthophyll pigment

Angiosperms are known for having a double fertilization process. This unique feature involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, while the other fuses with two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo. Double fertilization is a key characteristic that distinguishes angiosperms from other plant groups.

Free energy available from the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water under standard conditions (pH 7.0 and temperature 298 K) is 686 Kcal or 2840 KJ per moles. But these values are obtained under the standard set of conditions not under physiological conditions in a cell. To describe the energy released under the conditions existing in cells, an expression for the actual free-energy change is essential.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol and is carried out by a wide range of organisms. Yeast and other microorganisms ferment glucose to ethanol and CO₂, rather than to lactate as in muscles of higher vertebrates. Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis, and the pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO₂ in a two-step process:
In the first step, pyruvate is decarboxylated in an irreversible reaction catalyzed by pyruvate decarboxylase. Pyruvate decarboxylase requires Mg₂+ and has a tightly bound coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate.
In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol through the action of alcohol dehydrogenase, with the reducing power furnished by NADH derived from the dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Ethanol and CO2 are thus the end products of ethanol fermentation, and the overall equation is as follows:
Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ----> 2 ethanol + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP + 2 H₂O

Prions are the infectious proteinaceous particles. Prion proteins are designated as PrP. Prions are very stable to thermal degradations and thus, they don't get denatured easily.

At 100°C, both bacteria and Mycoplasma can't survive. Mycoplasma lacks cell wall so it can't resist such a high temperature. A normal bacteria also can't resist such high temperature unless and until it is a thermophilic bacteria that can thrive in extremely hot conditions. At high temperature, enzymes get denatured which results in the death of the organism.

But prions are extremely resistant to the high temperature so even after boiling at 100°C they can be found as such.

So the correct answer is A.

• A virus is an infectious agent that typically consists of the nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat. Nucleic acid could be either DNA or RNA.
• In our environment, viruses exist in two states - extracellular and intracellular.
• Extracellular before it invades the host cell and once the virus invades a host cell, it is in an intracellular state.
• Antibiotics can't kill viruses because viruses have a different structure and replicate in a different way.
• Antibiotics work by targeting the growth machinery in bacteria (Not viruses).

Explanation: In monosporic development, only one megaspore out of the four produced from the megaspore mother cell (MMC) develops into the female gametophyte. The other three megaspores typically degenerate. Therefore, the assertion is correct. However, the reason is incorrect as it states that all four megaspores become functional, which is not the case in monosporic development.

In meiosis I, during pachytene, crossing over occurs between the non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes. The exchange of genetic material (DNA) between the non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes is known as crossing over. It leads to the recombination of genetic material which involves a mutual exchange of the corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. It takes place by breakage and reunion of chromatid segments.

Methanogens , Halophiles , Thermoacidophils , all belong to ARCHAEBACTERIA. They are primitive organisms which means they were the first to inhabit earth . They are often called LIVING FOSSILS. Methanogens are found in Rumen of cattles , Halophiles are found in salt lakes , Thermoacidophils are found in hot sulphur springs and Archaebacteria are found in some of the harsh climatic conditions where no other life form could survive.

Development of fetus start from zygote divisions to form embryo. The embryo undergoes multiple divisions to form blastocysts that arrange into layers. The primary layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

• Sertoli cell is the “nurse” in testes that regulates the process of spermatogenesis, germ cell proliferation and differentiation.
• One Sertoli cell supports a certain number of germ cells during these processes. 

Fig: Sertoli cells with embedded sperms

Hence, the correct option is B.
NCERT Reference: Topic “THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM” of chapter: Human Reproduction.

• Every chromosome has a primary constriction known as the centromere.
• The sides of the centromere contains disc shaped structures known as kinetochores.

In India, the Election Commission is responsible for the conduct of Parliament and State Legislatures elections. The Municipal Corporations elections are conducted by the State Election Commission. In India, we have Universal Adult Suffrage which means all adults over the age of 18 years have the Right to Vote without any discrimination. So, statement 2 is correct. The voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years by the 61st Amendment Act, 1989. So, statement 1 is incorrect. Article 324 to 329 gives provisions for the electoral system in our country.

Food chains are formed starting from producers (plants) such that an animal feeds on a plant or on another animal and it is in turn, is food for another. Such a chain or web is formed because of this interdependency.

Statement 1 is correct: The detritus food chain begins with dead organic matter. It is made up of decomposers which are heterotrophic organisms, mainly fungi, and bacteria. They meet their energy and nutrient requirements by degrading dead organic matter or detritus. These are also known as saprotrophs.

Statement 2 is correct: Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called the standing crop. The standing crop is measured as the total mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a unit area. The biomass of a species is expressed in terms of fresh or dry weight. Measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight is more accurate.

Statement 3 is correct: Phytoplanktons are tiny organisms that live in the ocean and are also autotrophs in the grazing food chain. They produce food on their own using sunlight through the process of photosynthesis.