Industries, Geography, Class 8 -Test - Class 8 MCQ

Answer:
Manufacturing comes under the class of economic activities known as Secondary activities.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition:
- Economic activities are categorized into three sectors based on the nature of the activity and the level of involvement with natural resources and the production process.
- The three sectors are Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.
Primary Sector:
- The primary sector involves the extraction and utilization of natural resources directly from the environment.
- Examples of primary activities include farming, mining, fishing, and forestry.
- Primary activities are focused on extracting raw materials.
Secondary Sector:
- The secondary sector involves the processing and manufacturing of raw materials obtained from the primary sector.
- Manufacturing activities are the main component of the secondary sector.
- Examples of secondary activities include manufacturing goods, construction, and industrial processing.
- The secondary sector adds value to the raw materials by transforming them into finished products.
Tertiary Sector:
- The tertiary sector involves providing services to individuals and businesses.
- Examples of tertiary activities include banking, education, healthcare, transportation, and retail.
- The tertiary sector is characterized by intangible outputs and the exchange of services.
Conclusion:
Manufacturing activities, which involve the transformation of raw materials into finished goods, fall under the category of Secondary economic activities.

Answer:
The base industry that serves as the foundation for all other industries is the Iron and Steel industry. Here is a detailed explanation of why this industry holds such importance:
1. Infrastructure:
- The Iron and Steel industry provides the raw materials necessary for infrastructure development. Steel is used in the construction of buildings, bridges, roads, and other essential structures.
- It plays a crucial role in the development of transportation systems, such as railways, ships, and automobiles.
2. Manufacturing Sector:
- The Iron and Steel industry supplies raw materials to various manufacturing sectors, including machinery, appliances, and equipment.
- It is a key component in the production of machinery used in industries like agriculture, mining, and construction.
3. Energy Sector:
- Iron and Steel industry is an essential part of the energy sector as it provides the materials required for power plants, oil refineries, and pipelines.
- It supports the production of turbines, generators, and transmission infrastructure.
4. Defense and Security:
- The Iron and Steel industry is crucial for defense and security purposes. It provides the raw materials needed for manufacturing weapons, military vehicles, and armor.
5. Job Creation and Economic Growth:
- The Iron and Steel industry is a significant employer, creating job opportunities for a large number of people directly and indirectly. This leads to economic growth and development.
- It also contributes to foreign trade and generates revenue through exports.
In conclusion, the Iron and Steel industry acts as the foundation for all other industries due to its role in infrastructure development, manufacturing, energy sector, defense, job creation, and economic growth.

Maruti Udyog and its Classification
Maruti Udyog is a well-known automobile company in India. It is a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation and is primarily involved in the manufacturing and sale of passenger vehicles. When it comes to classifying Maruti Udyog, it falls under the following category:
Private sector
1. The private sector refers to businesses that are owned and controlled by individuals or groups of individuals.
2. Maruti Udyog is privately owned by Suzuki Motor Corporation, a Japanese multinational corporation.
3. As a private sector company, Maruti Udyog operates independently and makes its own business decisions.
4. It is not directly controlled or owned by the government.
Joint sector
1. The joint sector refers to businesses that are jointly owned and operated by the government and private entities.
2. Maruti Udyog was initially established as a joint venture between the Indian government and Suzuki Motor Corporation.
3. However, in 2007, Suzuki Motor Corporation acquired a majority stake in the company, making it a private sector entity.
Public sector
1. The public sector refers to businesses that are owned and controlled by the government.
2. Maruti Udyog is not a public sector company as the government does not hold a majority stake or have direct control over its operations.
Cooperative sector
1. The cooperative sector refers to businesses that are owned and controlled by a cooperative society or group of individuals who work together for their mutual benefit.
2. Maruti Udyog is not a cooperative sector company as it is not owned or controlled by a cooperative society.
In conclusion, Maruti Udyog is primarily classified as a private sector company.

Factors Affecting the Location of Industries:
Power:
- Availability and affordability of power supply play a crucial role in determining the location of industries.
- Industries that require a large amount of power, such as manufacturing plants, may prefer to locate near power plants or areas with reliable and cost-effective power sources.
- Access to a stable power supply is essential for the smooth operation of industries.
Availability of Raw Material:
- Industries heavily rely on the availability of raw materials for their production processes.
- Industries that require specific raw materials, such as mining or extraction industries, often locate near the sources of those materials to minimize transportation costs and ensure a steady supply.
- Proximity to raw material sources reduces transportation time and costs, making the location more economically viable.
Transport:
- Efficient transportation infrastructure is crucial for industries to receive raw materials and distribute their finished products.
- Industries often prefer locations with good road, rail, port, or airport connectivity, depending on their specific transportation needs.
- Access to transportation hubs reduces logistics costs and allows for smooth movement of goods and materials.
All of these:
- All the mentioned factors - power, availability of raw materials, and transport - collectively influence the location choices of industries.
- The combination of these factors determines the overall feasibility and competitiveness of a location for industrial activities.
- Industries evaluate the availability and cost-effectiveness of power, proximity to raw material sources, and transportation infrastructure before deciding on a location.
In conclusion, the location of industries is influenced by various factors such as power, availability of raw materials, and transport. These factors play a crucial role in determining the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and competitiveness of a particular location for industrial activities.

Process of Iron Ore in a Blast Furnace
The iron ore undergoes smelting in a blast furnace. This process involves several stages and reactions that result in the extraction of iron from the ore. The steps involved in the process are as follows:
1. Preparation of the Iron Ore:
- The iron ore is crushed into small pieces and then washed to remove impurities.
- It is then mixed with limestone and coke (a form of coal) in a controlled ratio.
2. Charging the Blast Furnace:
- The prepared iron ore, limestone, and coke mixture is charged into the blast furnace from the top.
- The furnace is then heated to a high temperature, usually around 1200°C.
3. Reduction of Iron Ore:
- As the mixture descends in the blast furnace, it passes through different temperature zones.
- At the higher temperatures, the coke reacts with the oxygen in the air to produce carbon monoxide (CO).
- The carbon monoxide then reacts with the iron oxide in the ore, reducing it to metallic iron.
4. Formation of Slag:
- The impurities in the iron ore combine with the limestone to form a molten substance called slag.
- The slag floats on top of the liquid iron and is tapped off separately.
5. Collection of Liquid Iron:
- The liquid iron, which is denser than the slag, collects at the bottom of the blast furnace.
- It is periodically tapped off and transferred to molds or further processed.
6. Purification of Iron:
- The collected liquid iron undergoes further refining processes, such as converting it into steel or cast iron.
In conclusion, the iron ore undergoes smelting in a blast furnace, where it is reduced to metallic iron by reacting with carbon monoxide produced from coke. The process also results in the formation of slag, which is separated from the liquid iron.

Output of Iron and Steel Industry:
The iron and steel industry is a crucial sector that plays a significant role in the global economy. It involves the production of various materials, including iron, steel, pig iron, and iron ore. The output of the iron and steel industry includes:
1. Steel:
- Steel is the most important output of the iron and steel industry.
- It is a versatile and widely used material with numerous applications in construction, automotive, infrastructure, and manufacturing industries.
2. Pig Iron:
- Pig iron is another significant output of the industry.
- It is the intermediate product derived from smelting iron ore, usually in a blast furnace.
- Pig iron is used as a raw material for producing steel and cast iron.
3. Iron Ore:
- Iron ore is the primary raw material used in the production of iron and steel.
- It is mined from the earth and processed to extract iron.
- Iron ore is primarily composed of iron oxides and is essential for the production of steel.
4. All of these:
- The iron and steel industry produces all of the above-mentioned outputs, including steel, pig iron, and iron ore.
- These materials are vital for various industries and infrastructure development globally.
In conclusion, the iron and steel industry produces steel, pig iron, and iron ore as its main outputs. These materials are essential for various sectors and contribute significantly to economic growth and development.

Major Steel Producing Centers in Jharkhand:
- Jharkhand is one of the major states in India with significant steel production.
- It is home to several major steel plants and industrial centers.
1. Bokaro Steel Plant:
- Bokaro Steel Plant, located in Bokaro district, is one of the largest steel plants in India.
- It is operated by Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and has a production capacity of 4.5 million tonnes per annum.
2. Tata Steel:
- Tata Steel, formerly known as Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), is another major steel producer in Jharkhand.
- It has its main plant in Jamshedpur, which is one of the oldest and largest industrial cities in the state.
- Tata Steel is one of the leading steel companies in India and has a diverse range of products.
3. Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL):
- JSPL is another significant steel producer in Jharkhand.
- It has a plant in Angul, Odisha, which is close to the Jharkhand border.
- JSPL is known for its integrated steel plants and has a strong presence in the Indian steel industry.
4. Other Steel Plants:
- Apart from the major steel plants mentioned above, Jharkhand also has several other smaller steel plants and industrial centers.
- These include plants operated by Electrosteel Steels Limited, Usha Martin Limited, and Bhushan Steel Limited.
Conclusion:
Jharkhand is a state in India that has several major steel producing centers. The Bokaro Steel Plant, Tata Steel, and Jindal Steel and Power Limited are some of the prominent steel plants in the state. Additionally, there are several smaller steel plants and industrial centers, making Jharkhand a significant contributor to the steel production in India.

Answer:
The place where TISCO began is Jamshedpur.
Explanation:

1. TISCO stands for Tata Iron and Steel Company.

2. It was established in 1907 and is now known as Tata Steel.

3. The company was founded by Jamsetji Tata, an Indian industrialist and philanthropist.

4. Jamshedpur is located in the eastern part of India, in the state of Jharkhand.

5. It was selected as the site for TISCO due to its proximity to iron ore mines and coalfields.

6. The city was planned and built by TISCO to accommodate its employees and provide them with necessary amenities.

7. Today, Jamshedpur is a major industrial and educational hub, known for its steel production and various institutions.

8. Tata Steel is one of the largest steel producers in the world and has contributed significantly to the industrial development of India.

From where does the iron ore come to Pittsburgh?

• Answer: C. Minnesota

Detailed

Pittsburgh, located in Pennsylvania, is historically known for its steel production. Iron ore, which is a crucial raw material for steel production, is transported to Pittsburgh from various sources. In this case, the iron ore comes from Minnesota, located in the northern part of the United States.

Here is a breakdown of the transportation route for iron ore to reach Pittsburgh:

1. Mining in Minnesota: Iron ore is mined in large open-pit mines located in Minnesota. The state is rich in iron ore deposits, making it a significant source for steel production.


2. Rail Transportation: Once the iron ore is extracted from the mines, it is loaded onto trains for transportation. Specialized trains, known as ore trains or ore cars, transport the iron ore from Minnesota to Pittsburgh.


3. Great Lakes Shipping: In some cases, the iron ore may be transported by ships through the Great Lakes. Large cargo ships called Lakers carry the iron ore across the Great Lakes, primarily Lake Superior, before reaching the Port of Pittsburgh.


4. Port of Pittsburgh: The iron ore arrives at the Port of Pittsburgh, located along the Ohio River. The port serves as a crucial transportation hub for various goods, including iron ore, coal, and other raw materials used in the steel industry.


5. Further Processing: Once the iron ore reaches Pittsburgh, it undergoes further processing to extract the iron and remove impurities. This processed iron is then used in steel mills located in the region to produce steel.

Therefore, the iron ore that comes to Pittsburgh originates from Minnesota, where it is mined and transported via rail or Great Lakes shipping routes.

The Leather Industry as a Forest-Based Industry:
The statement claims that the leather industry is a forest-based industry. Let's examine whether this claim is true or false.
1. Definition of a forest-based industry:
A forest-based industry is one that relies on the use of forest resources for its production processes or raw materials. It includes industries such as logging, timber processing, and pulp and paper manufacturing.
2. The leather industry:
The leather industry involves the processing of animal hides or skins into leather products. It includes various stages such as curing, tanning, and finishing.
3. Analysis:
To determine whether the leather industry is a forest-based industry, we need to consider the following factors:
- Raw materials: The main raw material for the leather industry is animal hides or skins, which are obtained from animals raised for meat or other purposes. While these animals may have grazed on land that includes forests, the raw material itself does not come directly from forests.
- Leather production: The leather manufacturing process primarily involves the use of chemicals, such as tanning agents, dyes, and finishes. These chemicals are not derived from forests but are typically synthesized or manufactured using other raw materials.
- Environmental impact: The leather industry does have environmental impacts, such as wastewater pollution and the use of energy and water resources. However, these impacts are not directly related to forest degradation or deforestation.
4. Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the leather industry is not a forest-based industry. While the industry may indirectly rely on some forest resources for animal feed or grazing land, the raw materials and production processes do not directly involve the use of forest resources.

Small Capital and Infrastructure in Small-Scale Industries
Small-scale industries are characterized by limited resources and infrastructure. Let's examine whether the statement is true or false.
1. Capital:
- Limited capital: Small-scale industries typically have limited financial resources compared to large-scale industries.
- Lack of access to significant funding: Small-scale industries often face challenges in accessing loans or investments to expand their operations.
- Reliance on personal savings or small loans: Many small-scale industries rely on personal savings or small loans from family and friends to start or sustain their businesses.
2. Infrastructure:
- Basic infrastructure: Small-scale industries may lack the advanced infrastructure found in large-scale industries, such as state-of-the-art machinery or technology.
- Limited facilities: These industries often operate in small premises with basic facilities to minimize costs.
- Lack of specialized infrastructure: Small-scale industries may not have specialized infrastructure specific to their industry, which can limit their production capabilities.
Conclusion:
Based on the above points, it can be concluded that the statement is true. Small-scale industries generally have limited capital and infrastructure compared to large-scale industries.

Explanation:
Milk dairies like Sudha Dairy are not joint sector industries. Joint sector industries refer to industries where both the private sector and the public sector collaborate and invest in the establishment and operation of the industry. Sudha Dairy, on the other hand, is a cooperative sector industry.
Here's a detailed explanation:
Joint Sector Industries:
- Joint sector industries are those in which both the government and private individuals or corporations collaborate to establish and operate the industry.
- The investment in these industries is shared between the public sector and the private sector.
- The decision-making and management of these industries are also shared between the government and private partners.
Sudha Dairy:
- Sudha Dairy is a popular dairy brand in India, known for its milk and milk products.
- It is a cooperative sector industry, which means it is owned and operated by a cooperative society formed by farmers.
- The dairy is managed by elected representatives of the society, and the profits are distributed among the members of the cooperative society.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, milk dairies like Sudha Dairy are not joint sector industries. Sudha Dairy is a cooperative sector industry owned and operated by a cooperative society formed by farmers.

Raw materials are inputs into an industry's manufacturing process:
- True: Raw materials are indeed inputs that are used in the manufacturing process of various industries. They are essential for the production of finished goods.
- Raw materials can come in various forms, such as natural resources, chemicals, components, or even semi-finished products.
- These materials are typically transformed or processed during manufacturing to create the final product.
- Examples of raw materials include wood for furniture manufacturing, iron ore for steel production, cotton for textile manufacturing, and petroleum for fuel production.
- Raw materials can be sourced from both natural and synthetic sources, depending on the industry and the specific requirements.
- The availability, quality, and cost of raw materials can significantly impact the manufacturing process and the overall profitability of an industry.
- Efficient management of raw materials, including sourcing, transportation, and storage, is crucial for maintaining a smooth manufacturing operation.
- Industries often have strategic sourcing and supply chain management practices in place to ensure a steady and reliable supply of raw materials.
- Raw materials are a fundamental component of the production process, and their proper utilization is essential for the success of an industry.

Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and coal fields.
Explanation:
Major industrial regions are typically found in specific geographic areas that provide favorable conditions for industrial development. The statement suggests that these regions are commonly located in temperate areas, near sea ports, and coal fields. Let's analyze whether this statement is true or false.
1. Major industrial regions:
- Industrial regions are areas where significant industrial activities take place, often characterized by the presence of large factories, manufacturing plants, and industrial infrastructure.
- These regions are usually home to a wide range of industries, such as manufacturing, heavy machinery, chemicals, and technology.
2. Temperate areas:
- Temperate areas generally refer to regions with mild climates that are neither extremely hot nor extremely cold.
- These regions offer favorable conditions for industrial activities, as they provide a more stable and comfortable environment for workers and machinery.
- Moderate temperatures can help reduce energy costs and ensure more reliable production processes.
3. Sea ports:
- Sea ports are important transportation hubs that facilitate the import and export of goods.
- Industrial regions located near sea ports have easy access to global markets, making it convenient to transport raw materials and finished products.
- Sea ports enable efficient logistics and international trade, which are critical for industrial growth.
4. Coal fields:
- Coal has historically been a significant source of energy for industrial processes, especially in the past when coal-fired power plants and steam engines were prevalent.
- Industrial regions located near coal fields have a readily available and affordable source of fuel, enabling efficient and cost-effective energy supply for industrial activities.
Conclusion:
Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the statement is true. Major industrial regions do tend to be located in temperate areas, near sea ports, and coal fields. These factors provide favorable conditions for industrial development, including a suitable climate, access to global markets, and a reliable energy supply.

Explanation:
The statement "The iron and steel industry is a sunrise industry" is false. Here's why:
1. Definition of a sunrise industry: A sunrise industry refers to an emerging sector that is experiencing rapid growth, high market potential, and technological advancements. These industries are typically characterized by new products or services and high demand.
2. Characteristics of the iron and steel industry:
- Mature industry: The iron and steel industry has been established for centuries and is considered a mature industry. It has reached a level of stability and is no longer experiencing rapid growth or technological advancements.
- Slow growth: The demand for iron and steel has been relatively stable, with slow growth rates in recent years.
- Limited innovation: While there have been some advancements in production techniques and processes, the overall level of innovation in the industry is relatively low compared to other sunrise industries.
- Market saturation: The iron and steel industry is highly competitive and has reached a level of market saturation. There are numerous players in the market, and the industry is not experiencing significant new market entrants.
3. Factors contributing to the false statement:
- Technological advancements: The iron and steel industry has already adopted most of the major technological advancements, such as automation and efficient production methods. There are limited opportunities for further breakthroughs in technology.
- Global demand: The demand for iron and steel is mainly driven by infrastructure and construction projects, which are not experiencing exponential growth globally. Therefore, the industry does not meet the criteria of a sunrise industry.
In conclusion, the iron and steel industry is not a sunrise industry. It is a mature industry with slow growth rates and limited innovation.

Smelting and Heating Beyond Melting Point
Explanation:
- Smelting is a process in which a metal ore is heated in order to extract the metal from it.
- Heating is an essential step in smelting, as it helps to break down the ore and separate the metal from impurities.
- When heating during smelting, the temperature is raised beyond the melting point of the metal in order to ensure that it completely liquefies.
- The melting point of a metal is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid state.
- By heating beyond the melting point, the metal becomes fully molten and can be easily separated from any remaining impurities.
- This high temperature also helps to remove volatile components and other unwanted elements from the metal.
- Smelting is typically done in specialized furnaces or kilns that can reach and maintain these high temperatures.
- Once the metal has been fully liquefied, it can be poured or otherwise extracted from the furnace for further processing or casting into desired shapes.
Therefore, the statement "While smelting, heating is done beyond melting point" is True.

Alloying with other elements changes the properties of steel

• True: Alloying steel with other elements does indeed change its properties.


• Alloying: The process of alloying involves combining steel with one or more additional elements to create a new material with enhanced properties.


• Modification of properties: Alloying can modify various properties of steel, including:




• Strength: Alloying can increase the strength of steel, making it more durable and resistant to deformation.


• Hardness: Addition of certain elements can increase the hardness of steel, making it suitable for applications that require wear resistance.


• Corrosion resistance: Alloying with elements such as chromium can improve the corrosion resistance of steel, making it suitable for use in harsh environments.


• Temperature resistance: Alloying with elements like nickel or molybdenum can enhance the steel's ability to withstand high temperatures without losing its mechanical properties.




• Examples of alloyed steels: Some common examples of alloyed steels include stainless steel (alloyed with chromium and nickel), high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel (alloyed with elements like manganese, vanadium, or niobium), and tool steel (alloyed with elements like tungsten or cobalt).


• Applications: The ability to tailor the properties of steel through alloying makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, including construction, automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing industries.

Therefore, the statement "Alloying with other elements changes the properties of steel" is true.

To determine whether the statement is true or false, we need to verify the information provided.
1. Sakchi steel plant:
- Sakchi steel plant is a steel production facility located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
- It was established by the Tata Group in 1907.
2. Kalimati station:
- Kalimati station is a railway station located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
- It is one of the major railway stations serving the city.
3. Proximity of Sakchi steel plant and Kalimati station:
- Sakchi steel plant is indeed located near Kalimati station.
- The distance between the two is relatively short, making it convenient for transportation of goods and employees.
Conclusion:
Based on the information provided, it can be concluded that the statement "The nearest station to Sakchi steel plant was Kalimati" is true. Kalimati station is indeed the nearest station to the Sakchi steel plant in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.