MPTET Varg 1 Political Science Mock Test - 1 - MPTET MCQ

मित्र-मिश्र सही विलोम युग्म नहीं हैं।

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में 'मित्र' का विलोम 'मिश्र' नहीं होता है। अन्य सभी विकल्प सही विलोम-युग्म हैं।

स्पष्टीकरण

• मित्र का विलोम अमित्र या शत्रू

मित्र के पर्यायवाची शब्द- सखा,संगी,सहचर,भीत,सुह्रद आदि​

• मार्जित-अमार्जित
• मूक-वाचाल
• भव्य-साधारण

अन्य संबंधित बिंदु

विलोम- जो शब्द अपना निश्चित अर्थ रखते हैं उन्हीं शब्दो के विपरीत अर्थ देने वाले शब्द विलोम या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहलाते हैं।

विलोम शब्द के अन्य उदाहरण

1. अन्तर्मुखी- बहिर्मुखी
2. अंतरंग- बहिरंग
3. अतिवृष्टि- अनावृष्टि
4. आमिष- निरामिष
5. अधोमुखी- ऊर्ध्वमुखी
6. अनुरक्ति- विरक्ति
7. कृत्रिम- नैसर्गिक

सही उत्तर विद्या और ज्ञान मनुष्य की सबसे बड़ी संपत्ति है। है।

स्पष्टीकरण 

• Learning and knowledge are the greatest assets of a man. इस वाक्य का हिंदी रूपांतरण है- विद्या और ज्ञान मनुष्य की सबसे बड़ी संपत्ति है।
• विकल्प 1 में Assets यानी की संपत्ति की बात नहीं की गयी है।
• विकल्प 2 में परस्पर गहरा संबंध अंग्रेजी वाक्य से पूर्णतः अलग है।
• विकल्प 3 में अपार शक्ति अंग्रेजी वाक्य से पूर्णतः अलग है।

सही उत्तर है - ‘छाया’।

• दिए गए वाक्य में रिक्त स्थान की पूर्ति हेतु सबसे उपयुक्त शब्द ‘छाया’ होगाI
• पूर्ण वाक्य : इस समय घर में अंधेरा छाया है।

स्पष्टीकरण

• छाया का अर्थ :
  • अंधकार पूर्ण वातावरण जहाँ प्रकाश की किरणें आड़/आवरण आदि के कारण न पहुँच सकें।

अन्य विकल्प:

• पड़ा : कुछ वर्ष पूर्व तक ये द्वीप बिल्कुल बंजर पड़ा था।
• घिरा : यह एक विशाल दीवार से घिरा हुआ है।
• ढका : जो किसी वस्तु आदि से ढका हुआ हो।

सही उत्तर है - ‘निर्मम’।

• ‘जो ममत्व से रहित हो’ उपयुक्त वाक्यांश के अर्थ को व्यक्त करने वाला सही शब्द ‘निर्मम’ होगा।

स्पष्टीकरण
अन्य विकल्प :

• जिसे कोई रोग न हो : निरामय।
• अनुराग न रखनेवाला : निर्मोही।
• जिसमें दया न हो : निष्ठुर।

महत्वपूर्णबिंदु
अन्य महत्वपूर्ण वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द :-

• जो किसी भी गुट में नहीं हो – तटस्थ।
• ईश्वर में आस्था रखने वाला – आस्तिक।
• ऊपर कहा हुआ – उपर्युक्त।
• जो परीक्षा में पास न हो – अनुत्तीर्ण।

अन्यसंबंधित बिंदु

• किसी वाक्य में प्रयुक्त या स्वतन्त्र, किसी वाक्यांश के लिए किसी एक शब्द का प्रयोग किया जाता है,
  जो उस वाक्यांश के अर्थ को पूरी तरह सिद्ध करता हो तो उसे वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहते हैं, अर्थात
  अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द को प्रयुक्त करना ही वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द कहलाता है।

Diversity in the classroom teaches students something that’s more important: how to live and work in a society where every individual is unique.

• Diversity in the classroom as “understanding each student brings unique experiences, strengths, and ideas to our classroom.
• Diversity is the exploration and incorporation of these differences to enrich learning in our classroom.
• Diversity in the classroom teaches students to appreciate different perspectives and draw stronger conclusions.

Important Points

• ​ Teaching is a complex, multifaceted task – especially at a time of rapid societal change.
• In order to effectively engage with students from diverse backgrounds, teachers require relevant knowledge and understanding, attitudes, values, skills, and dispositions.
• Teachers can hinder as well as hinder learning.
• Discrimination between children hinders the learning process.
• Children who experience discrimination from their teachers are more likely to have negative attitudes about school and lower academic motivation and performance and are at increased risk of dropping out of high school.

Thus, it is concluded that In a diverse classroom, teachers can hinder the process of learning by discriminating between children.

NOTE:-
By engaging students in conversations with teachers and peers, sharing their experiences, and practising equality all enhance the learning process.

Part III of the Constitution provides for legal remedies for the protection of these rights against their violation by the State or other institutions/individuals.

• It entitles the citizens of India to move the Supreme Court or High Courts for the enforcement of these rights.
• The State is forbidden from making any law that may conflict with the Fundamental Rights.

Important Points

​Article 32 provides the right to Constitutional remedies which means that a person has the right to move to Supreme Court (and high courts also) for getting his fundamental rights protected.

• While Supreme Court has the power to issue writs under article 32, High Courts have been given the same powers under article 226.
• Further, the power to issue writs can also be extended to any other courts (including local courts) by Parliament via making a law for local limits of the jurisdiction of such courts.

Thus, it is clear that the Right to Constitutional Remedies is mentioned in Article 32 of the constitution.

Explanation

• Article 30 of the Indian Constitution states the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
  • It says: “All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.”
• Article 14 of the Constitution of India provides for equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
  • It states: "The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India."
• Article 23 of the Indian Constitution explicitly prohibits and criminalises human trafficking and forced labour.

Option 3 is incorrect.

Explanation

Pressure groups:

• A pressure group is an organization that attempts to influence government policies through protests and demonstrations.
• It is a group of people who organize activities for promoting and defending their common interests. Hence, option 1 is correct.
• These groups include trade unions, ethnic associations etc.
• Pressure groups help in improving the quality of government. Hence, option 4 is correct.
  • The information and advice provided by these groups help to improve the quality of government policy and legislation.
• The pressure groups influence policy-making and its implementation in the government through various methods.
• They use techniques like lobbying, publicity, propagandizing, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators, and take a stand on political issues, social issues, and issues of common interest. Hence, option 2 is correct.
• They differ from the political parties because they neither contest elections nor try to capture political power.
• They are bothered with specific issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members. Hence, option 3 is incorrect.

The correct answer is electoral reforms.

Explanation

• In 1990, the Dinesh Goswami Committee was formed to make recommendations on electoral reforms.
• It proposed giving political parties in-kind governmental money.
• It also suggested that a candidate should not be permitted to contest in more than two constituencies.
• Dinesh Goswami was a politician in India. In 1989, he served as the Law and Justice Minister in the V.P. Singh government.

Important Points

• Electoral reform is the modification of electoral systems to better the expression of public desires in election results.
• While the first three general elections in India were held a free and fairway, it is widely believed that the fourth general election in 1967 marked the beginning of a decline in standards.
• The Fundamental Duties are defined as all citizens' moral responsibility to contribute to the promotion of patriotism and the preservation of India's unity.
• Individuals and the nation are both affected by the duties outlined in Part IV–A of the Constitution.
• Police reforms strive to change police organizations' principles, culture, rules, and procedures.

The correct answer is Switzerland.

Explanation

• Direct Democracy:
  • It is common knowledge that there are two types of democracy: direct and indirect.
  • Direct democracy does not award full governance powers to the government.
  • Instead, using the mechanisms of the referendum, recall, initiative and plebiscite, direct democracy allows the participation of every enfranchised citizen in approving many major governmental decisions.
  • In a direct democracy, all adult population, remaining present in the form of assembly, takes part in decision-making and exercise of power.
  • It does not delegate its powers to any other person or representatives. Ancient Greek city-states had a direct democracy.
  • In modern times, only some cantons of Switzerland have such direct popular assembly, known as Landsgemiende. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
  • Switzerland individuals have a huge influence on the government's political dynamic cycle. All Swiss residents matured 18 and over reserve the option to cast a ballot in races and choices.
  • The Swiss electorate is approached roughly four times each year to practice this right and decide on a normal of 15 government propositions.
  • In late many years, electoral turnout at decisions and choices has been underneath 40%.

The correct answer is Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Explanation

• Six Principal Organs of the UN System
  • The General Assembly
    • The UN's primary organ for deliberation, formulating policy, and representation is the General Assembly.
    • The General Assembly is the only UN body having representation from all 193 of its member states.​​
  • The Security Council
    • According to the UN Charter, the Security Council is in charge of maintaining global peace and security.
    • It has 15 members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members).
  • The Economic and Social Council
    • Responsible for fostering interstate cooperation in economic and social concerns.
    • It coordinates cooperation among the several specialised agencies of the UN.
    • It has 54 members that are elected by the General Assembly for staggered three-year terms.
  • The UN Secretariat
    • It provides administrative support to the other UN bodies.
    • The UN's chief representative is the UN Secretary-General, who is chosen by the General Assembly for a five-year term.
  • The International Court of Justice
    • Issues legal advice.
    • Renders judgment by a relative majority.
    • Decides conflicts between governments that acknowledge its jurisdiction.
    • For nine-year terms, the UN General Assembly elects its fifteen judges.
  • The Trusteeship Council
    • It was originally created to oversee colonial lands that had already been League of Nations mandates.

Other Related Points

• United Nations (UN) System
  • The UN System is made up of subsidiary organisations such as independently managed funds and programs, research and training centers, and other subsidiary agencies.
  • Some of these groups were left over from the League of Nations disintegration and existed before the United Nations was established in 1945.
  • The World Trade Organization, which is not officially a part of the United Nations System, and some executive heads of United Nations System organisations have seats on the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB).
  • This group, presided over by the UN Secretary-General, meets twice a year to coordinate the efforts of the UN System's entities.

The correct answer is Rousseau.

Explanation

• Many of the standards used to assess a group's worth and defend social injustices are believed to be rooted in nature-biological variations.
• According to one theory, biological disparities lead to biological inequalities, which in turn cause social disparities.
• Political theorist Jean Rousseau distinguishes between two sorts of inequality:

1. Natural
2. Conventional

Thus according to Rousseau,

• The first type of inequality is natural and therefore is given.
• While the second type is socially created and therefore will benefit a few over the majority.

Other Related Points

Important works of Rousseau:

• Social Contract
• Emile
• Confessions
• Discourses on Equality

Hence, the correct option is 2.

The correct answer is Virtue can be taught.Explanation

• According to Socrates, virtue is knowledge, because:
  • all living things aim for their perceived good; and therefore
  • if anyone does not know what is good, he cannot do what is good. but,
  • if someone knows what is good, he will do what is good, because he will aim for what is good.
• ​Knowledge to Socrates is sufficient for virtue.
• Virtue has many faces Eg. courage and wisdom being two
• Socrates says since, no one that truly knows what is meant by “virtue” and because of this reason cannot be taught.

Thus too Socrates ,most unacceptable is Virtue can be taught.

The correct answer is option 2.

ExplanationFundamental Rights:

• Both the Parliament and State Legislature can concurrently make a law of preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a state, the maintenance of public order and the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community. Hence option 1 is incorrect.
• The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act provided that the President cannot suspend the right to move the Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 20 or 21. Hence option 2 is correct.
• Article 19(6) provides that the State is empowered to carry on by itself any trade, business, industry or service whether to the exclusion (complete or partial) of citizens or otherwise. Thus, no objection can be made if the State carries on a trade, and business a monopoly. Hence option 3 is incorrect.

Article 20: protection in respect of conviction for offences ​

• No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, not be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
• No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.
• No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Hence option 4 is incorrect.

​So, option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is John Locke.

• John Locke was a British philosopher, Oxford academic, and medical researcher.
• Between 1652 and 1667, John Locke was a student and then a lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford, where he focused on the standard curriculum of logic, metaphysics and classics.
• He also studied medicine extensively and was an associate of Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, and other leading Oxford scientists.
• In 1666 Locke met the parliamentarian, Anthony Ashley Cooper, later the first Earl of Shaftesbury.
• The two struck up a friendship that blossomed into full patronage, and a year later Locke was appointed physician to Shaftesbury’s household.
• Locke’s fortunes were tied to Shaftesbury, who was first a leading minister to Charles II and then a founder of the opposing Whig Party.
• When that failed, Shaftesbury began to plot armed resistance and was forced to flee to Holland in 1682.

Other Related Points
John Locke books.

The correct answer is Dr S. Radha Krishnan.

Explanation

• Dr S. Radha Krishnan said for the Fundamental Rights “a pledge to our people and a pact with the civilized world”.
• His exact words in the Constituent Assembly was-
  • We must safeguard the liberty of the human spirit against the encroachment of the State. While State regulation is necessary to improve the economic conditions, it should not be done at the expense of the human spirit. This declaration, which we make today, is of the nature of a pledge to our people and a pact with the civilized world.
• Dr S. Radha Krishnan served as the second president of India from 1962 to 1967. ​
• He was knighted in 1931.
• He was awarded Bharat Ratna in 1954.
• He was the first vice president of independent India.
• We celebrate September 5 the birth day of Dr S. Radhakrishnan as Teacher's Day.

The correct answer is The time at the end of the question hour and before the debate on other agenda of the day,

ExplanationZero hour

• Zero hour is when the parliament discusses important issues.
• The Zero hour starts immediately after the question hour and lasts until the agenda for the day is taken up.
  In other words, the time gap between the question hour and the agenda is known as Zero hours.
• While the dictionary defines ‘Zero Hour’ as “the critical moment” or “the moment of decision”, in parliamentary parlance, it is referred to as the time gap between the end of Question Hour and the beginning of the regular business.
• The other rationale behind naming it so can be traced to the fact that it starts at 12 noon.
• Members wishing to raise matters during the “Zero Hour” need to give notice to the Speaker prior to the start of the daily session. The notice should clearly state the subjects they want to raise. The Speaker is the final authority who can either reject or accept such request.

The correct answer is Article 143

Explanation

Article 143

• As per Article 143, the President has the power to address questions to the Supreme Court, that he deems important for public welfare.
• The Supreme Court “advises” the President by answering the query put before it.
• Article 143 of the Constitution confers Advisory Jurisdiction to the Supreme Court of India.

Other Related Points

Article 143: Power of President to consult Supreme Court.

• If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.
• The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to article 131, refer a dispute of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.

According to Plato's view of the soul was influenced by Socrates' teachings.

ExplanationAssertion (A) : According to Plato, human soul consists of three elements - Reason, spirit and appetite.

• According to Plato, was the incorporeal, eternal inhabitant of a person's being.
• According to Plato, the soul continues to exist and has mental capacity after death.
• He divided the soul into three parts: the logistikon (reason), the thymoeides (spirit), and the epithymetikon (appetite).

Thus, Assertion (A) is correct.

Reason (R) : The state is the individual writ large

• According to Plato, justice is written in greater characters in the state and smaller ones in the person, but it is the same thing in both cases.
• It is easier to see in the State than in an individual.
• Individual minds and state minds are the same; the state's life is the life of the persons who make up the state.
• This statement is related to the theory of justice.

Thus, Reason (R) is correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

So, Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

The correct answer is If there are no laws, there is no liberty.

• Absence of all restraints on an individual is defined as liberty.
• John Locke wrote that “the end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom.”
• Where there is no Law, there is no Freedom. For Liberty is to be free from restraint and violence from others which cannot be, where there is no Law.

The correct answer is 44^th Amendment.
Important Points

• The Cabinet is a smaller inner body within the Council of Ministers and it is the effective policy-making organ of the Council.
• The original constitution did not specifically mention the word Cabinet anywhere and it is based on the understandings and conventions of Britain.
• Article 74 of the Constitution provides only the Council of Ministers and makes no mention of Cabinet.
• It was through the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 that the word Cabinet was used under Article 352.

Other Related Points
24^th Amendment:

• The 24^th amendment was enacted as a reaction to Golak Nath case, 1967.
• It restored the absolute power of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution including Part III (fundamental rights).

56^th Amendment:

• It was enacted to constitute the territories comprised in the Goa District of the Union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu as the State of Goa and the territories comprised in the Daman and Diu districts of that Union territory.

42^nd Amendment:

• This amendment is also called 'mini constitution' as it made changes in many parts of the Constitution such as in Preamble, Fundamental Rights, DPSPs, role of President etc.

The correct answer is option 3.

Explanation

• Appointment of Chief Justice
  • From 1950 to 1973, the practice has been to appoint the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court as the chief justice of India.
  • This established convention was violated in 1973 when A N Ray was appointed as the Chief Justice of India by superseding three senior judges.
  • This discretion of the government was curtailed by the Supreme Court in the Second Judges Case (1993), in which the Supreme Court ruled that the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court should alone be appointed to the office of the chief justice of India.

Important Points

• Qualifications of Judges
  • A person to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court should have the following qualifications
    • He should be a citizen of India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
    • He should have been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for five years. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
    • He should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in succession) for ten years. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
    • He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president. Hence, statement 4 is correct.
    • From the above, it is clear that the Constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Explanation

• The UN Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. Under the Charter of the United Nations, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
• The Security Council originally consisted of 11 members—five permanent members (the Republic of China [Taiwan], France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and six nonpermanent members elected by the UN General Assembly for two-year terms.
• An amendment to the UN Charter in 1965 increased council membership to 15, including the original five permanent members and 10 nonpermanent members.
• Among the permanent members, the People’s Republic of China replaced the Republic of China in 1971, and the Russian Federation succeeded the Soviet Union in 1991.
• The nonpermanent members are generally chosen to achieve equitable representation among geographic regions, with five members coming from Africa or Asia, one from eastern Europe, two from Latin America, and two from western Europe or other areas.
• Five of the 10 nonpermanent members are elected each year by the General Assembly for two-year terms, and five retire each year. The presidency is held by each member in rotation for a period of one month.

The correct answer is Option 2: State.

Explanation

• State- The state may be viewed as both a concrete thing and an abstract idea. A concrete thing means that it is a specific human group or association and viewed in abstract terms, it is a corporation possessing a juristic personality.
• Elements of the State:

1. A group of human beings, i.e. population (Population)
2. A territory upon which they permanently reside (Territory)
3. Internal sovereignty and independence from foreign control (Sovereignty)
4. A political organization or agency through which the collective will of the population is expressed, i.e. government (Government)

Therefore, Sovereignty is the specialty of the State.

Other Related Points

• Public is the human constituent of a state.
• Government is the agency which runs the day to day functioning of the state and keeps it protected while working for the development of the population.
• Parliament is the legislature wing of the government of any state.

The correct answer is Montesquieu.

Explanation

Montesquieu:

• He was a French scholar.
• The theory of Doctrine of Separation of Power was first published in his book "Espirit des Louis’ (The spirit of the laws)" in 1747.
• In his theory it was suggested when power is concentrated in a single person or a group then it would result in a tyrannical form of government.
• Montesquieu suggested division of power between i.e. Executive, Legislative, and the Judiciary.
• His theory of separation of powers is followed in many constitutions throughout the world.

Other Related Points

The correct answer is Jyotirao phule.

Explanation

• Mahatma Jyotiba Phule wrote "Gulamgiri" in 1873 for the downtrodden section of society, to make them realize the discrimination and oppression of the caste system.
• Gulamgiri talks about Brahminical supremacy and hegemonies in the social structure of Indian society.
• It criticized the institution of the caste system.
• Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and their work:
  • In 1848 he started the first Girl School in Budhawar Peth, Pune.
  • In 1851 he started the first school for untouchables in Pune.
  • In 1873 he formed Satyashodhak Samaj to focus on the rights of depressed groups such as women, the untouchables.

Other Related Points

Books by Pandita Ramabai:

• The high-caste Hindu woman

Books by Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar:

• Barnaparichay or Barna Parichay (1855),
• Vetal pancavimsati (1847; “Twenty-five Tales of a Goblin”);
• Shakuntala (1854), which was based on a famous play by the Sanskrit poet and dramatist Kalidasa;
• Sitar vanavas (1860; “The Exile of Sita”

Books by Shri Narayana Guru:

• Vinayaka ashtakam
• Gajendramoksham Vanchipattu ​

The correct answer is Brahmo Samaj
Explanation

• The Brahmo Samaj was established in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
• The movement began between meetings of Bengalis in Calcutta in 1828.
• The conflict between Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore was broadened in 1865 when Tagore allowed the Brahmos conducting services to wear their sacred threads.
• Keshab objected to this decision and withdrew from the Brahmo Samaj along with his followers.
• He established the Brahmo Samaj of India on 15th November 1866.
• While on the other hand, Tagore grouped themselves in Adi Brahmo Samaj.

​Other Related Points

• The main agenda of the Brahmo Samaj is to purify Hinduism and teach monotheism.
• The ideals of Brahmo samaj relied on the twin pillars of reason and Vedas and Upanishads.

The correct answer is Individual Freedom.

Important Points

• Liberalism is the name given to liberal thought and ideas prevalent in the early 20th century.
• It believes that all individuals are rational creatures and hence, placed better to decide good for themselves.
• To safeguard freedom of individual from arbitrary actions of the state, liberalism demanded liberty in every field of life.
• According to Koerner, 'liberalism begins and ends with the ideals of individual freedom, individual human rights and individual human happiness.

Other Related Points Features of liberalism:

1. Individual Freedom
2. Capitalist Economy with free market without State's control
3. Limited or no interfere of State in individual's life
4. Democracy
5. Ideals of modernity and discarding traditions.

Thus we can conclude that the Fundamentals of Liberalism is Individual Freedom.

The correct answer is China is the only country with Observer status in SAARC.

Explanation

• SAARC stands for South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
• It is a regional intergovernmental organization.
• It was founded on 8 December 1985 in Dhaka.
• It aims to promote the development of economic and regional integration.
• It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• The South Asian Free Trade Area was launched on 1st January 2006 to create a free trade zone between its members.
• Md. Golam Sarwar is the current Secretary-General.
• The 18^th summit of SAARC was held in Kathmandu, Nepal from 26 November to 27 November 2014. The theme of the summit was Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity, focused on enhancing connectivity between the member states for easier transit-transport across the region.
• Given below is the list of all members of SAARC:
  • Afghanistan
  • Bangladesh
  • Bhutan
  • India
  • Maldives
  • Nepal
  • Pakistan
  • Sri Lanka
• Afghanistan became the newest member of SAARC at the 13th annual summit in 2007.
• SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population, and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the global economy.
• China, European Union, Iran, Japan. South Korea, Mauritius, Myanmar, the United States Of America, and Australia are 9 Observers countries to SAARC. Hence, option 2 is Not correct.

The correct answer is Woodrow Wilson.

Important Points

• Although the word "public" has many different meanings, in this context, it refers to the government.
• Therefore, the term "public administration" merely refers to governmental administration.
• It is the study of how government organisations are managed to carry out public policy in the interest of the general public.

Explanation

• Public Administration is the detailed systematic execution of public law. Every particular application of the law is public administration. -Woodrow Wilson (1887)
• Thomas Woodrow Wilson also examines the relationship between politics and administration
• Thomas Woodrow Wilson is referred to as "the founding father of public administration as a discipline."
• Thomas Woodrow Wilson has contributed immensely to the realm of administrative thoughts.

Other Related Points

• Luther Halsey Gulick was an American political scientist, Gulick is best known for the functions of the chief executive represented in the acronym POSDCORB. Each letter stands for Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-ordinating, Reporting and Budgeting
• Marshall E. Dimock, was a political scientist who was an authority on public administration.

So Thomas Woodrow Wilson said, "Public Administration is the detailed and systematic application of the law''.

The correct answer is Uttarakhand.
Explanation

• Uttarakhand has become the first state in India to bring the chief minister under the ambit of the Lokayukta.
• The Lokayukta will comprise a chairperson and five members with a scope of increasing the number to eight.
• The Uttarakhand Lokayukta Bill was passed around two months after chief minister BC Khanduri took over following a change of guard in the state.

Important Point

• The Lokayukta (also Lok Ayukta) is an anti-corruption ombudsman organization in the Indian states.
• These institutions are statutory bodies without any constitutional status.
• Lokayukta investigates cases of corruption, where substantiated, recommends action.
• The historic Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 was passed by the Indian Parliament paving the way for the establishment of a Lokpal (Ombudsman) on the part of public officials, including the Prime Minister, but with some safeguards.
  • This Bill was passed by Parliament in July 2016 and amended the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013.
• There are no Lokayuktas in Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry.
• On 28 February 2019, the Mizoram assembly passed a Lokayukta Bill.
• The current Chairperson of Lokpal is Pradip Kumar Mohanty,He was appointed by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Other Related Points

• The term Lokpal and Lokayukta were coined by Dr. L. M. Singhvi.
• The term of office for Lokpal Chairman and Members is 5 years or till the age of 70 years.
• Features of the Jan Lokpal Bill:
  • An institution called Lokpal at the center and Lokayukta in each state will be set up.
  • The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.
  • The entire functioning of Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal will be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months if the charges are found to be true.
  • Like the Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely independent of governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to influence their investigations.