Manipur PSC Prelims Paper 1 Mock Test - 8 - Manipur CSCCE MCQ

• Major developments in the Indian politics occurred during 1922-28. Immediately, the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to demoralization in the nationalist ranks. Moreover, serious differences arose among the leaders, who had to decide how to prevent the Movement from lapsing into passivity. One school of thought, headed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru, advocated a new  line of political activity under the changed conditions. They said that the nationalists should end the boycott of the Legislative Councils, enter them, obstruct their working according to the official plans, expose their weaknesses, transform them into the arenas of political struggle and, thus, use them to arouse public enthusiasm. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Ansari, Babu Rajendra Prasad and others, known as theNo-Changers‘, opposed Council entry.
• They warned that legislative politics would lead to neglect of work among the masses, weaken nationalist fervour and create rivalries among the leaders. They, therefore, continued to emphasise the constructive programme of spinning, temperance, Hindu-Muslim unity, removal of untouchability and grassroots work in the villages and among the poor. They said, gradually prepare the country for the new round of mass struggle.
• The No-Changers‘ carried on quiet, constructive work. Symbolic of this work were hundreds of Ashrams, that came up all over the country, where young men and women promoted Charkha and Khadi, and worked among the lower castes and the tribal people. Hundreds of National schools and colleges came up, where young persons were trained in a non-colonial ideological framework.
• Moreover, constructive workers served as the backbone of the Civil Disobedience Movements as their active organizers.
• While the Swarajists and the NoChangers‘ worked in their own separate ways, there was no basic difference between the two, and, because they kept on the best of terms and recognised each other‘s anti-imperialist character, they could readily unite later when the time was ripe for a new national struggle.

In 1898, Annie Besant established a Central Hindu College near Town Hall, Varanasi, to impart religious, moral instructions and secular education. In 1910, she was supposed to set up a university and while this did not happen, in 1911, in collaboration with Madan Mohan Malviya and others, the Central Hindu College became the nucleus of Banares Hindu University. So, Pair 1 is correct.
The 'Bharat Mata Mandir, or Bharat Mata temple, is dedicated to Mother India and was constructed by Babu Shiv Prasad Gupta between 1918 and 1924. It is located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Mahatma Gandhi inaugurated the 'Bharat Mata Mandir temple on October 25, 1936. Hence, the temple is not located in Mathura. So, Pair 2 is not correct.
The Non - Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi was an expression of the growing resentment of all classes of the Indian people against oppressive British rule. Gandhi took up three specific points on which the movement was initiated:

• the Khilafat wrong,
• the Punjab wrong,
• Swaraj.

On February 04, 1922, The volunteers marched through the streets of Chauri Chaura village of Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces, shouting slogans of Gandhi and the Khilafat. As the crowd grew larger and fiercer, the cops retreated inside the police station. The protestors doused the building in kerosene and set it on fire. Twenty-three policemen were killed, and 228 people were brought to trial in the incident, out of which 19 were sentenced to death. This event marked the end of the non-cooperation movement. The Congress Working Committee met at Bardoli in February 1922 and resolved to stop all activity that led to breaking of the law and to get down to constructive work, instead, which was to include popularisation of khadi, national schools, and campaigning for temperance, for Hindu-Muslim unity and against untouchability. So, Pair 3 is correct.
The Hindustan Republic Association (HRA) was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, and Sachin Sanyal to organize an armed revolution to overthrow the colonial  Government and establish in its place the Federal Republic of United States of India.
Under the leadership of Chandra Shekhar Azad, the name of the Hindustan Republic Association (HRA) was changed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), an Indian revolutionary organization.
Kakori Conspiracy, also called Kakori Conspiracy Case or Kakori Train Robbery, was a train robbery at Kakori, a village near Lucknow, in 1925. An armed robbery was organized by ten revolutionaries of the Hindustan Republic Association, an organization that aimed to achieve independence through revolution.
So, Pair 4 is correct.
 

• The Bombay Presidency Association was started by Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T. Telang in 1885. It was founded in response to Lytton's reactionary policies and the Ilbert Bill controversy. The association has always had cordial relations with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. The Bombay Presidency Association, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Madras Mahajana Sabha, and the Indian Association of Calcutta sent a joint deputation to England in September 1885 to present India's case to the British electorate. It championed Indian interests and also hosted the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay at the end of 1885. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched. 
• The Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded in 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu. The Mahajana Sabha held its first conference between 29 December 1884 and 2 January 1885. It demanded fundamental rights of Indians such as national freedom and other common social issues for the welfare of our fellowmen since 1884. In September 1885, the Sabha in collaboration with the Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Association sent a delegation to England. On April 22, 1930, the Sabha organized the Salt Satyagraha movement in Madras' George Town, Esplanade, High Court, and Beach areas. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched. 
• The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha was formed in 1836 by associates of Raja Rammohan Roy. Raja Ram Mohan Roy died in 1833. Prasanna Kr. Thakur, Kalinath Chowdhury, Dwarakanath Tagore, and others were the associates of Raja Rammohan Roy who founded the Bangabhasa Prakasika Sabha in 1836. The Bangabhasha Prakasika Sabha is regarded as the earliest political organisation in India. It sought to increase the association of Indians in the administration, the spread of education, pushing forward Indian demands to the British parliament. Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched.

• The Pitt’s India Act, 1784 also called the East India Company Act, 1784 was passed by the British Parliament to correct the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773.
• Provisions:
  • This act resulted in dual control of British possessions in India by the British government and the Company with the final authority resting with the government.
  • A Board of Control consisting of six members was constituted to take care of civil and military affairs, and would include one of the Secretary of State (Board President), the chancellor of the exchequer and four privy councillors. Hence statement 1 is correct.
  • The Governor-General’s council’s strength was reduced to three from four members. One of the three would be the Commander-in-Chief of the British Crown’s army in India. Hence statement 3 is correct.
  • The orders of the board became binding on the Court of Directors, which was required to send all its letters and dispatches to the board for its perusal. Hence statement 2 is correct.

• The Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the poverty of a community in a country, developed by the United Nations to complement the Human Development Index (HDI) and was first reported as part of the Human Deprivation Report in 1997. In 2010, it was supplanted by the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index.

• The Human Poverty Index measures shortfalls in Human Development. It is a non-income measure. Hence option 1 is not correct.

• Parameters that are taken into account while calculating HPI are:

  • The probability of not surviving till the age of 40

  • The adult illiteracy rate

  • The number of people who do not have access to clean water

  • The number of small children who are underweight. Hence option 2 and option 3 are correct.

• Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been publishing the Human Development Report every year. This report provides a rank-wise list of all member countries according to the level of human development. The Human Development Index and the Human Poverty index are two important indices to measure human development used by the UNDP.

• Soil erosion is essentially aggravated by faulty practices. Lands with a slope gradient of 15–25 percent should not be used for cultivation. If at all the land is to be used for agriculture, terraces should carefully be made.
• Efforts should be made to prevent gully erosion and control their formation. Finger gullies can be eliminated by terracing. In bigger gullies, the erosive velocity of water may be reduced by constructing a series of check dams. Special attention should be paid to control headward extension of gullies. This can be done by gully plugging, terracing, or by planting cover vegetation
  • Terracing is a soil conservation practice applied to prevent rainfall runoff on sloping land from accumulating and causing serious erosion. Terraces consist of ridges and channels constructed across- the-slope.
• In arid and semi-arid areas, efforts should be made to protect cultivable lands from encroachment by sand dunes through the development of shelter belts of trees and agroforestry. Lands not suitable for cultivation should be converted into pastures for grazing. •
• Hence option (a) is the correct answer.

• Soil conservation is a key concern to farmers since it is vital not only to use land productively, reaping high yields but also to be able to do so in the future. The effects of soil conservation may not reveal in the short-time perspective, yet they will benefit future generations. Different methods of soil conservation help to mitigate erosion, keep fertility, avoid degradation, and minimize nature pollution due to chemicals by applying integrated weed and pest control techniques. Thus, soil conservation strategies greatly contribute to the sustainability of the environment and resources. Crop rotation farming suggests changing agro species instead of planting the same for many subsequent seasons. Farmers applying this soil conservation method reap numerous benefits. Crop rotation helps them improve the earth's structure with diverse root systems, mitigate pest establishments, and to add nitrogen to the land with legumes known as nitrogen-fixing plants. So, Statement 1 is correct.
• Contour ploughing is a well-established agronomic measure that contributes to soil and water conservation, which mitigates the impacts of floods, storms and landslides on crops. It does this by reducing soil erosion by up to 50 percent, controlling runoff water, increasing moisture infiltration and retention and thus enhancing soil quality and composition. So, Statement 2 is correct.
• Check dams, or gully plugs, are structures built across channels to reduce erosion by lowering water speed and accumulating sediments during floods. The check dams would help to prevent soil erosion, conserve soil moisture and recharge the aquifer. So, Statement 3 is correct.
• Liming is the most common and effective practice to reduce soil acidity. The quality of liming material determines the lime requirements of crops grown on acid soils, soil fertility status, crop species and cultivars within species, crop management practices, and economic considerations. The application of lime (rich in calcium and Magnesium) is used to neutralize soil acidity and increase soil bacteria's activity. This may increase soil fertility and, as a result, enhance biodiversity in degraded forest areas. So, Statement 4 is correct.
• Sand fencing on a beach or dune can assist in building a new fore dune or filling gaps in dune ridges. The fence reduces local wind speed and traps sand, with different fence configurations creating different dune forms and heights. Once installed, a silt fence prevents the movement of sediments from disturbed areas into nearby waterways. It can also restrict the movement of construction site waste materials in storm water runoff from getting into waterways or water bodies, thus reducing soil erosion. So, Statement 5 is correct.

The critics argued that the Constituent Assembly was not a representative body as its members were not directly elected by the people of India based on universal adult franchise. Whereas, the critics maintained that the Constituent Assembly was not a sovereign body as it was created by the proposals of the British Government.

Key Points

• The Constituent Assembly first met as the Legislative body on 9th December 1946.
• The first meeting was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House).
• When the Constituent Assembly met as the Legislative body Sachchidananda Sinha presided over it (Temporarily).
• Hence statement c is not correct.
• The Constituent Assembly was made a fully sovereign body.
• The Constituent Assembly became the first Parliament of free India.
• Since the representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India
• The total strength of the Constituent Assembly came down to 299 as against 389.

Hence statement a, b and d are correct.

The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will have a Council of Ministers of not more than ten per cent of the total number of members in the Assembly. The Council will aide and advise the Lieutenant Governor on matters that the Assembly has powers to make laws. The Chief Minister will communicate all decisions of the Council to the Lieutenant Governor.

• The Local Area Banks (LABs) are small private banks, conceived as low cost structures which would provide efficient and competitive financial intermediation services in a limited area of operation, i.e., primarily in rural and semi-urban areas, comprising three contiguous districts. 
• LABs were set up to enable the mobilization of rural savings by local institutions and, at the same time, to make them available for investments in the local areas. Hence statement 1 is correct. 
• Since LABs are being set up in district towns, their activities are focused on the local customers with lending primarily to agriculture and allied activities, small scale industries, agro-industrial activities, trading activities and the non-farm sector.
• LABs are also required to observe the priority sector lending targets at 40% of net bank credit (NBC) as applicable to other domestic banks such as scheduled commercial banks. Hence statement 2 is correct. 
  • Within the above target, these banks will adhere to the requirement of lending at least 25% of their priority sector deployments (10% of NBC) to the weaker sections. 
• In 2014, RBI has permitted LABs to be converted into small finance banks subject to them meeting the prescribed eligibility criteria.

In terms of Section 22 of the RBI Act of 1934, Reserve Bank has the sole right to issue banknotes in India. Section 25 states that the design, form and material of bank notes shall be such as may be approved by the Central Government after consideration of the recommendations made by the Central Board of RBI. The Reserve Bank, in consultation with the Central Government and other stakeholders, estimates the number of banknotes that are likely to be needed denomination-wise in a year and places indents with the various currency printing presses for the supply of banknotes. The Reserve Bank, in terms of its clean note policy, provides good quality banknotes to the members of the public. With this objective in view, the banknotes received back from circulation are examined, and those fit for circulation are reissued. In contrast, the others (soiled and mutilated) are destroyed so as to maintain the quality of banknotes in circulation. In respect of coins, the role of RBI is limited to the distribution of coins that are supplied by the Government of India. The Government of India is responsible for designing and minting coins in various denominations as per the Coinage Act 2011. So, Option (a) is correct.

Poverty

• Generational Poverty is handed over to individual and families from one generation to another.
• Situational Poverty is a temporary type of poverty based on occurrence of an adverse event like environmental disaster, job loss and severe health problem
• Generational poverty is more severe and long lasting than situational poverty. Generational poverty is more complicated as there is no escape because the people are trapped in its cause and unable to access the tools required to get out of it.

• The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) is a global initiative focused on “making nature’s values visible”. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Its principal objective is to mainstream the values of biodiversity and ecosystem services into decisionmaking at all levels.
• It aims to achieve this goal by following a structured approach to valuation that helps decision-makers recognize the wide range of benefits provided by ecosystems and biodiversity, demonstrate their values in economic terms, and, where appropriate, suggest how to capture those values in decision-making.
• TEEB finds its institutional home at the United Nations Environment Programme in Geneva, Switzerland, and sets up an office to manage day-to-day operations and communications activities. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Government of India launched The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity TEEB-India Initiative (TII) in 2015 to highlight the economic consequences of the loss of biological diversity and the associated decline in ecosystem services. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
• The Initiative focussed on three ecosystems, namely forests, inland wetlands, and coastal and marine ecosystems.

Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity. Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project is a proposed project of Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. If built, it would be the largest nuclear power generating station in the world by net electrical power rating.

About the anti-malaria vaccines:

• The RTS,S/AS01, commercially known as Mosquirix and R21/Matrix-M vaccines act against P. falciparum, the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African continent.
• In 2021, WHO licensed RTS,S/AS01, commercially known as Mosquirix, for children in subSaharan Africa with moderate-to-high Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission.
• The second one is the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine licensed for use in Ghana, Nigeria and Burkina Faso by WHO in 2023.

Statement 1

• It is a Constitutionally mandated body that is at the center of fiscal federalism.
• It is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give its recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States and amongst the States themselves.
• Its working is characterized by extensive and intensive consultations with all levels of governments, thus strengthening the principle of cooperative federalism.

Functions
It is the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to—

• the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes which are to be, or may be, divided between them and the allocation between the States of the respective shares of such proceeds;
• the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
• the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State;
• the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Municipalities in the State on the basis of the recommendations made by the Finance Commission of the State; any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interests of sound finance.

Composition
As per the provisions contained in the Finance Commission [Miscellaneous Provisions] Act, 1951 and The Finance Commission (Salaries & Allowances) Rules, 1951, the Chairman of the Commission is selected from among persons who have had experience in public affairs, and the four other members are selected from among persons who–

• are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as Judges of a High Court; or
• have special knowledge of the finances and accounts of Government; or
• have had wide experience in financial matters and in administration; or
• have special knowledge of economics

The government appointed former Niti Aayog vice chairman, Arvind Panagariya as the chairman of the Sixteenth Finance Commission

Ajatshatru, the ruler of Magadha, fortified the village of Pataligram which stood near the confluence of Ganga and Sone. He thus founded the famous city of Pataliputra.

Statement 1 is correct. The period saw the development of Chaitya halls in rock-cut architecture, notably at places like Karle and Ajanta, which were patronized by the Satavahanas.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Simuka is mentioned in some sources, but his documentation in the Puranic texts is scant and not detailed.
Statement 3 is correct. Coinage from the Satavahana dynasty did feature maritime symbols, such as ships, highlighting the importance of trade and maritime routes during their reign.

The decline of the Vardhana Dynasty can be attributed to various factors, including weak successors who lacked the leadership qualities of Harsha, invasions by the Hunas, and internal conflicts among regional powers. These factors collectively led to the disintegration of the empire.

Mughal miniature paintings were characterized by their small size, absorption of Indian atmosphere, and courtly and aristocratic themes, but they did not represent Indian emotions or scenes from the daily life of the Indians.

Hinduism is still prevalent in Bali, where it arrived as early as the sixth century. The people of Bali continue to be Hindus, and even today, the caste system is found in Bali.

Kittur Chennamma was the Rani of Kittur who led an armed force against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse to maintain Indian control over the region.

The Gond Rani Durgavati (1524–1564) ruled for fifteen years before losing her life in a battle with Mughal emperor Akbar's general Asaf Khan in 1564.