1 Crore+ students have signed up on EduRev. Have you? |
______is vague, unpleasant feeling of apprehension.
Anxiety is usually defined as a diffuse, vague, very unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension. The anxious individual also shows combination of the following symptoms: rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, fainting, dizziness, sweating, sleeplessness, frequent urination and tremors.
________ is removing the evil that resides in tire individual through counter magic and prayer.
Exorcism, i.e., removing the evil that resides in the individual through countermagic and prayer, is still commonly used. In many societies, the shaman, or medicine man (ojlm) is a person who is believed to have contact with supernatural forces and is the medium through which spirits communicate with human beings.
When the person has to use more and more of a substance to get tire same effect, is called _______ .
When the person has to use more and more of a substance to get the same effect, it is called tolerance.
As Cognitive Therapy suggests, repeated occurrence of negative thoughts leads to the development of feelings of anxiety and depression. The therapist uses gentle questioning and does non-threatening disputation of the client's beliefs and thoughts. Examples of such question would be, "Why should everyone love you?", "What does it mean to you to succeed?", etc. The questions make the client think in a direction opposite to that of the negative automatic thoughts whereby s/he gains insight into the nature of her/his dysfunctional schemas and is able to alter her/his cognitive structures.
"I should be loved by everyone at all times ", "I must be liked by all." This thoughl/belief can be treated using which therapy?
The central thesis of rational emotive therapy is that irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent events and their consequences. Cognitive therapies locate the cause of psychological distress in irrational thoughts and beliefs. In the process of RET, the irrational beliefs are refuted by the therapist.
A young person who has acquired the malfunctioning behaviour of smoking and seeks help to get rid of smoking. Upon interviewing the client and tire family members, it was revealed that the person started smoking when he was preparing for tire annual examination. He had reported relief from anxiety upon smoking. What is the maintaining factor as per tire behavioural analysis?
Maintaining factors are those factors which lead to the persistence of the faulty behaviour. An example would be a young person who has acquired the malfunctioning behaviour of smoking and seeks help to get rid of smoking. The family members reveal that the person started smoking when he was preparing for the annual examination. He had reported relief from anxiety upon smoking. Thus, anxiety provoking situation becomes the causative or antecedent factor. The feeling of relief becomes the maintaining factor for him to continue smoking.
Complete the steps of formulation of a client's problem: Understanding the problem → Identifying tire target areas for therapy _________ .
The choice of techniques for treatment depends on the therapeutic system in which the therapist has been trained. However, even within this broad domain, the choice of techniques, timing of the techniques and expectations of outcome of the therapy depend upon the clinical formulation.
Total acceptance of the client and creating an environment wherein tire client can freely express themselves is the modality used in ________ .
The therapy provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy, i.e. understanding the clients experience as if it were her/his own, is warm and has unconditional positive regard, i.e., total acceptance of the client as s/he is.
Which of the following does NOT contribute towards Ethical Standards in psychotherapy?
The ethical standards in psychotherapy include informed consent, confidentiality, integrity of the client-therapist relationship, sole aim of alleviation of clienTs distress, professional competence of the therapist and respect for human rights and dignity.
_____ is defined as an innate or inborn force that moves the person to become more complex, balanced and integrated, i.e. achieving tire complexity and balance without being fragmented.
Self-actualisation is defined as an innate or inborn force that moves the person to become more complex, balanced, and integrated, i.e., achieving the complexity and balance without being fragmented. This concept is a part of Humanistic School of Psychology given by Carl Rogers.
Praising the child when he eats properly is an example of:
The process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering reward when the behaviour is exhibited is called positive reinforcement.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark tire correct choice as:
Assertion (A): The therapeutic relationship is a contractual relationship in which two willing individuals, the client and the therapist, enter into a partnership which aims at helping the client overcome her/his problems.
Reason (R): This alliance lasts until the client becomes able to deal with her/his problems and take control of her/his life
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark tire correct choice as:
Assertion (A): The aim of rehabilitation is to empower the patient to become a productive member of society to the extent possible.
Reason (R): In rehabilitation, the patients are given occupational therapy, social skills training and vocational therapy. Many patients suffer from negative symptoms such as disinterest and lack of motivation to do work or to interact with people.
Both the statements are correct about Client-centred therapy propounded by Carl Rogers, but are not as cause and effect.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark tire correct choice as:
Assertion (A): A client, who was neglected by the parents as a child, develops the core schema of "I am not wanted".
Reason (R): The childhood experiences provided by the family and society develop core schemas or systems, which include beliefs and action patterns in the individual.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark tire correct choice as:
Assertion (A): In empathy, one has compassion and pity towards the suffering of another but is not able to feel the perspective of the other person.
Reason (R): Empathy enriches the therapeutic relationship and transforms it into a healing relationship.
A is false, R is true because in empathy, one does not have any compassion or pity, rather one tries to be non-judgmental and tries to see the situation from the other's eyes or perspective. Pity or compassion is part of sympathy.
Directions: Read the following text and answer the following questions on tire basis of tire same:
A child called Riya gives trouble eating dinner. She would always cry and show tantrums while having dinner. Her mother would get extremely upset from her behaviour and would shout at Riya. This creates trouble in the house and has become an everyday affair. Riya's school counsellor suggested to her mother that she should decrease the quantity of snacks served at tea time. This would increase hunger at dinner and thereby, increase the value of food at dinner. She also suggested that Riya should be praised whenever she eats dinner properly. Praising the child will increase the likelihood of eating the dinner properly. The mother followed this and this issue got resolved.
Q. The aim of the therapeutic technique was to:
The aim of the therapeutic technique was to substitute faulty behaviour with a more adaptive one.
Directions: Read the following text and answer the following questions on tire basis of tire same:
A child called Riya gives trouble eating dinner. She would always cry and show tantrums while having dinner. Her mother would get extremely upset from her behaviour and would shout at Riya. This creates trouble in the house and has become an everyday affair. Riya's school counsellor suggested to her mother that she should decrease the quantity of snacks served at tea time. This would increase hunger at dinner and thereby, increase the value of food at dinner. She also suggested that Riya should be praised whenever she eats dinner properly. Praising the child will increase the likelihood of eating the dinner properly. The mother followed this and this issue got resolved.
Q. Changing a behaviour by increasing or decreasing the reinforcing value of a particular consequence is called:
The change can be done by increasing or decreasing the reinforcing value of a particular consequence. This is called establishing operation.
Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions given below:
Roshan is terribly afraid of snakes. His phobia has made him so dysfunctional that he had to take a long leave from his job at the local zoo. This
happened when he heard that a snake enclosure opened and someone was bitten by it. Now, Roshan feels dizzy and breathless even at the thought of the snake and starts panicking. He has stopped going to zoo and is trying to take up a job elsewhere. He is even looking for a shift of house as his house is on the ground floor and he thinks a snake might show up at his house.
Q. Which technique would work for treatment of Roshan?
Systematic desensitisation is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears. The client is interviewed to elicit fear provoking situations and together with the client, the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli with the least anxiety-provoking stimuli at the bottom of the hierarchy.
Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions given below:
Roshan is terribly afraid of snakes. His phobia has made him so dysfunctional that he had to take a long leave from his job at the local zoo. This
happened when he heard that a snake enclosure opened and someone was bitten by it. Now, Roshan feels dizzy and breathless even at the thought of the snake and starts panicking. He has stopped going to zoo and is trying to take up a job elsewhere. He is even looking for a shift of house as his house is on the ground floor and he thinks a snake might show up at his house.
Assertion: Principle of Reciprocal Inhibition states that the presence of two mutually attracting forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force.
Reason: Relaxation response is first built up and a mildly anxiety-provoking scene is imagined and the anxiety is overcome by the relaxation. The client is able to tolerate progressively greater levels of anxiety because of her/his relaxed state.
The assertion is false because the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force and not the attracting forces. The reason is true.
Systematic desensitisation technique is a part of behaviour therapy. This is used for the treatment of phobia. This technique postulates that the phobias can be treated gradually by creating a hierarchy of least anxiety-provoking situations to the highest anxiety-provoking situations in combination of relaxation procedures.
_______ states that the presence of two mutually-opposing forces attire same time, inhibits tire wea ker force.
The principle of reciprocal inhibition operates here. This principle states that the presence of two mutually opposing forces at the same time, inhibits the weaker force. Thus, the relaxation response is first built up and mildly anxiety-provoking scene is imagined, and the anxiety is overcome by the relaxation. The client is able to tolerate progressively greater levels of anxiety because of her/his relaxed state.
The past is relevant only to the extent of understanding the origins of the faulty behaviour and thought patterns. Which therapy propagates this view?
Behaviour therapies postulate that psychological distress arises because of faulty behaviour patterns or thought patterns.
It is, therefore, focused on the behaviour and thoughts of the client in the present. The past is relevant only to the extent of understanding the origins of the faulty behaviour and thought patterns. The past is not activated or relived.
In _______ , the aim is to establish a relationship between undesirable behaviour with painful consequences.
Conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence. Example: One example of aversive conditioning can be eating Nicotex tablet to get rid of smoking. Here, tire undesired behaviour of smoking is weakened when tire person feels nauseous due to eating of Nicotex tablet.
Learning by observing others is used through a process of rewarding small changes in the behaviour, the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model. This is called:
Vicarious learning, i.e., learning by observing others, is used and through process of rewarding Small changes in the behaviour, the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model.
Victor Frankl has given Logotherapy to world.
______ taught in tire USA has been found to be effective in treatment of mental disorders. The Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California, San Diego, USA has found that it is effective in the treatment of OCD.
Kundalini Yoga taught in the USA has been found to be effective in treatment of mental disorders. The Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California, San Diego, USA has found that Kundalini Yoga is effective in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Systematic desensitisation was given by Wolpe.
Nishant feels very strongly that everyone should love him and he should be selected to represent the school for all competitions. When this does not happen, he feels miserable and is unable to concentrate. Which form of therapy would be the most suitable for him to overcome this problem?
Assigning causes to a behavior seen in specific social situation:
Assigning causes to the behaviour shown in specific social situations is known as Attribution.
A _______ is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group.
They are examples of attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually negative and in many cases, may be based on stereotypes the cognitive component about the specific group.
Schemas that function in the form of categories are called:
Schemas that function in the form of categories are called prototypes, which are the entire set of features or qualities that help us to define an object completely. In social cognition, category-based schemas that are related to groups of people are called stereotypes.
The positivity or negativity of an attitude is referred to as:
Valence of an attitude tells us whether the attitude is positive or negative toward the attitude object. It means attitudes are directional.
When the components of an attitude system are in the same direction, it is referred to as:
Both balance and cognitive dissonance are examples of cognitive consistency which means that two components or elements of the attitude, or attitude system, must be in the same direction
Pari is always targeted whenever any theft occurs in the class. The phenomena behind this is:
Scapegoating is the practice of singling out a person or group for unmerited blame and consequent negative treatment.
Ritesh sees his parents achieve financial success through hard work. He considers his mother to be his role model. As a result, Ritesh develops a strong attitude towards success and hard work.This is an example of:
Often it is not through association, or through reward and punishment, that we learn attitudes. Instead, we learn them by observing others being rewarded or punished for expressing thoughts or showing behaviour of a particular kind towards the attitude object.
Directions: Read the following text and answer tire following questions on the basis of the same:
Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual 's membership of a social group. For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender, etc. (e.g., sexist). Discrimination is the behaviour or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc.
Difference Between Prejudice and Discrimination A prejudiced person may not act on his attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against it. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioural and cognitive), whereas discrimination just involves behaviour. There are four main explanations of prejudice and discrimination:
Racial Discrimination: Apartheid (literally "separateness") was a system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Non-white people were prevented from voting and lived in separate communities.
World War II: In Germany and German-controlled lands, Jewish people had to wear yellow stars to identify themselves as Jews. Later, the Jews were placed in concentration camps by the Nazis.
Gender Discrimination: In Western societies, while women are often discriminated against in the workplace, men are often discriminated against in the home and family environments. For instance, after a divorce women receive primary custody of tire children far more often than men. Women on average earn less pay than men for doing the same job.
Q. Prejudice includes all three components of an attitude:
Prejudices are examples of attitudes towards a particular group. They are usually negative and in many cases, may be based on stereotypes (the cognitive component) about the specific group. As will be discussed below in the section on social cognition, a stereotype is a cluster of ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group. All members belonging to this group are assumed to possess these characteristics. Often, stereotypes consist of undesirable characteristics about the target group and they lead to negative attitudes or prejudices towards members of specific groups. The cognitive component of prejudice is frequently accompanied by dislike or hatred, the affective component.
Directions: Read the following text and answer tire following questions on the basis of the same:
Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual 's membership of a social group. For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender, etc. (e.g., sexist). Discrimination is the behaviour or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc.
Difference Between Prejudice and Discrimination A prejudiced person may not act on his attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against it. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioural and cognitive), whereas discrimination just involves behaviour. There are four main explanations of prejudice and discrimination:
Racial Discrimination: Apartheid (literally "separateness") was a system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Non-white people were prevented from voting and lived in separate communities.
World War II: In Germany and German-controlled lands, Jewish people had to wear yellow stars to identify themselves as Jews. Later, the Jews were placed in concentration camps by the Nazis.
Gender Discrimination: In Western societies, while women are often discriminated against in the workplace, men are often discriminated against in the home and family environments. For instance, after a divorce women receive primary custody of tire children far more often than men. Women on average earn less pay than men for doing the same job.
Q. Discrimination is the behaviour or action on the basis of:
Prejudice may also get translated into discrimination, the behavioural component, whereby people behave in a less positive way towards a particular target group compared to another group which they favour.
Motivation of the members' decreases,
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Mark tire correct choice as:
Assertion (A): There is a stage of intragroup conflict which is referred to as storming. In this stage, there is conflict among members about how the target of the group is to be achieved, who is to control the group and its resources, and who is to perform what task.
Reason (R): When people don't have common motives or goals, they get together and form a group which may facilitate their goal attainment.
When people have common motives or goals, they get together and form a group which may facilitate their goal attainment.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion
Assertion (A): Norms are unexpected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members.
Reason (R): Cohesiveness refers to togetherness, binding or mutual attraction among group members.
Norms are expected standards of behaviour and beliefs established, agreed upon and enforced by group members.
118 tests
|
Use Code STAYHOME200 and get INR 200 additional OFF
|
Use Coupon Code |
118 tests
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|