RRB JE CE (CBT II) Mock Test- 4

• Nikoloz Basilashvili emerged victorious after a three-set battle with Andrey Rublev to successfully defend his title at the German Tennis Championships.

• The reigning champion claimed his 12th straight win in Hamburg 7-5 4-6 6-3.

• With the win, he has become the first player to win the event in successive years since Roger Federer in 2004-2005.

Loads on Purlins are as follows:

Gravity Loads = P kN/m (Dead Load + Live Load)

Wind Loads = w kN/m

Moment for which purlins is designed:

Moment along z−z axis ⇒M_z−z=(w+P cos⁡θ)×(L/10)

Moment along y−y axis ⇒My−y=(P cos⁡θ)×(L²/10)

Converting uniform distributed to total load. For e.g. w × L = W

∴ In general, Maximum bending moment in roof purlins is taken as WL/10.

• It is also called as a tree system, it consists of one main supply line, from which originates (generally at right angles) a number of sub main pipes. Each submain is then divided into several branch pipes, called laterals.

• This type of distribution system is suitable for older towns which have developed in a haphazard manner, without properly planned road e.g. old city, irregularly grown city, etc. It is economical and simple.

Gridiron System:

• It is also known as interlaced system or reticulation system, the mains, sub-mains, and branches are all connected with each other.

• There is no dead end in the system as looping is provided and is most suitable for well-planned cities. There is equal pressure in all pipe and multiple flow path.

Radial system:

• If a city or town is having a system of radial roads emerging from different centers, the pipeline can be best laid in a radial method by placing the distribution reservoir at these centers.

• The water from distribution reservoir is then supplied radially to distribution pipes and thus also known as zonal distribution.

Ring System:

• It is also called a circular system. In this system, a closed ring, either circular or rectangular, of the main pipes, is formed around the area to be served. The distribution area is divided into rectangular or circular blocks, and the main water pipes are laid on the periphery of the blocks.

• This system is very suitable for towns and cities having well-planned roads. It is economical and pressure at the ends are reasonably equal.

Prandtl mixing length is zero at the pipe wall as the flow is laminar i.e. negligible velocity fluctuation at the boundary of the pipe wall.

ii) Useful storage: The volume of water stored in the reservoir between normal and minimum pool level is called useful storage.

iii) Surcharge Storage: The volume of water stored between the maximum pool and normal pool levels is called surcharge storage.

iv) Valley Storage: Before constructing the dam, a variable amount of water stored in the stream channel is called valley storage.

After construction of the dam, storage increases, and there is a net increase in the storage is equal to the storage capacity of a reservoir minus natural valley storage.

Effective storage for flood mitigation = Useful Storage + Surcharge Storage–Valleys Storage

∴ The volume of water held by a natural stream channel is known as Valley Storage.

i) The window area should be 15 – 20 percent of the floor area.

ii) For every 30 m³ internal volume, there should be at least 1 m² of a window opening.

iii) The windows are located at the height of 0.75 to 0.90 meters from the floor level.

iv) For bathrooms, the level of the windows may be about 2 m above the ground level.

The different crushers used for the production of aggregates are as follows:

i. Jaw crusher

ii. Gyratory crusher

iii. Cone crusher

iv. Roll crusher

v. Hammer Mill

vi. Road Mill and Ball Mill

The length of gyratory crusher is limited about 20 cm to 200 cm.

• Vikram Seth is the author of the book named ‘A Suitable Boy’.

• The novel revolves around the story of four families over a period of 18 months.

Variance,

where

t₀ = optimistic time

t_M = most likely time

t_P = pessimistic time

The probable range is from (t_E – 3σ) to (t_E + 3σ)

Two types of test apparatus may be used for conducting flash point tests on bitumen, namely the Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester and Open Cup Tester.

If the bituminous binder is further heated to a temperature higher than the flashpoint, the binder material itself catches fire and continues to burn, the lowest temperature causing this condition is called the "fire point.”

Fire Point: It is the lowest temperature at which application of a test flame causes the binder material to ignite and burn at least for five seconds under specified test conditions.

Note: The fire point is always higher than the flashpoint of a material.

Pensky-Martens Open Cup Tester is used to determine the fire point of the bituminous binders.

1. For the main title: 6 mm × 6 mm to 12 mm × 12 mm

2. For subtitle and headings: 4 mm × 4 mm to 5 mm × 5 mm

3. Notes, dimensions, Construction Notes, etc: 2 mm × 2 mm to 4 mm × 4 mm

1. reduce the water – cement ratio thus to improve the workability of concrete.

2. To delay the setting time of cement.

Note: Admixtures has no direct affect on the strength of concrete

• Microsoft Excel is the electronic spreadsheet program within the Microsoft Office suite.

• An electronic spreadsheet is an application used to perform numeric calculations and to analyze and present numeric data.

• In Excel, the electronic spreadsheet is called a worksheet, and it is contained in a file called a workbook, which has the file extension .xlsx

• Cells are the basic unit for storing data.

• In any spreadsheet program such as Excel, each rectangular box is referred to as a cell

• A cell is the intersection point of a column and a row

• Data entered into an Excel spreadsheet is entered into a cell

• Each cell can hold only one piece of data at a time

• The 20th Anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas was celebrated on 26 July 2019.

• The day is named after the successful Operation Vijay in 1999, when India regained control of the high outposts which Pakistan had stealthily taken over.

• The celebrations of 20th Anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas began in Delhi on 14 July 2019.

• UNCTAD is the principal organ of the UN General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues.

• The organization's goals are to "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis”.

• The headquarters of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is located in the Palace of Nations (United Nations Office at Geneva, Switzerland).

Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g

We know,

Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent

= 40 g + 320 g

= 360 g

mass percentage of solution mass percentage of solution = (40/360) x 100 = 11.11%

i. 40% excess force than carried by the outstanding leg of main angle section.

ii. 20% excess force than carried by the outstanding leg of the main channel section.

So, the camber of the road should be approximately equal to half of the longitudinal gradient.

1. Slab = 15 mm

2. Beam = 25 mm

3. Column = 40 mm

4. Footings = 75 mm.

Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run off from fields; pesticides that enter into the water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields.

A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.

1. Needle scaffolding or Cantilever scaffolding

2. Suspended scaffolding

3. Mason’s scaffolding or Double scaffolding

4. Bricklayer’s scaffolding or Single scaffolding

5. Trestle scaffolding

6. Steel scaffolding

7. Patented scaffolding

Trestle and suspended scaffolding are majorly used for minor works such as painting, pointing, whitewashing, distempering, etc.

• phagu Chauhan, a six-time member of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly, was sworn in as the 29th Governor of Bihar on 29 July 2019.

• He was administered the oath of office by Chief Justice of Patna High Court Amreshwar Pratap Shahi at the Raj Bhavan in Patna.

• Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, Deputy Chief Minister Sushil Kumar Modi and several other leaders were present during the ceremony.

(i) Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.

(ii) The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.

(iii) The acceptable stress-strain curve of concrete is assumed to be parabolic, as shown in the figure below:

(iv) The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

(v) The design stresses of the reinforcement are derived from the representative stress-strain curves as shown in the figure below:

Partial safety factors for steel and concrete should be considered as 1.15 and 1.5, respectively.

(vi) The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than (f_y/1.15E_s )+0.002,

where f_y is the characteristic strength of steel and E_s = modulus of elasticity of steel.

In the case of uniaxial stress, maximum principal stress σ1 and minimum principal stress σ2 will be PA and zero, respectively.

Maximum shear stress (\tau)

Plane of maximum shear stress,

tan⁡2θ=∞,⇒θ=45^∘

∴ The maximum shear stress and its inclination with the direction of load, respectively, are P/2A and 45°.

It eliminates the following errors:

i) error in instrument adjustments

ii) combined effect of Earth's curvature and the refraction of the atmosphere

iii) variation in the average refractions

Important Points:

Reciprocal levelling eliminates the error due to collimation and error due to curvature of Earth entirely, but as the refraction depends upon the atmosphere, which may change every minute.

∴ Error due to refraction cannot be eliminated completely, but it is reduced.

Important Points:

Electrical automatic rebar benders can bend bars up to 32 mm.

Spiral hoop radial benders can bend bars to a minimum of 10 mm and to a maximum bar diameter unlimited.

If m = 2 × j – 3 ⇒ Stable Frame/Perfect Frame/Ideal Frame

If m < 2 × j – 3 ⇒ Unstable Frame/Imperfect Frame

If m > 2 × j – 3 ⇒ Over stiff frame/Redundant Frame

• This generation was introduced by the development of a small chip consisting of the capacity of the 300 transistors
• These Integrated Circuits (IC)s are popularly known as Chips
• So it is quite obvious that the size of the computer got further reduced
• Some of the computers developed during this period were IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370, and VAX-750
• Higher level language such as BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed during this period
• Computers of this generation were small in size, low cost, large memory, and processing speed are very high
• Very soon ICs were replaced by LSI (Large Scale Integration)

Notes:

According to Ohm’s law,

R = V/I

R = 80/5 = 16 Ω

When the potential difference is increased to 120 V the current is given by current = V/R

120/16 = 7.5 A

The current through the heater becomes 7.5 A

When the stress in concrete reaches its permissible value before steel, then the section is failed with the sudden collapse of the structure. The resulting beam is known as an over-reinforced beam.

In over reinforced section the steels are not yielded fully, so over reinforced section is considered uneconomical.

Failure is also sudden in over reinforced section because concrete is brittle in nature, and in over reinforced section concrete fails prior to steel.

The design of over reinforced section is also complicated.

∴ Over reinforced section is not recommended by IS 456:200 due to sudden/brittle failure.

∴ Assertion is true, but reason is wrong.

They are generally employed for short duration, particularly to enable the construction of more durable cofferdam behind them.

Earth dikes are recommended only for a shallow water depth of about 1200 mm to 1500 mm.

Important Point:

Most common types of cofferdams are as follows:

1. Dikes

2. Single wall cofferdams

3. Double wall cofferdams

4. Cellular cofferdams

5. Rock-filled crib cofferdams

6. Concrete cofferdams

7. Suspended cofferdams

i) It should be manufactured at a reasonable cost.

ii) It can be carried in the largest wagon available.

iii) It should be limited by the facilities available for lifting or handling the rail, etc.

Indian Railway has adopted 12.80 meters and 11.89 meters as standard rail length for B.G and M.G track.

Where

V^sb = applied factored shear at design load

V_dsb = design shear strength

T_b = externally applied factored tension at design load

T_db = design tensile strength

Creeping: Elastic and long term deformation of concrete under a continuous load.

Segregation: Segregation of concrete is separation of ingredients of concrete from each other.

A computer system consists of hardware and software components.

• Hardware is the physical equipment such as the keyboard, monitors, cables, storage drivers, speakers etc

• Software is the operating system and programs. The operating system instructs the computer how to operate

• Loktak lake located near Mooring district of Manipur is called the only floating lake in the world due to Phumdis

• Phumdis are the heterogeneous mass of vegetation, soil, and organic matters at various stages of decomposition that has been thickened into a solid form

• Phumdis are also known as floating biomass islands

• It occurs due to the increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

• It absorbs the solar rays and energy of the sun due to which the temperature on the earth increases and natures balance gets disturbed

• Our vehicles and industries are continuously increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Global Warming

• Increase in the average temperature of the earth surface due to the greenhouse effect is called global warming

• It also refers to the increase in the average temperature of the air and sea at earth's surface

Green House Gases (GHG):

The major greenhouse gases are

• Water vapour - causes about 36% - 70% of the greenhouse effect

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) which causes 9 - 26%

• Methane (CH4) causes 4 - 9%

• Ozone (O3)

• Nitrous Oxide

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

On LHS Carbon = 1

On RHS Carbon = 6

Multiply by 6 on LHS

6 CO₂ + b H₂O → c C₆H₁₂O₆ + d O₂

Balancing Hydrogen:

On LHS Hydrogen = 2

On RHS Hydrogen = 12

Multiply by 6 on LHS

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → c C₆H₁₂O₆ + d O₂

Balancing Oxygen:

On LHS Oxygen = 18

On RHS Oxygen = 6 + 2 = 8

Multiply oxygen on RHS by 6

The overall balanced equation is:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

• Square or circular in shape

• Thickness > = 25 mm

• Size may vary from 300 to 750 mm

• For clayey and silty soils and for loose to medium dense sandy soils with N < 15, 450 mm square plate is used

• For dense sandy or gravelly soils(15 < N < 30) three plates of sizes 300 mm to 750 mm is used depending on reaction loading and maximum grain size

• Side of plate = 4× size of particles

• energy flow,

• biotic diversity and

• material cycling to form a stable, self-supporting system.

The organisms in an ecosystem are classified into 3 main categories

• producers,

• consumers and

• decomposers.

Note:

1. The consumers utilize materials and energy stored by the producers.

2. Decomposers obtain their food molecules from the organic materials of dead producers and consumers.

3. In a true ecosystem, producers are more than consumers (herbivores and carnivores).

• Alkalinity refers to the capability of water to neutralize the acid

• The alkalinity of natural water is determined by the soil and bedrock through which it passes

• The main sources for natural alkalinity are rocks which contain carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide compounds. Borates, silicates, and phosphates also may contribute to alkalinity

• ‘El Nino’ refers to the ‘little boy’ and it develops in the central and East-central equatorial Pacific, including off the Pacific Coast of South America.

• It is so named because the pool of warm water in the Pacific near South America is often at its warmest during the Christmas.

• This refers to times when waters of the tropical eastern Pacific are colder than normal and trade winds blow more strongly than usual.

• Esters are sweet-smelling substances.

• These are used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.

• Esters react in the presence of an acid or a base to give the alcohol and salt.

• This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap

Underlying reaction:

CH₃OOOC₂H₅ + NaOH → C₂H₅OH + CH₃COONa

A suspension bridge with a three-hinge stiffening girder is statically determinate.

1. When KMnO₄ is added in water, pink colour appears in the water.

2. If the colour disappear indicates the presence of microorganism and organic matter in it.

3. KMnO4 is added further up to an extent pink colour remains stable in water.

4. The stand of pink colour in water indicates the removal of microorganism and organic matter from the water.

5. It is advisable not to use water for 48 hours after the treatment with KMnO₄.

An output device is any hardware that sends data from a computer to another device mostly in form of audio or video.

• Scanner scans any document and sends it to computer, so it is a input device.

• Speaker gets data from computer in form of audio. So it is a output device.

• Plotter is printer that print vector image. It recieve data from computer and print it on paper. So it is also a output device.

• The Laboratory apparatus are made of pyrex glass. Pyrex glasses are borosilicate glasses.

• Some of the basic laboratory apparatus comprise of a volumetric flask, graduated cylinder, funnel, and beaker.

• Flint glasses are durable and heavy characterized by their high refractive quality, clarity, and brilliance.

• Crookes glasses are those which are designed to diminish the transmission of UV rays.

• The combined armies of Mughals, Awadh and MirQasim were defeated by the British army.

• Treaty of Allahabad was signed after the battle of Buxar.

Factor for measuring area is given by

1 : 5 : 10 – 1 bag of cement for 15 bags of aggregate – weakest

1 : 4 : 8 – 1 bag of cement for 12 bags of aggregate

1 : 3 : 6 – 1 bag of cement for 9 bags of aggregate

1 : 2 : 4 – 1 bag of cement for 6 bags of aggregate – strongest

Magnetic meridian: When the magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced properly, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a direction. This direction is known as magnetic meridian. The angle between the magnetic meridian and a line is known as magnetic bearing or simple bearing of the line.

n=1000/200=5

Unit weight of bars =7850kg/m³

Weight of bars

=(n+1)×π/4×(0.020)²×7580

Weight of bars

=6×π/4×(0.020)²×7580

= 14.80kg

(1) Opening each up to 1000sq cm 0.1 square meter

(2) Ends of beams, post, rafters, etc. up to 500 sq.cm or 0.05 sq.m in section.

(3) Bed plate, wall plate, bearing of balcony (chajja) and the like up to 10 cm depth. Bearing of floor and roof slabs are not deducted from masonry.

Lake evaporation = Pan Coefficient (C_p) × Pan Evaporation

At certain depth, the fibers would have reached the strain of 0.002 and the stress of 0.446f_ck.

On further increasing the load, the strain will ultimately reach to the value of 0.0035.

Beyond this strain, the concrete is believed to fail. So, once the extreme fibers fail, the cracks will develop, which leads to the weakening of the section and leading to failure of the structure.

Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease) is caused by excess of nitrates in water. Nitrate is not harmful as it is fully oxidized. The permissible limit of nitrate is 45 mg/lit. High quantities of copper are likely to affect human lungs and other respiratory organs.

Where,

• Stratosphere layer of atmosphere has the maximum concentration of Ozone gas.

• Approximately 10 per cent of Ozone layer is present in Troposphere and rest of the 90 per cent found in the a Stratosphere layer of the atmosphere.

• The ozone layer in the Stratosphere atmosphere absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

• The stratosphere is the second layer of atmosphere whereas Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.

• The Thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere is above the Mesosphere.

• There are five layers of atmosphere namely- Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.

I_Z=J=πD⁴/32

Polar moment of inertia of Hollow Cylinder:

I_Z = J = π(D4−d4)/32

The desirable length of overtaking zones is 5 times OSD and the minimum is three times OSD.

• Sarojani Naidu became the first Indian women president of the Congress at the Kanpur session in 1925.

• She was the first woman to become the governor of Uttar Pradesh.

• She began writing at the age of 13. Known as the Nightingale of India, she eulogised India in her poems published in three collections, The Golden Threshold (1905), The Bird of Time (1912) and the Broken Wing (1917).

Concrete in sea-water or exposed directly along the sea-coast shall be at least M 20 Grade in the case of plain concrete and M 30 in case of reinforced concrete. The use of slag or pozzolana cement is advantageous under such conditions.

i) Current meter.

ii) Dilution techniques.

iii) Indirect methods.

The new modern techniques for streamflow measurement are:

i) Electromagnetic flow meter

ii) Sounding weight

iii) Echo-depth recorder

The hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the amount of humidity and water vapour in the atmosphere, soil, and confined spaces.

• Ammonium chloride and zinc chloride is used in the form of an electrolyte of the dry cell (battery).

• Ammonium chloride is mixed with Plaster of Paris to form a paste, with a small amount of zinc chloride added to increase the battery’s shelf life.

• Ammonium chloride paste allows current to flow.

• Zinc chloride paste allows a dry cell to conduct electricity and provide electrical power to various substances.

• Zinc chloride paste is used between the space of anode and cathode electrodes in a dry cell along with moist paste of ammonium chloride, where zinc chloride acts as an electrolyte.

So it becomes necessary to remove water from it for engineering use.

The process of drying timber efficiently is known as the seasoning of timber.

Natural Seasoning of Timber:

Natural seasoning is the process in which timber is seasoned by subjecting it to the natural elements such as air or water.

Natural seasoning takes nearly 4 - 6 months for felled trees.

Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring the consistency of concrete which can be employed either in the laboratory or at the site of work.

It is not a suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete.

It is defined as the ratio of D₆₀ and D₁₀ sieve sizes in the sieve analysis of granular material.

Higher is the value of C_u,the larger is the range of the particle size.

C_u = D₆₀/D₁₀

For uniformly graded soil, C_u = 1

For well graded sand, C_u > 6

For well graded gravel C_u > 4

Coefficient of Curvature / Curvature Coefficient:

C_c = For well graded soil, 1 < cc="" />< />

For gap graded soil, 1 < />_c or C_c > 3

where

D₆₀ = size at 60% finer by weight

D₃₀ = size at 30% finer by weight

D₁₀ = size at 10% finer by weight = Effective size

Hence, number of bolts required = 360/60 = 6

The work ability shall be within the following limits on the specified value as appropriate:

Slump:

+ 25 mm or + 1/3 of the specified value, whichever is less.

Compacting factor:

± 0.03, where the specified value is 0.90 or greater,

± 0.04, where the specified value is less than 0.90 but more than 0.80, and

± 0.05, where the specified value is 0.80 or less.

D_S = D_se + D_si

D_se = External static indeterminacy

D_si = Internal static indeterminacy

D_se = R_e – R

Where

R_e = Total number of independent support reaction

R = Total number of available equations of static equilibrium

D_si = 3 × C - R_r

where

C = number of closed loops

R_r = total number of internal reactions released.

Alternative

D_s = 3 × C – R’

Where,

C = number of cuts required to make it cantilever beam.

R’ = number of reactions applied to make all joints rigid and number of restrained required to make the hinged joint rigid (m - 1)

m = number of members meeting at the hinge

C = 7

R’ = 2 × (m - 1)

R’ = 2 × (4 - 1)

R’ = 6

∴ D_s = 3 × 7 – 6

D_s = 15

Alternative

D_se = 3 × 4 – 3

D_se = 9

D_si = 3 × 4 – (2 × 3)

D_si = 12 – 6 = 6

D_s = D_se + D_si

= 9 + 6

= 15

• When the object is between the centre of curvature and focus or between focus and pole of a concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.

• Therefore, doctors use concave mirrors to examine the eyes, ears, nose,and throat from a close range as the image formed is enlarged and provides a better view to the doctor.

1. Shooting: The art of dressing of edges of timber pieces so as to make them straight and square with the face.

2. Rebating: The process of preparing a rectangular portion on the edge of a timber piece so as to receive another timber piece which is also similarly cut.

3. Sawing: The art of cutting of wood by means of the saws is known as the sawing.

4. Studding: The fixing of small timber battens to the timber walls to which laths and boards are to be nailed.

1. Orthotolidine test

2. DPD test

3. Chlorotex test

4. Starch Iodide test

• 5th generation computers use ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) chips
• Millions of transistors are placed in a single IC in ULSI chips
• 64-bit microprocessors have been developed during this period
• Memory chips and flash memory up to 1 GB, hard disks up to 600 GB & optical disks up to 50 GB have been developed
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that is being used today

Notes:

Composting is the method of disposal of refuse, in which decomposition can be carried out either in presence or absence of oxygen.

Pyrolysis is a method in which the disposal of refuse is carried out by burning it at a high temperature either in the absence of oxygen.

Pulverization refers to the action of crushing and grinding heavier solids into lighter solids.

Shredding refers to the action of cutting and tearing heavier solids into lighter solids.

A good brick earth should contain a small quantity of magnesia (about 1%)

Magnesium in brick earth imparts a yellow tint to the brick.

It is responsible for reducing shrinkage

Excess of magnesia leads to the decay of bricks.

The gross amount of water to be applied to the field will be

G|R = 8cm/0.75= 10.67 cm

• Moment of Force is defined as the rotational effect of a force on a body about an axis of rotation and its unit is Newton metre.

• Centripetal Force acts towards the centre of the circular path in which a body is moving.

• Impulse is the product of force and time since it is the reaction when a large force acts on a body for a very small time.

1. to resist buckling and strengthen bond.

2. to bind longitudinal reinforcement and proper distribution of concrete.

Providing lateral ties at the proper spacing confines concrete (like gripping the concrete enclosed between the lateral ties), thereby preventing pieces of failed concrete from falling away.

The transverse reinforcing bars are provided to ensure that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral support against buckling.

The combination makes it possible to determine the coordinates of a reflector by aligning the instruments cross-hairs on the reflector.

Simultaneously it can measure the vertical and horizontal angle and slope distance.

A microprocessor in the instrument takes care of the recordings, readings, and other computations.

• The non-uniform distribution of energy due to the superposition of light waves in a media is called the interference of light.

• Constructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave falls on the crest of another wave, or the trough of one wave falls on the trough of the other wave.

• The resultant intensity due to constructive interference is, therefore, maximum.

• The most commonly used toggle key is the caps lock key, which alternates the letter keys between uppercase and lowercase

• Num lock is another toggle key that helps to input numerals from the numeric keyboard and is turned on by default..

• Scroll lock key allows arrow keys to scroll through window's contents and allows users to scroll without depending on the scroll bar

• The insert key is another example of a toggle key, and it toggles between overtype mode and inserts. mode while entering text.

Let the unit load moves from the left end A to the right end B of the beam.

• Cavitation is likely to occur at the inlet to the pump

• Since the pressure, there is the minimum and is lower than the atmospheric pressure the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in areas of relatively low pressure around an impeller

• The imploding or collapsing of these bubbles trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to the impeller and/or the pump housing

• The Gross Domestic Product is defined as the total value of the finished goods and services produced within the boundary of a country in a financial year.

• The GDP of India has shown a growth of 8.2% in the first quarter of the FY 2018-19.

• Duralumin alloy consists of Mg, Mn, Al, and Cu.

• Duralumin is a lightweight, strong, and hard alloy of aluminium, used widely in aircraft construction.

• It is workable, ductile, and relatable in the normal state and can be drawn and rolled into a variety of shapes.

• Methane and Carbon dioxide are the main constituent of Biogas.

• Methane is produced by the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water.

• It is also known as marsh gas or swamp gas.

• Its chemical formula is CH₄.

Therefore mortar needed = 1 - 500 x 0.19 x 0.09 x 0.9 x = 0.23m³.

Add 15% extra for frog filling, brick bonding, and wastage.

Volume of wet mortar = 0.23 x 1.15 = 0.265m³

1m³ of wet mortar = 1.25m³ of dry mortar

= 0.265m³ wet mortar = 0.33m³ of dry mortar

Dry mortar as a percentage of brick work = 0.33/1 x 100 = 33%.

L = NS²/8H

Where the height of headlight = 0.75

L = NS²/6

= 25 + 3 – 3 = 25 seconds

GI = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01 bd soil portion passing 0.075mm sieve

P = 50%

LL = 40% PI = 20%

A = P - 35 = 15 < 40

B = P - 15 = 35 < 40

c = LL - 40 = 0

D = PI - 10 = 10

G.I = 0.2 x 15 + 0 + 0.01 x 35 x 10 = 3 + 3.5 = 6.5

Our atmosphere is divided into five layers starting from the earth’s surface;

1. Troposphere: Average height is 13 km. The air we breathe exists here. This layer contains dust particles and water vapour. All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer. Almost all the weather phenomena like cloud, rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.  This is the most important layer for all biological activity.

2. Stratosphere: up to an altitude of 50 km from the earth’s surface. Almost free from clouds, most ideal for flying aeroplanes, Contains a layer of ozone gas (Ozonosphere). Temperature increases with height in this layer.

3. Mesosphere: Up to an altitude of 80 km. Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering from the space. Temperature decreases with height in this layer.

4. Thermosphere: It extends between 80-400 km. In thermosphere temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height. The ionosphere is a part of this layer. It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is known as the ionosphere. Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer. This layer helps in radio transmission. The International Space Station and satellites orbit in this layer. Temperature increases with height in this layer.

5. Exosphere: The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is known as an exosphere. This layer has very thin air. Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into space from here.